^{page 319 note 1} This word should possibly be read Mageran, as the power of the contraction placed over the penultimate letter in the MS. is uncertain. The other readings are maiorū, K. mageron, S. magerym, P. W. margeryn, J.

^{page 319 note 2} This word is used both as a substantive, from the French “malgré; blâme, reproche, mauvais gré; malas grates;” Roquef. and as an adverb, maugré, in spite of opposition.

Chaucer uses the word “maugre” in the same manner, Rom. of R. 4399. Compare Vision of P. P. 4280. See also the Prologue to Book ii. of the version of Vegecius, attributed to Trevisa. “Had ye, Sir Emperour, commaundede me to haue written your soueraigne dedes of armes—then had I been siker to haue deseruede thanke, there now I drede me to deserue magre.” Roy. ms. 18 A. XII. Horman says, “I am not able to bere thy maugrefe, impar invidiæ tuæ;” and Palsgrave gives, as a substantive, “Maugry, malgré, maltalent.” See Jamieson, v. Mawgré. For instances of the use of the word adverbially see Sir F. Madden's Glossary to Gawayn; R. Glouc. p. 94; R. Brunne, p. 58; and Chaucer. “Maulgre my heed. Maulgre fortune. Maulgre his tethe, maulgré ses dens,” &c. Palsg. “Maulgré eux, mauger their teeth, in spight of their hearts,” &c. Cotg.

^{page 320 note 1} See Maythys. Anthemis cotula, Linn. Ang.-Sax. ma“eðe, chamæmelum.

^{page 320 note 2} The old writers occasionally use the term maiden in reference to either sex. In the Vision of P. P. 5525, Wit, discoursing of ill-assorted matrimony, commends alliances between “maidenes and maydenes.” In the Liber Festivalis it is said that St. Luke “went to our Lady, and she taught him the gospell that he wrothe, and for he was a clene mayden, our Ladi cherished him the more.” Ed. Rouen, 1491, f. cliij. “Mayde of the mankind, puceau. Maide of the woman kynde, pucelle.” Palsg.

^{page 320 note 3} “To mayne, mutulare. Maynde, mutulatus. A maynynge, mutulacio.” Cath. ang. “I mayne, or I mayne one, I take the vse of one of his lymmes from hym, I'affolle, and Ie mehaigne, but mehaigner is Normante.” Palsg. The participle “mayned” occurs in the Golden Legend, f. 121, b. Compare mahennare, mahemiare, Duc.; and the old French mehenier, mehaingner.

^{page 320 note 4} The second word is here contracted in the MS. and should possibly be read memprisyd. By a writ of main-prize the sheriff is commanded to take sureties for the appearance of a prisoner, called mainperners, or mainprisours, and to set him at large. This is done either when bail has been refused, or when the cause of commitment is not properly bailable. Of the distinction between manucapere and balliare, see further in Spelman.

^{page 320 note 5} This plant is thus mentioned by G. de Bibelesworth; Arund. MS. 220, f. 301.

In the Vocabulary of names of plants, Sloane MS. 5, is given “Amarusca calida, Gall, ameroche, Ang. maithe;” in another list, Sloane MS. 56, “cheleye, i. mathe.” The camomile is still known by the appellation Mayweed; Anthemis cotula, Linn. Gerarde describes the “May weed, wild cammomill, stinking mathes, or mauthen,” Cotula fætida, and observes that the red kind grows in the west parts of England amongst the corn, as Mayweed does elsewhere, and is called “red maythes, our London women do call it Rose-a-rubie.” Ang.-Sax. ma“eðe, ma“ða, chamæmelum.

^{page 321 note 1} Maak in the Craven Dialect still means a maggot. Dan. mak, madike, vermis.

^{page 321 note 2} “Collega, a make, or a yomanne.” Med. In the edition of the Ortus in Mr. Wilbraham's library collega is rendered “a make, or a felowe.” This term, as used by Chaucer and other writers, has the signification of a mate, or fellow, a spouse, either husband or wife. It is said of the turtle dove in the Golden Legend, “When she hath lost her make, she wyll neuer haue other make.” See Jamieson. A.-S. maca, consors.

^{page 321 note 3} The substantive a-cethe has occurred previously, p. 5, where the word has been printed A-cethen, a contraction appearing in the Harl. MS. over the final Ē. which, however, is probably erroneous. The word is thus used in the earlier Wicliffite version: “Now than ryse, and go forth, and spekynge do aseethe to thi seruauntis;” in the later, “make satisfaccioun (satisfac servis tuis,” Vulg.) ii. Kings, xix. 7. In the later version it occurs in i. Kings, iii. 14: “Therfore y swore to the hows of Heli that the wickidnes of hys hows shal not be doon a-seeth before with slayn sacrifices and giftis;” in the earlier, “schal not be clensid (expietur,” Vulg.) See also Mark xv. 15. “Asethe, satisfaccio. To make asethe, salisfacere.” Cath. ang. “Satisfactio, (sic) to make a-sethe.” Ortus. Chaucer, in the Rom. of Rose, 5600, rendered “assez—asseth;” and in the passage previously cited from the Vis. of P. P. the line is printed by Mr. Wright, “if it suffise noght for assetz,” where he explains the word as synonymous with the common law term, assets. Compare Fulfyllyn, or make a-cethe in thynge þat wantythe; p. 182.

^{page 321 note 4} Some doubt may here arise as to the power of the contractions in the MS. cōuenaunt, or cōnaunt. Compare Breke cōuenant, p. 50, and see the note on cūnawnte, p. 108.

^{page 322 note 1} The adjective Make has occurred already, and the reading of the King's Coll. MS. gives easy, as synonymous therewith. Jamieson cites Douglas, who uses the word in the sense of evenly, or equally. Compare Ang.-Sax. macalic, opportunus; Belg. maklyk, easy. Sir Thomas Brown gives matchly as a Norfolk word; it is likewise given by Forby, and signifies exactly alike, fitting nicely; the modern pronunciation being, as stated by the latter, mackly. Ang.-Sax. maka, par.

^{page 323 note 1} This term denotes most commonly the disease in the legs of horses, as causing them mal andare, to go ill, according to Skinner's observation. Malandria, however, in medieval Latin, as in French, malandrie, denoted generally an ulcer, a disease difficult of cure, as leprosy. See Ducange. “Malandrie, sickenesse, malandre. Malandre, malandre, serot.” Palsg. In a veterinary treatise, Julius, D. Viii. f. 114, the following remedy is given “for the Malaundres. Tac parroures of chese, and tac hony, and tempre hem to-gedre, and ley hit on þe sore as hot as þou may.”

^{page 323 note 2} “A male, mantica, involucrum.” Cath. ang. “Male, or wallet to putte geare or stuffe in, malle.” Palsg. Horman says, “Undo my male, or boudget (bulga, hippopera, bulgula.)” The horse by which it was carried was termed a somer, or sompter horse, sommier. See Somer hors, hereafter. In Norfolk the cushion to carry luggage upon, behind a servant attending his master on a journey, is still called a malepillion.

^{page 323 note 3} “Fornaculum, Fornacale, instrumentum ad opus fornacis, a malkyne, or a malott.” Med. ms. cant. “A malyne (sic), tersorium.” Cath. ang. “Malkyn for an ouyn, frovgon.” Palsg. Holliband renders “Waudrée, the clout wherewith they clense, or sweepe the ouen, called a maukin. Escouillon, an ouen sweeper, a daflin.” “A malkin, vide Scoven (sic). A Scovel or maulken, ligaculum, scopula. Penicillum, a bull's tail, a wisp, a shoo-clout, a mawkin, or drag to sweep an oven.” Gouldm. This term is still used in Somersetshire. It would appear from the Medulla that this word was also used as an opprobrious appellation: “Gallinacius, i. homo debilis, a malkyn, and a capoun.” Forby gives maukin, as signifying either a dirty wench, or a scarecrow of shreds and patches.

^{page 323 note 4} Compare Bowde, malte-worme; p. 46, and Budde, flye; p. 54. In the Eastern counties weevils that breed in malt are termed bowds, according to Ray, Forby and Moore; the word is repeatedly used by Tusser. R. Holme says that “the Wievell eateth and devoureth corn in the garners: they are of some people called bowds.” Acad. of Arm. B. ii. p. 467. The appellation is applied to other coleopterous insects. Gower compares the envious to the “sharnbudes kynde,” which, flying in the hot sun of May, has no liking for fair flowers, but loves to alight on the filth of any beast, wherein alone is its delight. “Crabro, guedam musca, a gnat, or a sharnebode. Scarabeus, a sharne budde.” Med. R. Holme mentions the “Blatta, or shorn bud, or painted beetle.” Ang.-Sax. scearn, stercus. In Arund. MS. 42, f. 64, an insect is described which devours the young shoots of trees. “Bruk is a maner of flye, short and brodissh, and in a sad husc, blak hed, in shap mykel toward a golde bowde, and mykhede of twyis and þryis atte moste of a gold bowde, a chouere, oþer vulgal can y non þerfore.” The name gold bowde probably denotes a species of Chrysomela, Linn.

^{page 324 note 1} “Germinatus, commyn as malte.” Ortus. Harrison, in his Description of England, speaking of the making of malt, says that the grain is steeped, and the water drained from it; it is then laid on the floor in a heap, “untill it be readie to shoote at the root end, which maltsters call commyng. When it beginneth therefore to shoot in this maner, they saie it is come, and then forthwith they spread it abroad, first thicke, and afterward thinner and thinner vpon the said floore (as it commeth), and there it lieth by the space of one and twentie dayes at the least.” B. ii. c. 6. Holinsh. i. 169. R. Holme, among terms used by malt-makers, says that “the comeing of barley, or malt, is the spritting of it, as if it cast out a root.” Acad. of Arm. B. iii. p. 105. The little sprouts and roots of malted barley, when dry, and separated by the screen, are still called in Norfolk malt-cumbs, according to Forby. Bp. Kennett gives “Malt comes, or malt comings, the little beards or shoots, when malt begins to run, or come; Yorkshire.” Lansd. MS. 1033. See Craven Glossary and Jamieson. Compare Isl. keima, Germ. keimen, germinare.

^{page 324 note 2} The strange and superstitious notions that obtained in olden times regarding the mandrake, its virtues, and the precautions requisite in removing it from the soil, are recorded by numerous writers. In an Anglo-Saxon Herbal of the Xth cent. Vitell. C. iii. f. 53, vº, a representation will be found of the plant, at the side of which appears the dog, whose services were used in dragging it up. The account there given of the herb has been printed by Mr. Thorpe in his Analecta. Alex. Neccham, who died 1227, mentions it as if it had been commonly cultivated in gardens, which should be decked, as he observes in his treatise de naturis rerum, “rosis et liliis, solsequiis, molis et mandragoris.” Roy. MS. 12 G. XI. f. 77. The author, however, of the treatise on the qualities of herbs, written early in XVth cent., who appears to have cultivated in his herber at Stepney many botanical rarities, speaks of the “mandrage” as a plant that he had seen once only. He admits that as to any sexual distinction in the roots, “kynde neuere “af to erbe þe forme and þe kynde of man: some takyn seere rootys, and keruyn swuche formys, as we han leryd of vpelonders;” Arund. MS. 42, f. 31, vº. The curious relation that he gives of his detection of an aged man, who kept in a strong chest a mandrake root, which brought him daily “a fayre peny,” is a remarkable illustration of the credulity of the age. See further on this subject Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 83, vº; Trevisa's version of Barthol. de Propr. B. xvij. c. 104; Bulleine's Bulwarke of Defence, p. 41; Browne's Vulgar Errors, and Philip's Flora Historica, i. 324. Singular representations of the “mandragolo” and “mandragola” executed by an Italian designer in the earlier part of the XVIth cent., are preserved in the Add. MS. 5281, f. 125 and 129, vº. The dog drags up the monstrous root by a chain attached to its ancles, whilst his master stops his ears, to escape the maddening effects of the mandrake's screams.

^{page 325 note 1} This word seems to be derived from mancus, or the old French manche, mutilated, deprived of the use of a hand, or a limb. The participle “mankit,” maimed, occurs in Golagros and Gawane, 1013. See also the passages cited by Jamieson. Compare Teut. mancken, Belg. minken, mutilare.

^{page 325 note 2} The manuale occurs among the service books which, at the synod of Exeter, in 1287, it was ordained that every parish should provide; Wilk. Cone. ii. 139. The Constitutions of Abp. Winchelsey, in 1305, comprise a similar requisition. Lyndwood defines it as containing “omnia quæ—spectant ad sacramentorum et sacramentalium ministrationem.” It comprises also the various forms of benediction; and in the printed editions of the Manuale ad usum Sarum are added the curious instructions for the seclusion of lepers. “Manuels” are included amongst the books which, by the Stat. 3 and 4 Edw. VI. were “cleerelie and utterlie abolished, and forbidden for euer to be used or kept in this realme.”

^{page 325 note 3} Mappel seems to be a diminutive of the old French mappe, a clout to wipe anything withal.

^{page 325 note 4} “A marche, marchia, maritima.” Cath. ang. “Marches bytwene two landes, frontiéres.” Palsg. The frontiers of a country were termed in medieval Latin marchia, in French, marches; and in Britain the terms “marches of Wales—the Northern marches,” were still in use at no very remote period. Ang.-Sax. mearce, fines. See Kilian and Wachter. The verb to march, to border upon, is used by Gower; Sir John Maundevile also describes one course for the pilgrim to the Holy Land “thorghe Almanye, and thorghe the kyngdom of Hungarye, that marchethe to the lond of Polayne (quod conterminum est.)” See Voiage, pp. 8, 50.

^{page 326 note 1} It has been affirmed that the Mara was reverenced as a deity by the Northern tribes; in Britain it appears only to have been regarded as a supernatural being, the visits of which were to be averted by physical charms, such as the hag-stone, called in the North the mare-stane. Of the popular belief respecting the Ephialtes see the curious passages printed by Mr. Wright in the Introduction to the Trial of Alice Kyteler; and Keysler, Ant. Sept. p. 497. Chaucer gives in the Miller's Tale, v. 3481, a singular night spell, to preserve the house from the approach of spirits, and “the nightes mare.” “Night mare, goublin.” Palsg. It was termed in French godemare, according to Cotgrave. Ang.-Sax. mara, incubus.

^{page 326 note 2} “A margaryte stone, margarita.” Cath. ang. “Margery perle, nacle.” Palsg. In Trevisa's version of Higden's Polych. B. i. c. 41, amongst the productions of Britain, are mentioned “muscles, that haue within hem margery perles of alle maner of colour and hewe, of rody, and reed purpure, and of blewe, and specially and moost of white.” Chaucer speaks of the precious “margarite perle,” formed in a blue muscle shell on the sea coast of “the More Britaine;” Test, of Love, B. iii. In Arund. MS. 42, f. 12, vº, allusion is made to the supposed cause of the formation of “margery perle—produced in muscle, or cokle, from dew of heaven.” In the Wicliffite version pearls are called “margaritis,” Matt. vii. 6; xiii. 46. Horman observes that “margaritis be called pearles, of a mountayne in the see of Ynde, called Permula, where is plentye of them.”

^{page 326 note 3} This term is synonymous with that used by Chaucer in reference to the Miller of Trumpington, described as being proud as a peacock, and whom none dared to touch or aggrieve; “He was a market-beter at the full.” Reve's T. 3934. The old Glossarist explained this as denoting one who made quarrels at the market, but it seems rather to imply one who swaggers about, and elbows his way through the crowd. “A merket beter, circumforanus.” Cath. ang. “Circumforanus, a goere aboute þe market.” Med. “Batre les rues, to revell, jet, or swagger up and down the streets a nights. Bateur de pavez, an idle, or continuall walk-street; a jetter abroad in the streets,” rendered also under the word Pavé “a pavement beater, a rakehell,” &'c. Cotg.

^{page 327 note 1} To marl is retained as a sea term, signifying, according to Ash, to fasten the sails with writhes of untwisted hemp dipped in pitch, and called marlines. Compare Dutch, marrelen, to intangle one in another; Dan. merling, pack-thread.

^{page 327 note 2} The martyrologium was, in the earlier times, the register of names of saints and martyrs, which served to bring each successively to the memory of the faithful, on the anniversary of his Passion. At a later period the term denoted, in monastic establishments especially, the register more properly called necrologium, or obituary, wherein were inscribed the obits and benefactions of those who had been received into the fraternity of the congregation, and whose names were thus in due course brought to mind, being recited day by day in the chapter, and suitable prayers said. The martyrology was termed also liber vitæ, and the memorial inscribed annotatio Regulæ, because it was generally annexed to the Rule, and connected therewith was the obituary, wherein the deaths of abbots, priors, and members of the congregation in general, were recorded. The martyrologium occurs next to the regula canonicorum, among the gifts of Bp. Leofric to Exeter, in 1050. The nature of the entries made may be seen by Leland's “thingges excerptid out of the martyrologe booke at Saresbyri,” and at Hereford. Itin. iii. f. 64; viii. f. 79. A remarkable specimen of such a register is supplied by the Liber Vitæ of Durham, commencing from Xth century; Cott. ms. dom. a. vii. See Kennett's Glossary to Par. Ant. In the version of Vegecius attributed to Trevisa, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. it is said that the Roman legions, “with her chosen horsemen i-rolled in the constables martiloge (matriculæ), were euer-more myghty i-nowe to kepe her wardes,” without auxiliaries. B. ii. c. 2. It is here put for the muster-roll, termed album, or pittacium.

^{page 327 note 3} The martinet or martlet is the Hirundo urbica, Linn. and both appellations appear to have been taken from the French. Skinner considers it to be a diminutive of the proper name, comparing the usage of calling a parrot or a starling Richard, or a ram Robert, and rejects as fanciful the conjecture of Minsheu that the name martinet was given in allusion to its arrival at the end of March, and migration before St. Martin's day. “Martynet, a byrde, martinet.” Palsg.

^{page 327 note 4} The term marrow is used in this sense by Tusser, but appears to be no longer known in East Anglia. It is retained in the Northern, Shropshire, and Exmoor dialects; see the quotations given in the Craven Glossary, and Jamieson. It occurs in the Townl. Myst. p. 110. “A marrow, or fellow, socius.” Gouldm. Minsheu would derive it from the Hebrew.

^{page 328 note 1} This term evidently implies the implement used for mashing or mixing the malt, to which, from resemblance in form, the name rudder is also given. In Withal's little Dictionary, enlarged by W. Clerk, among the instruments of the Brew-house, is given “a rudder, or instrument to stir the meash-fatte with, motaculum.”

^{page 328 note 2} “A maser, cantarus, murra, murreus: hec murpis arbor est.” Cath. ang. “Masar of woode, masière, hanap.” Palsg. There can be little doubt that the maser, the favourite drinking vessel used by every class of society in former times, was called murrus, from a supposed resemblance to the famed Myrrhene vases of antiquity. The maser was, however, formed of wood, especially the knotty-grained maple, and esteemed in proportion to the quality of the veined and mottled material, but especially the value of the bands and rings of precious metals, enamelled, chased, or graven, with which the wood was mounted. In Latin this kind of vessel was called mazerinus, maderinus, madelinus, masdrinum, &c. in French madre, maselin, or mazerin; and it seems probable that the name mether, applied to the ancient cups of wood preserved in Ireland, may be of cognate derivation. Amongst innumerable instances where mention occurs of the cyphus murreus, or maser, in wills and other documents, may be cited the Inventories taken at St. Paul's, 1295, printed by Dugdale, and at Canterbury, 1328, given by Dart from Cott. MS. Galba, E. iv. f. 185. In the Register of benefactors of St. Albans, Nero, D. viii. f. 87, Thos. de Hatfelde, Bp. of Durham, 1345, is represented holding his gift in his hands, namely, a covered mazer, “cyphum suum murreum, quem Wesheyl nostris temporibus appellamus.” A maser very similar in form, but without a cover, was in the possession of the late John Gage Rokewode, Esq. It is of knotty, dark-coloured wood, mounted with metal: on the small plate, termed crusta, attached to the bottom, is graven the monogram IHC. and around the brim the following couplet:

Similar instances of masers bearing inscriptions may be found in Testam. Ebor. i. 209, and Richard's Hist, of Lynn, i. 479. Doublet, in his Hist. of St. Denis, describes the richly-ornamented “hanap de bois de mardre,” which had been used by St. Louis, and presented to that church. “Vermiculatus, variatus ad modum vermis, distinctus, rubeus, maderde.” Med. “Madré, of wood whose grain is full of crooked and speckled streakes, or veins.” Cotg. Plantin, in the Flemish Dict. 1573, gives “Maser, un næud ou bosse à un arbre nommée erable. Maseren hout, acernum lignum.” In Syre Gawene and the Carle a lady's harp is described, formed “of masere fyne,” v. 433, which Sir F. Madden explains to be the wood of the maple. See on the manufacture of “hanas de madre” the Reglements sur les métiers de Paris au XIII. siècle; Documents inédits sur l'histoire de France, p. 112 edited by Depping. Compare Ronnyn, as masere, or other lyke, hereafter.

^{page 328 note 3} “Lepra, quedam infirmitas, meselrye. Leprosus, mesell, or full of lepre.” Ortus. It appears that, though this term was frequently used as synonymous with leprosy, they were sometimes considered as distinct. See Roquefort, v. Mesel. R. Brunne calls the leprous Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, “þe meselle,” and states that for “foule meselrie he comond with no man.” Langt. Chron. p. 140. In the earlier Wicliffite version the Syrian Naaman, iv. Kings, c. 5, and the four lepers in Samaria, c. 7, are called “mesels.” See also Sir Tristrem, p. 181; Vis. of Piers P. v. 1624, 4689, and 11,024; Chaucer, Personea T. &c. “A meselle, serpedo.” Cath. ang. “Mesyll, a sicke man, meseav. Mesyll, the sickenesse, mesellerie.” Palsg. “Meseau, a meselled, scurvy, leaporous, lazarous person.” Cotg. See Weber's notes on Amis and Amiloun, and Jamieson.

^{page 329 note 1} Masty signifies swine glutted with acorns or berries. A.-S. mæste, esca, baccæ.

“Masty, fatte, as swyne be, gras. Maste for hogges, novriture à povrceaux. Acorne, mast for swyne, gland. Many a falowe dere dyeth in the wynter for faulte of maste (mast), and that they haue no yonge springes to brouse vpon.” Palsg. Compare Mestyf, hogge, or swyne; and Fat fowle, or beste, mestyde to be slayne, p. 151.

^{page 329 note 2} “Mattefelone, Jacea, herba est.” Cath. ang. It is said in a Treatise on the virtues of herbs, Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 78, vº. that “Jasia nigra ys an herbe þat me clepyþ maudefelune, or bolwed, or yrychard, oþer knoppewede : þys herbe haþ leuys ylyke to scabyose, and þys herbe haþ a flour of purpul colour.” In the Synonymia of herbs, Sloane MS. 5, is given “Jacea nigra, Gall, madfeloun, Ang. snapwort.” Gerard mentions the English names knap-weed, bull-weed, and matfelon; also materfillon, or matrefillen. It is the Centaurea nigra, Linn. Parkinson affirms that this plant is called “matrefillon very corruptly from Aphylanthes,” because the flowers are leafless; and Skinner suggests that from its scabrous nature it is suited to scourge felons withal. Belg. matteu, fatigare. Cow-wede is again mentioned hereafter, under the word Oculus christi.

^{page 330 note 1} In Norfolk, according to Forby, the smaller thrush only, Turdus musicus, Linn. is called mavis. The name is used by Chaucer, R. of Rose, 619; and Spenser,

“Maviscus, ficedula, mawysse.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “Mauys, a byrde, mavuis.” Palsg. “Mauvis, a Mavis, a Throstle, or Thrush.” Cotg. See Jamieson.

^{page 330 note 2} It is evident that the name of Mahomet became, as in old French, a term denoting any idol; as also mahomerie, in low Latin mahomeria, was used to signify the worship of any false deity. Amongst the charges brought by the King of France against Pope Boniface VIII. one was that he “haunted maumetrie.” Langt. Chron. p. 320. In the version of the Manuel des Pecches, R. Brunne uses the word, speaking of a “prest of Sarasyne,” who lived in “maumetry.” Harl. ms. 1701, f. 2. See also R. Glouc. p. 14; Chaucer, Cant. T. 4656; Persone's T. p. 85; the Wicliffite version, i. Cor. xii. 2; i. John, v. 21; and the relation of the conversion of King Lucius in Hardyng's Chron. Hall calls Perkin Warbeck the Duchess of Burgundy's “newly-invented mawmet,” and speaks of him as the “feyned duke—but a peinted image.” The circumstance that this name was applied to him is shown likewise by the passage in Pat. 14 Hen. VII. 1498, regarding the punishment of those persons in Devon and Cornwall who “Michaeli Joseph rebelli et proditori nostro, aut cuidam idolo, sive simulacro, nomine Petro Warbek, infimi status viro, adhæserint.” Rymer, xii. 696. So also Fabyan, relating the insurrections at Paris and Rouen in 1455, says that the men of Rouen “made theym a mamet fatte and vnweldy, as a vylayne of the cytye, and caryed him about the towne in a carte, and named hym, in dyrysyon of theyr prynce, theyr kynge.” Chron. Part VII. 7 Charles VII. “Chamos, a mawmett. Pigmeus, a mawmett, or a fals mawmetrye, cubitalis est.” Med. ms. cant. “A mawmentt, idolum, simulachrum. Mawmentry; a mawment place; a mawment wyrscheper,” &c. Cath. ang. “Simulachrum—a mawmet, or an ydoll.” Ortus. “Maumentry, baguenaulde. Maument, marmoset, poupee.” Palsg. “A maumet, i. a child's babe.” Gouldman. See Mawment in Brockett, and the Craven Dialect.

^{page 330 note 3} “Mawnde, ubi mete vesselle (escale.)” Cath. ang. Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, “Ghyselin the mande maker (corbillier) hath sold his vannes, his mandes (corbilles) or corffes.” “Manne, mande, a maunde, flasket, open basket, or pannier having handles.” Cotg. This word is given by Ray, as used in the North, and noticed likewise in the Craven Dialect. It is commonly used in Devon: see Palmer's Glossary. Ang.-Sax. mand, corbis. It seems, as Spelman has suggested, that the Maunday, or dole distributed on Holy Thursday, derived its name from the baskets wherein it was given, and not from the Latin mandatum, in allusion to the command of Christ, or from the French mendier. See a full account of the customs on this occasion in Brand's Popular Antiquities. “Maundy thursday, ievuedy absolv.” Palsg.

^{page 331 note 1} From the alphabetical position, it appears that Maye should here be read Maþe. In the Treatise of fishing with an Angle, in the St. Alban's Book, the following are given as baits for roach in July: “The not worme, and mathewes, and maggotes, tyll Myghelmas.” Sign. i. ij. Ang.-Sax. maða, vermis. In the Northern Dialect a maggot is called a mauk; see Brockett, Craven Glossary, and Jamieson. “A mawke, cimex, lendex, tarmus. Mawky, cimicosus, tarmosus.” Cath. ang. “Tarmus, simax, a mawke.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “Tarma, vermis bladi, a mawke.” Ortus.

^{page 331 note 2} It is not clear whether this is to be considered as an obsolete and local name for the mackarel, megarus having been previously given as the Latin name for that fish; see p. 321. The Maigre, Sciæna aquila, Cuv. Umbra Rondeletii, Willughby, the celebrated delicacy of the Mediterranean, is a wandering fish, which occasionally has been taken on the coasts of Britain; but the name here seems to be rather a corruption of the Latin, than derived from the French maigre. See that word in Cotgrave.

^{page 332 note 1} This term, derived from the French maisnie or magnie, a family, troop, or the suite of a great personage, in low Latin maisnada, or mansionata, is very frequently used by the old writers. Thus in the Wicliffite version, Job i. 3 is thus rendered: “His possessioun was seuene thousand of shep—and ful meche meyne” (familia multa nimis, Vulg.) See also R. Glouc. pp. 167, 180; Tyrwhitt's Glossary appended to Chaucer, and his curious observations on “Hurlewaynes meyne.” Sir John Maundevile relates how the Great Chan, Changuys, riding “with a fewe meynee,” was assailed by a multitude of his foes, and unhorsed, but saved by means of an owl. Voiage, p. 271. The term is used also to signify the set of chess-men, called in Latin familia, as in the Wardrobe Book 28 Edw. I. p. 351: “una familia pro scaccario de jaspide et cristallo.” R. Brunne, in his version of Wace's description of the Coronation of Arthur, says that some of the courtiers “drew forth meyné of the chequer.” Caxton, in the Book of Travellers, says, “Grete me the lady or the damyselle of your hous, or of your herborough, your wyf, and all your meyne (vostre maisnye.)” “A men“e, domus, domicilium, familia.” Cath. ang. Horman says, “I dare not cople with myn ennemyes, for my meyny (turmæ) be sycke and wounded. A great meny of men can nat ones wagge this stone. Here cometh a great meny (turba.)” Palsgrave gives “Meny, a housholde, menye. Meny of plantes, plantaige. Company, or meyny of shippes, flotte. After a great shower of rayne you shal se the water slyde downe from the hylles, as thoughe there were a menye of brokes (vng tas de ruisseauw) had their spring“ there.”

^{page 332 note 2} Menlte, ms. menkte, K. s. p. menged, W. Gouldman gives the verb “to mein, vide mingle.” Ang.-Sax. men“an, miscere.

^{page 333 note 1} “Aforus est piscis, a menuse.” Med. See the Equivoca of John de Garlandia, with the interpretations of Magister Galfridus, probably the same as the compiler of the Promptorium, where it is said “Mena est quidam piscis, Anglice a penke, or a menew penke, sic dictus a mena, Grece, quod luna Latine; quia secundum incrementum et decrementum lune singulis mensibus crescit et decrescit.” Ed. Pynson, 1514. The minnow is still called pink in Warwickshire, and some other parts of England; see also Plot's Hist. Oxf. and Isaac Walton. Gouldman gives “pisciculi minuti, small fishes called menews or peers.”

^{page 333 note 2} Gautier de Bibelesworth speaks of “mercurial de graunt valur,” where the English name, given in the Gloss, is “smerewort.” The ancient herbalists are diffuse in their accounts of the virtues of this plant: it is stated by Dioscorides and other writers that the species mariparum and fæminiparum produced the effect of engendering male or female children.

^{page 333 note 3} In Norfolk, according to Forby, a Mara-balk, or mere, is a narrow slip of unploughed land, which separates properties in a common field. “Limes est callis et finis dividens agros, a meere. Bifinium, locus inter duos fines, a mere, or a hedlande.” Med. ms. cant. “A meyre stane, bifinium, limes.” Cath. ang. In a decree, t. Hen. VI. relating to Broadway, Worcestershire, printed by Sir Thomas Phillipps, part of the boundaries of Pershore Abbey is described as the “mere dyche.” In the curious herbal, Arund. MS. 42, f. 55, it is said that “Carui—groweþ mykel in merys in þe feld, and in drye placys of gode erþe.” In Sir Thos. Wharton's Letter to Hen. VIII. in 1543, regarding the preservation of peace in the North country, is the recommendation “that all the meir grounddes of Yngland and Scotland to bee certanely knowne to the marchers, the inhabitauntes of the same.” State Papers, v. 309. The verb to mere, to have a common boundary, occurs in another document, printed in the same collection; see the Glossary in vol. ii. Leland relates, Itin. vi. p. 62, that “Sir John Dicons told me that yn digging of a balke or mere yn a felde longgyng to the paroche of Keninghaul in Northfolk ther were founde a great many yerthen pottes yn order, cum cineribus mortuorum.” Elyot gives “terminalis lapis, a mere stone, laide or pyghte at the ende of sundry mens landes. Cardo, mere, or boundes which passeth through the field.” The following words occur in Gouldman : “To cast a meer with a plough, urbo. A meer, or mark, terminus, meta, limes. A meer stone, v. Bound.” Ang.-Sax. meare, finis.

^{page 334 note 1} “Mere sauce for flesshe, savlmure.” Palsg. The Anglo-Saxon name for pickle, or brine, was morode; in old French mure. “Saulmure, pickle, the brine of salt; the liquor of flesh, or fish pickled, or salted in barrels, &c.” Cotg.

^{page 334 note 2} See the note on the word Dole, p. 126.

^{page 334 note 3} See the note on the word Mast hog, or mastid swyne, according to the reading of the Cambridge MS. In the Catholicon maialis is explained to be “porcus domesticus et pinguis, carens testiculis;” to which is added in the Ortus, “a bargh hogge.” The Winchester MS. agrees here in the reading Mestyf, otherwise it might have been conjectured that it should have been written Mestyd hogge; the derivation in either case being apparently from the Ang.-Sax, mæstan, saginare. Skinner supposes that the word mastiff, denoting a dog of unusual size, is also thence derived; but it seems more probable that it was taken from the old French mestif, which, according to Cotgrave, signified a mongrel. In the Craven Dialect a great dog is still called a masty.

^{page 334 note 4} Meslin-bread, made with a mixture of equal parts of wheat and rye, was, according to Forby, formerly considered as a delicacy in the Eastern counties, the household loaf being composed of rye alone. The mixed grain termed maslin is commended by Tusser. It was used in France in the concoction of beer, as appears by the regulations for the brewers of Paris, 1254, who were to use “grains, c'est à savoir, d'orge, de mestuel, et de dragée.” Reglements, t. Louis IX. ed. Depping, p. 29. In 1327, it appears by the almoner's accounts at Ely that five quarters of mesling cost 20s. and two quarters of corn 9s. 4d. Stevenson's Supp. to Bentham, p. 53. In 1466 Sir John Howard paid, amongst various provisions for his “kervelle” on a voyage to “Sprewse, for a combe of mystelon, ij.s. vj.d.” Household Expenses, presented to the Roxburghe Club by B. Botfield, Esq. p. 347. See also a letter, about 1482, in the Paston Correspondence, V. 292. In the Inventory of Merevale Abbey, taken in 1538, occurs “grayne at the monastery, myskelen, xij. strykes.” At the dinner given in 1561 to the Duke of Norfolk by the Mayor of Norwich, there were provided “xvj. loves white bread, iv.d. xviij. loves wheaten bread, ix.d. iij. loves mislin bread, iij.d.” Leland, Itin. vi. xvij. Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, that “Paulyn the meter of corne hath so moche moten of corne and of mestelyn (mestelon) that he may no more for age.” Plot states that the Oxfordshire land termed sour is good for wheat and “miscellan,” namely, wheat and rye mixed. Hist. Oxf. p. 242. In the Ortus, mixtilio is rendered “medeled corne;” in Harl. MS. 1587, “mastcleyne.” “Mastil“one, bigermen, mixtilio.” Cath. ang. Palsgrave gives “mestlyon corne,” and “masclyne corne;” and Cotgrave “Tramois, meslin of oats and barlie mixed. Meteil, messling, or misslin, wheat and rie mingled, sowed, and used together.” See Dragge, menglyd corne, p. 130.

^{page 335 note 1} “A mette, mensura, metreta, et proprie vini, metron Grece.” Cath. ang. “Amona dicitur calamus mensure.” Ortus. In the Northern Dialect met still signifies a measure. See Scantlyon, or scanklyone. Equissium.

^{page 335 note 2} — for evene, MS. Mete or evyn, K.

^{page 335 note 4} Medycyne, MS. metecyne, H. s.

^{page 335 note 4} Cubitum, MS. In the Medulla cibutum is rendered “a mete whycche.” See Almery, p. 10. Possibly the long chest, such as is frequently termed a bacon-hutch, is here intended, as it might serve also the purpose of a bench; Ang.-Sax. setl, sedile. A settle is, however, properly the high-backed bench placed near the fire. See Forby.

^{page 336 note 1} Stowe asserts that Hen. I. reformed the measures, and fixed the ulna by the length of his own arm, “and now the same is called a yard, or a metwand.” “A meat-wand, virga.” Gouldman. “A meate-wand, verge par le moyen de laquelle on mesure quelque longueur ou distance.” Sherwood. In Levit. xix. 35, mensura, Vulg. is rendered, in Coverdale's Bible, a “meteyarde.” Ang.-Sax. met-ʓeard. Palsgrave gives the verb, “I measure clothe with a yerde, or mette yerde.”

^{page 336 note 2} Tapax, MS. as also Mychery, Tapacitas, and Mychyñ, Tapio. A mychare seems to denote properly a sneaking thief. Gower thus describes secretum latrocinium;

See also Towneley Myst. pp. 216, 308, and the Hye way to the Spyttell house.

It signifies also one who commits any sneaking, mean, or miserly act: and, according to Nares, a truant. Horman says, “He strake hym through the syde with a dager, and ranne away like a mycher (latibundus aufugit.) He is a mychar (vagus, non discolus;) a rennar awey or a mychar (fugitivus.)” “Micher, a lytell thefe, larronceav. Michar, bvissonnier.” Palsg. “Dramer, to miche, pinch, dodge, to use, dispose of, or deliver out things by a precise weight, as if the measurer were afraid to touch them, &c. Vilain, a churle, also a miser, micher, pinch pennie, penny father. Senaud, a craftie Iacke, or a rich micher, a rich man that pretends himselfe to be very poore. Caqueraffe, a base micher, scuruie hagler, lowsie dodger, &c. Caqueduc, a niggard, micher,” &c. Cotg. “To mich in a corner, deliteo. A micher, vide Truant.” Gouldm. Tusser uses the term micher, which is not given in the East-Anglian Glossaries.

^{page 336 note 3} Chaucer uses the term mitche, R. of Rose, 5585, where it is explained by Tyrwhitt as signifying a manchet, a loaf of fine bread. The old French word miche, and Latin mica, or michia, signify, according to Roquefort and Ducange, a small loaf. “Mica ponitur pro pane modico qui fit in curiis magnatorum vel in monasteriis.” Cath. Hearne gives in the notes to the Liber Niger, p. 654, a quotation from the Register of Oseney, 52 Hen. III, wherein mention occurs of magnæ michiæ;, of the bisa and sala michia; and Spelman cites a document which describes “albos panes, vocatos michis.” In 1351 Robert, Abbot of Lilleshall, granted “viij. magnas micas majoris ponderis de pane conventus” to Adam de Kaukbury; and a corrody is enregistered in the Leiger Book of Shrewsbury Abbey, by which Abbot Lye granted, in 1508, to his sister, “viij. panes conventuales vulgariter myches vocatos,” &c. Blakeway's Hist. ii. 129. Mychekyne seems to be merely a diminutive. “Pastilla, a cake, craknell, or wyg.” Ortus.

^{page 337 note 1} A distinction is here made in Pynson's and the other editions of the Promptorium. Mychyn. Manticulo. Mychyn, or stelyn pryuely. Surripio, clepo, capaxo.

^{page 337 note 2} The reading of the Winch. MS. is Myddyl, or dongyl, so termed possibly from its position in the fold-yard. In the North the Ang.-Sax. middinₓ, sterquilinium, is a term still in use, as in the Towneley Myst. p. 30. “Fumarium, myddyng.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “A middynge, sterquilinium.” Cath. ang. The following lines occur in a poem, where man is exhorted to contemplate heaven and hell, the world, and sin :

^{page 337 note 3} “Emigraneus, vermis capitis, Anglice the mygryne, or the hede worme.’ Ortus. “þe emygrane, emigraneus. þe mygrane, ubi emigrane.” Cath. ang. “Migrym, a sickenesse, chagrin, maigre.” Palsg. Remedies are given in Arund. MS. 42, f. 105, vº.

^{page 338 note 1} See Bengere of a mylle, p. 31. “Faricapsa, an hoper.” Ortus.

^{page 338 note 2} “I mente, I gesse or ayme to hytte a thynge that I shote or throwe at, Ie esme. I dyd ment at a fatte bucke, but I dyd hyt a pricket.” Palsg. Forby gives “mink, mint, to attempt. Alem. meinta, intentio.” See Brockett's Glossary, and Jamieson, v. mint, signifying to aim at, to have a mind to do something. Ang.-Sax. myntan, disponere.

^{page 338 note 3} Minera, according to Joh. de Garlandiâ, is a vein of ore, a mine; or, as Upton uses the word, a mine formed during a siege. Mil. Off. i. c. 3.

^{page 338 note 4} Chaucer, in the Miller's Tale, puts the following taunt into the mouth of the Smith, who awakes Absolon, bidding him seek vengeance for the ill success of his amour:

Tyrwhitt prints this line—“upon the viretote.” Speght, in his Glossary, explains the word as signifying a swing, oscillum, suspended from a beam for the amusement of children. Strutt mentions the meritot, or merry trotter, in his Sports and Pastimes, p. 226, and in the Orbis Sensualium of Comenius it is given under the sports of boys, who are represented “swinging themselves upon a merry-totter, super petaurum se agitantes et oscillantes.” Ed. Hoole, c. cxxxvj. Skinner gives this word on the authority of the Diction. Angl. 1658, and supposes it to be of French derivation, from virer and tost, quickly. In the Cath. ang. the word is twice given, under the letter M. “A Merytotyr, oscillum, petaurus;” and again under the letter T. “A mery Totyr, petaurus, etc. ubi a mere totyr.” Palsgrave gives “Tyttertotter, a play for chyldre, balenchoeres.” See the Craven Glossary, v. Merry-totter, and Brand's Popular Antiqu. See hereafter Totyr, or myry totyr, and the verb Wawyñ, or waueryn yn a myry totyr, oscillo. According to Forby to titter, or titter-cum-totter, signifies in Norfolk to ride on each end of a balanced plank.

^{page 339 note 1} Merry is not infrequently used by the old writers in the sense of pleasant. Ang.-Sax. myriʓ, jucundus. In the version of Vegecius, attributed to Trevisa, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. it is observed that wise warriors in olden times used to “occupie theire foot menne in dedes of armes in the felde in mery wedire, and vndre roof in housing in fowle wedre.” B. iii. c. 2. Again, precaution is recommended at sea against unsettled weather, and the diversity of places, “the whiche maketh ofte of mery wedre grete tempestes, and of grete tempestes mery weder and clere.” B. iv. c. 38. The arms borne by the name of Merewether are to be classed with the armoiries parlantes; namely, Or, three martlets sable, on a chief azure a sun in splendour; the martlet being, as it was supposed, an omen of fair weather.

^{page 339 note 2} This word occurs in Brunne's version of Langtoft, p. 176; Chaucer's Rom. of R. v. 5339; the Vis. of Piers Ploughman; Awntyrs of Arthure, 68; Towneley Myst. p. 167. In a description of hell, in Add. MS. 10,053, p. 136, the following passage occurs:

“Mirke, ater, caliginosus, fuscus, obscurus, umbrosus. A mirknes, ablucinacio, i. lucis alienacio, chaos, &c. To make or to be mirke, tenebrare, nigrere.” Cath. ang. “Myrke, or darke, brun, obscur. I myrke, I darke, or make darke (Lydgat), Ie obscurcys.” Palsg. See Brockett, Craven Glossary, and Jamieson. Ang.-Sax. mirc, tenebræ. See Therke, hereafter.

^{page 339 note 3} This term apparently denotes crumbs or grated particles of bread, called in French mies, or mioches. “Mica, religuie panis, vel quod cadit de pane dum frangitur et comeditur, &c. a crome of brede.” Ortus. In the Book of Cookery, written 1381, and printed by Pegge with the Forme of Cury, it is directed to take onions, “and myce hem ri“t smal,” as also to “myse bred,” &c. pp. 93, 95. The participle “myyd” occurs in Sloane MS. 1986, f. 85, and other passages, and signifies grated bread, which, as it has been observed in the note on the verb Grate, p. 207, was much used in ancient cookery.

^{page 340 note 1} “A mister, ubi a nede. A nede, necessitas, necesse, opus,” &c. Cath. ang. Roquefort gives the following explanation of the French word, whence this appears to be taken: “Mester, mestier: besoin, nécessaire,” &c. Chaucer uses the word “mistere,” signifying need, as of daily food, in the comparison between the wealthy miser and the poor man; R. of Rose, v. 5614; and again, in the sense of requiring the services of any one; see the address of Love to False Semblant, ib. v. 6078. See Towneley Myst. pp. 90, 234, and Jamieson, v. Mister.

^{page 340 note 2} The position of this word in the alphabetical arrangement would indicate that the reading of the Cambridge MS. is here to be preferred. Mynute was, however, used synonymously with mite, as appears by the passage in the Wicliffite version, Mark xii. 42, quoted in the note on Cu, halfe a farthynge, p. 106. Gouldman gives “a minute, or q. which is half a farthing, minutum.” It is said in the Ortus, “minutum est quoddam genus ponderis, scilicet media pars quadrantis;” and a distinction appears to be made in the following citation: “A myte, mita: a myte, quod est pondus, minutum.” Cath. ang. Palsgrave gives “myte, the leest coyne that is, pite,” which was a little piece struck at Poitiers, Pictavina, and of the value of half an obole; and Sherwood renders “Mite (the smallest of weights, or of coine) Minute; aussi, vne petite piece de monnoye non vsitée.” There is no evidence that any coin of such value was ever struck in England, but small foreign pieces may have been circulated, such as the Poitevine, or the “dyner of Genoa,” which also, according to R. Holme, was worth half a farthing. Acad. of Arm. B. iii. c. 30. Roquefort explains mite as signifying a Flemish copper coin; but, according to Ducange, the value of the Flemish mita was four oboli. It is, however, possible that fractional parts of the silver penny or farthing might occasionally pass as mites: thus entries frequently occur in the Accounts of the Keeper of St. Cuthbert's Shrine, during the XVth cent. as cited by Raine, respecting “fracta pecunia;” and the petition of the Commons in 1444, 23 Hen. VI. complains of the great injury that arose from the division of coin, for want of small currency, and craves that the breaking of white money be forbidden under a heavy penalty. Rot. Parl. V. 109.

^{page 340 note 3} “Mita est pilum frigium, or a myttane. Mantus, a myteyn, or a mantell.” Ortus. “A mytane, mitta, mitana.” Cath. ang. In the curious dictionary of John de Garlandiâ it is said that “cirothecarii decipiunt scolares Parisius (sic) vendendo cirothecas simplices, et furratas pellibus agninis, cuniculinis, vulpinis, et mictas de corio factas.” The following explanation is given in the gloss: “Mitas, Gallice mitanes (mitheines, al.) a mitos, quod est filum, quia primo fiebant de filo vel de panno laneo, et adhuc fiunt a vulgo.” MS. Bibl. Rothom. It is said in the Catholicon that “a manus dicitur mantus, quia manus tegat tantum, est enim brevis amictus,” &c. the primary sense of this Latin term being a short garment or mantle. In the minute description of the garb of the Ploughman are mentioned his “myteynes ” made of cloutes, with the fingers “for-werd,” or worn away; see Creed of Piers P. v. 851. Amongst the feigned miraculous gifts whereby the Pardoner in the Cant. Tales states that he turned to account the credulity of his hearers, one was a mitaine:

In 1392 Rich. Bridesall, merchant, of York, bequeaths “meum magnum dowblet, et meum mytans de d'orre, et meum dagardum.” Test. Ebor. i. p. 174

^{page 341 note 1} This verb is placed in the MSS. as likewise in the printed copies, between Moorderyñ and Moryñ. “I modefye, I temperate, Ie me modifie, and Ie me trempe. What thoughe he speke a hastye worde, you muste modyfye your selfe.” Palsg.

^{page 341 note 2} The term mauther has been recognised as peculiarly East-Anglian by Sir Thos. Browne, Spelman, Forby, and Moor. It is used by B. Jonson. Tusser, in his list of husbandly furniture, includes “a sling for a mother (moether, al. ed.) a bow for a boy,” intended for driving away birds, as he advises, in September's husbandry, to set “mother or boy “to scare away pigeons and rooks from the newly-sown land, with loud cries, sling, or bow. “Puera, a woman chylde, callyd in Cambrydge shyre a modder. Pupa, a yonge wenche, a gyrle, a modder.” Elyot. “Baquelette, a young wench, mother, girle. Fille, a maid, girle, modder, lasse,” &c. Cotg. “A modder, fillette,jeune garse, garsette.” Sherw. “A modder, wench or girl, puera, pupa.” Gouldm. Compare False modder, or wenche, p. 148. Dan. moer, Belg. modde, puella.

^{page 341 note 3} Possibly the correct reading should here be Mocke, or mowe. See Mowe, or skorne.

^{page 341 note 4} See the account of funeral entertainments in Brand's Popular Antiquities. Wine or ale sweetened and spiced was termed mulled, as Skinner supposes, from the Latin mollitum; but more probably from the mulled or powdered condiments essential to the concoction. Compare Mullyn, or breke to powder. “Molle, “pulver,”.&c. Cath. and. Island, mil, in minutas partes tundo; prœter, mulde.

^{page 342 note 1} Mone, ms. Compare Teut. moeme, Germ, muhme, matertera.

^{page 342 note 2} “Sichofanta, i. falsus calumniator, vel vilium rerum appetitor.” Cath. “Maunche present, briffavlt. I manche, I eate gredylye. Are you nat ashamed to manche (briffer) your meate thus lyke a carter ? I monche, I eate meate gredyly in a corner, ie loppine,” &c. Palsg. Bp. Kennett gives “to munge, to eat greedily; Wilts.” Lansd. MS. 1033. “A maneh-present, dorophagus.” Gouldm. “Brifaut, a hasty devourer, a fast eater, a ravenous feeder, a greedy glutton.” Cotg.

^{page 342 note 3} Moppe signifies here a child's doll, formed of rags, as Popyn is explained hereafter to be a “chylde of clowtys.” Nares gives it as a term of endearment to a girl, as moppet is used in Suffolk, according to Moor. “A little mopse, puellula.” Gouldm. In the Sevyn Sages, v. 1414, the foolish burgess who went from his home to seek a wife is said to have gone forth “as a moppe wild,” where the word is explained by Weber as signifying a fool.

^{page 343 note 1} This comparative frequently signifies large dimension, and not number. Thus in Kyng Alis. v. 6529, the rhinoceros is described as “more than an olifaunt;” and in the Wicliffite version it is used to express superior, by priority of birth; where it is said that Isaac knew not Jacob, “for þe heery hondis expressiden þe licnesse of þe more son.” Gen. xxvii. 23. In the Version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. XVIII. A. 12, the heavy-armed troops are said to have had two kinds of darts, “one of the more assise, the other of the lasse;” the “pile,” which measured 5½ feet in length, and the “broche,” which was shorter by two feet. So likewise in the Golden Legend the “more letanye,” on St. Mark's day, is distinguished from the “less letanye, iij. days to fore the Ascension.” It is occasionally retained in names of places, as More Critchill, Dorset, probably so called by way of distinction from Long Critchill, and other neighbouring hamlets. The rebus, or canting device of the Mortons of Bushbury, Herefordshire, repeatedly used amongst the ornaments of the chantry founded by one of that family on the south side of the church, is a tun inscribed with the initial of his Christian name, the syllable Mor being, as it would seem, expressed by the supposed dimension of the tun, or its proportion to the scutcheon whereon it is placed.

^{page 343 note 2} Morellus is explained by Ducange as meaning subfuscus; so likewise Roquefort gives “morel; noir, tanné, tirant sur le brun.” According to Cotgrave cheval morel is a black horse. In the Towneley Mysteries, p. 9, “Morelle” occurs as the name of one of the horses yoked to Cain's plough.

^{page 343 note 3} Gower describes the glowing blush which restored beauty to the features of Lucrece, on meeting her husband, “so that it myght not be mored.” Conf. Am. vii. In the curious metrical version of the most ancient grants to St. Edmund's Bury, preserved in the Register of Abbot Curteys, the following lines occur in the Charter of Canute :

Horman, amongst the passages from Terence, gives the following: “He dredith lest thy olde angyr or hardnes be mored or incresyd.”

^{page 343 note 4} Compare Ang.-Sax. morʓan-ʓifu, dos nuptialis. In La“amon “mor“eue “occurs in this sense, ed. Madden, iii. 249, and “mœr“eue ” ii. 175, which is in Wace's original “douaire.” See Hickes, Thes. i. p. ix. Pref. and Wachter, v. Morgengabe.

^{page 343 note 5} Chaucer, in the Prologue to Cant. T. v. 388, describes the Cook as afflicted with “a mormal,” or gangrene on his shin, called in Latin malum mortuum, and in old French mauxmorz. Remedies for the mortmal may be found in Arund. MS. 42, f. 105, V°; and in Sloane MS. 100, f. 58, vº, a compound is described of litharge of gold, oil of roses, white wine, old urine, &c. which formed “a plastre þat William Faryngdoun kny“t lete a squyer þat was his prisoner go quyt of his raunsum fore. This plastre wole hele a mormal, and cancre, and festre, and alle oþere sooris.” Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, “Maximian the maistre of phisike can hele dropesye, blody flyxe, tesyke, mormale (mormal.)” “Mormall, (or marmoll,) a sore, lovp.” Palsg.

^{page 344 note 1} This term denoted a periodical assembly of a gild : A.-Sax. morʓen-spsæc. See Hickes, Thes. ii. 21, i., ix., and extracts from Registers of gilds at Lynn, Richards' Hist. pp. 422, 477.

^{page 344 note 2} “Mortrewes” occur amongst the dishes mentioned by Chaucer in the account of the Cook's abilities; Cant. T. Prol. v. 386. “Mortrws, pepo, peponum.” Cath. ang. “Pepo, i. melo, mortrews, et est similis cucurbite.” Ortus. Mortrews, according to various recipes given in Harl. MS. 279; Cott. MS. Jul. D. viii. and Sloane MS. 1986, seems to have been fish, or white meat ground small, and mixed with crumbs, rice flour, &c. See in the last mentioned compilation “mortrews de chare, blanchyd mortrews, and mortrews of fysshe,” pp. 55, 60, 66, given under the head de potagiis. The term is frequently written “morterel, mortrewys,” &c. and is possibly derived from the mode of preparation, by braying the flesh in a morter. “Mortesse meate.” Palsg.

^{page 344 note 3} Many instances might be cited of the use of the word morrow, signifying the morning, as Chaucer uses it, when he says of the Frankelein, “wel loved he by the morwe a sop in win.” Cant. T. 335. Sir John Maundevile speaks of the idolatry of the natives of Chana, who worshipped a serpent, or whatever animal “that thei meten first at morwe.” In the Version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. XVIII. A. 12, it is said that it is requisite to ascertain the custom of the enemy, “if they be wonede to assaile or falle vpone the nyghte, or in the morow.” B. iii. c. 6. In the curious translation of Macer's treatise on the virtues of plants, MS. in the possession of Hugh Diamond, Esq. it is observed that “he þat etiþ caule (brassica) first at morwe, vnnethe shal he fynde drunkenesse þat day.” The day-star likewise is called the Morow sterre. In the Golden Legend it is said of the Assumption of our Lady that an angel brought her “a bowe of palme, whose leues shone lyke to the morowe sterre.”

^{page 344 note 4} This term is taken from the French mot, which is explained by Nicot to imply “le son de la trompe d'un Veneur, sonné d'art et maistrise.” See Twety, Vesp. B. xii. f. 4; R. Holme, Acad. of Arm. iii. p. 76. Horman says that “blowyng of certain and diuers motis, and watchis, gydeth an host, and saueth it from many parellys. The trompettours blowe a fytte or a mote (dant classicum).” “Mote, blast of a home.” Palsg.

^{page 345 note 1} “To mute, allegare, ut ille allegat pro me; causare, contraversari, decertare, placitare. A mute halle, capitolium. A muter, actor, advocatus, causidicus, &c. Mutynge, causa, pragma.” Cath. ang. “Mote or encheson, causa, causale, litigium.” Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1587. “Causa, a cause or motynge. Causarius, a pledere, a motere. Causor, to plede or mote.” Med. “Certamen, i. pugna vel litigium, a chydynge or motynge. Controversor, to mote, plede, or chyde.” Ortos. Ang.-Sax. mot, conventus, motian, to meet for the purpose of discussion, disputare; mot-hus, or moð-heal, a place of meeting. In the poem on the evil times of Edw. II. Polit. Songs, p. 336, complaint is made of the corruption of Justices, and other legal authorities, who, instead of fair and open dealing, “maken the mot-halle at hom in here chaumbre.” In the Wicliffite version, John xviii. 28, prætoriurn is rendered “moot-halle.” See also Vis. of Piers P. v. 2352. Compare Plee, of motynge.

^{page 345 note 2} In the Winch. MS. Rere is given hereafter as synonymous with Mothe woke. This appears to be a compound word, the last syllable of which may be derived from Ang.-Sax. wác, debilis, flexibilis, whence wác-mod, pusillanimis. The former syllable may possibly be taken from Ang.-Sax. mete, Isl. mot, modus. Hence also “methfulle,” moderate. See Jamieson, v. Meith. Compare lith-wake, or leothe-wok, supple limbed, according to the citations given in the note on the word Lyye, p. 310.

^{page 345 note 3} Compare A.-S. mæʓ, parens, used very widely to denote a relative, son, sister, niece, &c. See La“amon, i. pp. 12, 73,162, Madden's ed. R. Brunne uses the word “mouh.”

^{page 345 note 4} “Cachinnor, to grenne, or for to make a mowe.” Med. “To mowe, cachinnare, narire, et cetera ubi to scorne. A mowynge, cachinnatus, rictus.” Cath. ang. “Cachinno, to mowe, or skorne with the mouth.” Ortus. “Mowe, a scorne, move, moe. Mower, skorner, mocquevr. I moo, I mocke, I mowe with the mouthe, ie fays la moue.” Palsg. “Moue, a moe, or mouth; an ill-favoured extension, or thrusting out of the lips. Moüard, mumping, mowing, making mouths. Baybaye, a scornfull moe, or mouth made.” Cotg. “To mow, or mock with the mouth like an ape, distorquere os, rictum deducere.” Gouldm. In the poem on the evil times of Edw. II. a curious picture is given of the “countour,” or barrister, who, pocketing the fee, and speaking a few words to little purpose, as soon as he had turned his back, “he makketh the a mouwe.” Polit. Songs, p. 339. Such scornful gestures were deemed a great breach of good manners; thus, in the Boke of Curtasye, the youth is instructed as to his demeanour at table, where he should especially avoid quarreling, making “mawes,” and stuffing the mouth with food.

So also in the like admonition, printed with the title, Stans puer ad mensam, it is said, “grenynge and mowynge at the table eschewe.”

^{page 346 note 1} “Mought that eateth clothes, uers de drap.” Palsg. Ang.-Sax. moððe, tinea.

^{page 346 note 2} In Arund. MS. 42, numerous remedies are given for mowles. “Plemina sunt ulcera in manibus et in pedibus callosis, weles or mowles.” Med. “A mowle, pernio.” Cath. ang. This term is taken from the French; “Kybe on the hele, mule.” Palsg. W. Turner, in his Herbal, 1562, speaks of kibes or “mooles,” and says that the broth of rape is good for “kybed, or moolde heles.” Gerard states that “the downe of the reed mace, or cats tail, hath been proved to heale kibed, or humbled heeles (as they are termed) either before or after the skin is broken.” And. Boorde, in the Breviary of Health, c. 272, treats at length of the causes and remedies for such ailments. See Jamieson, v. Mule.

^{page 346 note 3} “To mowle, mucidare. Mowled, mucidus. Mowlenes, glis, mucor, mussa.” Cath. ang. “Mucor, to mowle as bredde.” Ortus. Palsgrave gives the verb “I mowlde, or fust, as come or breed dothe, Ie moisis,” but the word is usually written, according to the ancient spelling, as given in the Promptorium. Chaucer speaks of “mouled,” or grey hairs. In the relation of a miraculous occurrence given in the Golden Legend, f. 65, vº, it is said, “as the kynge sate at mete, all the brede waxed anone mowly, and hoor, y^t no man myght ete of it.” Kilian gives “molen, vetus Flandr. cariem contrahere.” Compare Dan. mulner, to grow mouldy; mulen, hoary or mouldy.

^{page 346 note 4} “To mughe, posse, valere, queo. To nott moghe, nequire, non posse.” Cath. ang. The verb to mow, to be able, is used by R. Glouc. p. 39, and Chaucer. In the Golden Legend it is said of the last judgment that “the eyghte sygne shall be y^e generall tremblynge of the erthe, whiche shall be so grete that noo man ne beest shall not mowe stonde thereon, but fall to the grownde.” Caxton states, in the Book for Travellers, that his intent was “to ordeyne this book, by the whiche men shall mowe resonably understande Frenssh and English, on pourra entendre,” &c. The verb Nowthe mowñ occurs hereafter. Compare Dutch moghen, Germ, moegen, posse.

^{page 347 note 1} Compare Falle, p. 147. “Paciscolia, i. muscipula, a mowse falle.” Med. ms. cant. In the Shepherd's Calendar it is said that “the couetous man is taken in the nette of the deuil, by the which he leseth euerlasting lyfe for small temporal goodes,— as the mouse is taken in a fall, or trappe (à la ratière, orig.) and leseth his lyfe for a lyttle bacon.” Ed. J. Wally, sign. F. j. vº. Ang.-Sax. mus-fealle, muscipula.

^{page 347 note 2} “Mowter, vide moulter,—quando avium pennæ decidunt.” Gouldm. To mute or moult, to change the feathers, is taken from the Latin. Palsgrave gives the verb to “mute, as a hauke or birde dothe his fethers, muer ;” which is rendered by Cotgrave “to mue, to cast the head, coat, or skin.” See Ducange, v. Muta. Hence the place where hawks were kept during the change of plumage was termed a mew; and mutare signified to keep them in a mew, as in a document dated 1425, edited by Bp. Kennett, Par. Antiqu.

^{page 347 note 3} Compare Mwe, or cowle, a coop for keeping or fatting poultry, p. 350.

^{page 347 note 4} Muggard, in the Exmoor Dialect, signifies sullen and morose. In the sense of avaricious Muglard may be derived from the French “mugotter, to hoord; mugot, a hoord, or secret heap of treasure.” Cotg.

^{page 347 note 5} The virtues of mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris, Linn, are highly extolled by the ancient herbalists. The following observation occurs in Arund. MS. 42, f. 35, vº. “Mogwort, al on as seyn some, modirwort: lewed folk þat in manye wordes conne no ry“t sownynge, but ofte shortyn wordys, and changyn lettrys and silablys, þey coruptyn þe o. in to u. and d. in to g. and syncopyn i. smytyn a-wey i. and r. and seyn mugwort.” “Mugworte, arthemisia, i. mater herbarum.” Cath. ang. Ang.-Sax. muʓwyrt, artemisia. Of the superstitious custom of seeking under the root of this plant for a coal, to serve as a talisman against many disasters, see Brand's Pop. Antiqu.

^{page 348 note 1} The correct reading is here given, probably, by the other MSS. The term mull is still retained in the Eastern counties, and in the North, and signifies, according to Forby, soft breaking soil. “Molle, pulver, et cetera ubi powder.” Cath. ang. Compare Low-Germ, and Dutch, mul, Ang.-Sax. myl, pulvis. “Mullock, or mollock, vide dust, or dung.” Gouldm. Chaucer uses the word “mullok,” Cant. T. v. 3871, 16,408. See the North Country Glossaries.

^{page 348 note 2} “To mulbrede, interere, micare. To make molle, pulverizare.” Cath. ang. Hence, perhaps, as it has been suggested in the note on Moldale, p. 341, to mull ale or wine, to infuse powdered condiments therein.

^{page 348 note 3} Pultina, Ms. The term Mulreyne may have been not inappropriately used to denote a mizzling shower, falling like fine powder, or mull; unless it may be preferred to seek a derivation from the French mouiller.

^{page 348 note 4} In the Inventory of Sir John Fastolf's effects at Caistor, 1459, is the entry “Larderia: Item, viij. lynges. Item, iiij. mulwellfyche. Item, j. barelle dim' alec' alb'.” Archæol. xxi. 278. Dr. Will. Turner, in his letter to Gesner on British fish, prefixed to the second ed. of Gesner, lib. iv. states that the fish called keling in the North, and cod in the South, on the Western coasts is termed melwel. Spelman states that the mulvellus of the Northern seas is the green fish, called in the Book of Customs at Lynn Regis melvel, and haddock, and in Lancashire milwyn. In the statute for the regulation of prices of fish and poultry, as given in Strype's Stowe, mulvel is mentioned. “Morue, the cod, or green fish, a lesse and dull-eyed kind whereof is called by some the morhwell.” Cotg. Merlangus virens, Cuv.

^{page 348 note 5} Mummynge seems to have denoted originally a dumb show, a pantomime, performed by masked actors, a Christmas diversion, regarding which many particulars will be found in Brand's Pop. Antiq. “Mummar, mommevr. I mumme in a mummynge. Let vs go mumme (mummer) to nyght in womens apparayle.” Palsg. Compare Dutch mumme, Germ, momme, larva; Fr. “momrne; mascarade, déguisement.” Roquef. “Mommon, a troop of mummers; also, a visard, or mask; also, a set, by a mummer, at dice.” Cotg.

^{page 348 note 6} This name for a dwarf does not appear to be retained in any of the local dialects, although preserved, as it would appear, in the surname Murchison.

^{page 349 note 1} “A muskett, capus.” Cath. ang. “Musket, a lytell hauke, mouchet.” Palsg. “Mouchet, espece d'oiseau de proye, c'est le tiercelet de l'espervier.” Nicot. The most ancient names of fire-arms and artillery being derived either from monsters, as dragons or serpents, or from birds of prey, in allusion to velocity of movement, this little hawk supplied the appellation musket; as also at a much earlier period it had furnished a name for the missile termed muschetta, or mouchette, in the XIIIth cent.

^{page 349 note 2} “Must, carenum, mustum.” Cath. ang. “Mustacium, i. mustum vinum, vel potus (qui) ex musto fit, et aliis potionibus.” Ortus. Mulsa, or mulsus, according to the Catholicon, was a drink compounded of wine, or water, and honey, commonly called meed; occasionally the term denotes new wine, which is the usual signification of must, as in the Wicliffite version, Dedis ii. 13; Cov. Myst. p. 382. “Must, newe wyne, movst.” Palsg. In Ælfric's Glossary, Julius, A. II. f. 127, are given “cervisa, vel celea, eale; medo, meodu; ydromellum, vel mulsum, beor.” Horman says, “We shall drynke methe, or metheglin; mulsum vel hydromel, non medonem.” According to the account given of Apomel, in Arund. MS. 42, f. 32, vº, mulsa, or mellicratium, is formed of eight parts water, and one of honey, boiled together; “idromellum, as oþer facultes vsen it; it is a lycur þat we callen wort, and it is seyd of ydor, water, and of hony, no“t þat hony goþ þer to, for hony towcheþ it but for it is swete as hony. It is water of malt, mulsum.”

^{page 349 note 3} Previously to the existence of a standing stipendiary force, provision was made for the defence of the realm, in any sudden emergency, by the law that every householder should have in his dwelling a warlike equipment suitable to his means and station, and should at certain fixed seasons present himself before the constables, or appointed officers, with his accoutrements, for inspection. This was termed the monstre, monstrum, or armilustrium, in N. Britain the “weapon-schawynge,” often mentioned in the Scotch acts, and in later times in England, the muster. The most curious and ancient ordinance to this effect is that passed at Winchester, 1285, 13 Edw. I. Stat. of Realm, i. 97; but the existence of a similar scrutiny at an earlier period appears by the documents printed by Wats, M. Paris, Auctarium, addit. p. 230. Spelman cites Rot. Parl. 5 Hen. IV. regarding the monstrum or monstratio of men-at-arms; see also the ordinance of Hen. V. in his statutes in time of war, “de monstris publicis, seu ostencionibus.” Upton. Mil. Off. 136. “Muster of men, bellicrepa.” Cath. ang. Palsgrave gives the verbs “I muster, as men do y^t shall go to a felde, ie me monstre. I muster, I take the muster of men, as a capytayne doth, ie fais les monstres. What place will you sygne to muster your folkes in. Mustre of harnest men, monstre.”

^{page 350 notes 1} Siginarium, Ms. The distinction between Mv of hawkys, p. 347, and a mew for fatting poultry, deserves notice. Chaucer uses the word in the latter sense, Cant. T. 351.

^{page 350 note 2} This instrument of martial music appears to have been a sort of drum, of Oriental origin, and introduced into Europe by the Crusaders. Joinville speaks of the minstrels of the Soudan, “qui avoient cors Sarrazinnois, et tabours, et nacaires;” the term being evidently identical with the naqârah, or drum of the Arabs and Moors. See Ducange, v. Nacara, Roquefort, and Wachter. Menage, and other writers, supposed the nacaire to be a kind of wind-instrument, but the observations of Ducange on Joinville, p. 59, and the remarks of Daniel, Milice Franc, i. p. 536, prove beyond question that it was a drum. Cotgrave, however, gives “Naquaire, a lowd instrument of musicke, somewhat resembling a hoboy.” Nakerys are mentioned in Gawayn and the Grene Kny“ht, v. 118, 1016; and Chaucer's Knight's T. v. 2513. Froissart relates that Hugh Despenser the younger, being taken by the Queen's army in 1326, was led about “après le route de la Royne, par toutes les villes ou ils passoyent, à trompes et nacaires.” Vol. i. c. xiii. Amongst the minstrels in the household of Edw. III. 1344, is named “makerers, j. ” which may be erroneously written for nakerer, but in the Gesta Ludov. VII. c. 8, it is said “tympanis et macariis, et aliis similibus instrumentis resonabant.” See Household Ordin. p. 4, Harl. MS. 782, p. 63. Sir John Maundevile relates that near the River Phison is the Vale perilous, in which “heren men often tyme grete tempestes—and gret noyse, as it were sown of tabours, and of nakeres, and trompes, as thoughe it were a gret feste.” Voiage, p. 340. Trevisa, in his version of Barthol. de Propr. lib. xix. c. 141, says that “Armonia Rithmica is a sownynge melody—and diuers instrumentes serue to this maner armony, as tabour, and timbre, harpe, and sawtry, and nakyres.” Palsgrave gives “nauquayre, a kynde of instrument, naquair.” The precise period when the use of drums as martial music was adopted by the English is uncertain; R. Glouc. p. 396, alludes to their Saracenic origin, and describes the terror caused thereby, so that the horses of the Christians were “al astoned.” Nakers were used at the battle of Halidown-Hill, 1332, as appears by the “Romance,” or ballad on that victory, Harl. MS. 4690, f. 80; they are termed tabers in the prose account of the same, f. 79, vº. Minot says, in his poem on the alliance of Edw. III. with the Duke of Brabant, and other foreign powers, 1336, and their preparations for war with Philip de Valois,

The Nacorne, or nacaire, was probably the small kettle-drum, used in pairs, as seen in the figures given by Strutt, Horda, vol. i. pi. vi. from the Liber Regalis, written during the reign of Rich. II. The most curious representation is that etched by Carter, in his Ancient Sculpture and Painting, from a carved miserere, of the close of the XlVth cent, formerly in one of the stalls at Worcester Cathedral, and now placed on the cornice of the modern organ-screen, over the entrance from the nave.

^{page 351 note 1} “To nakyne, nudare, detegere, exuere. A nakynynge, nudacio.” Cath. ang. “Nudo, i. expoliare, &c.. to naken. Denudacio, a nakenynge.” Ortus. In R. Brunne's version of Langtoft's Chron. a satirical ballad is given on the victory of Edw. I. over the Scots at Dunbar, 1294. Ed. Hearne, p. 277.

Compare the extract from the original Chron. given by Mr. Wright, App. to Polit. Songs, p. 295. In Roy. MS. 20 A. XI. the word is written “nakid;” in Cott. MS. Julius, A. v. “nackened.” In the earlier Wicliffite version Levit. xx. 19 is thus rendered : “The filþheed of thi moder sister, and thi fader sister thow shalt not discouer ; who that doth this, the shenship of his flesh he shal nakyn.” A.-Sax. benacan, nudare.

^{page 351 note 2} “I nawpe one in y^e necke, I stryke one in y^e necke, ie accollette, and ie frappe au col. Beware of hym, he wyll nawpe boyes in y^e necke, as men do conyes.” Palsg. “A nawp, a blow. Hit him a nawpe. See Yorksh. Dial. p. 68.” Bp. Kennett's Gloss. Coll. Lansd. MS. 1033. Compare Brockett, and Craven Gl. v. Naup.

^{page 351 note 3} “A natte, storium, storiolum. A natte maker, storiator. To make nattes, storiare.” Cath. ang. “Storiolo, to cover with nattes.” Ortus. “Nat maker, natier.” Palsg. In the curious poem entitled the Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Cott. MS. Vitell. C. xIII. f. 172, vº, one of the characters introduced is the “Natte makere,” who holds long discourse with the Pilgrim. Nattes are mentioned again under the word Nedyl, as “boystows ware,” or coarse manufacture.

^{page 351 note 4} This word is usually written haterelle, but the letter n. taken from the preceding article, is here, as in many other like cases, by prosthesis prefixed to the substantive. “Occipicium, þe haterelle of þe hede. Imeon, dicitur cervix, a haterel.” Med. In the Lat.-Eng. Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. are given “Occiput, nodyll: vertex, haterele: discrimen, schade : tupa, fortoppe.” “An haterelle, cervix, cervicula, vertex.” Cath. ang. “Hatteroll, hascerel,” Palsg. Cotgrave says that a man's throat, or neck, is termed by the Walloons hastereau; but hasterel, or haterel, is an old French word of frequent occurrence, which signifies, according to Roquefort, the nuque, or nape of the neck. Hence, probably, may be derived the name of the Hatterel Hills, between Brecon and Hereford.

^{page 352 note 1} “Meditullium, a carte nathe (al. navelle.)” Med. “Modiolus, lignum grosmm in media rote, per quod caput axis immittitur, &c. Anglice nathe.” Ortus. “Naue of a whele, moyevl. Nathe, stocke of a whele.” Palsg. Ang.-Sax. nafa, modiolus.

^{page 352 note 2} “A nebbe, rostrum, rostrillum.” Cath. ang. “Neble of a womans pappe, bout de la mamelle.” Palsg. Ang.-Sax. neb, caput.

^{page 352 note 3} —boystors, Ms. Compare Boystows, rudis, p. 42, and Stoor, or hard, or boystows, hereafter. Broccus, or broca, in French broche, is a packing needle, an awl, or a goad. See Blount's Tenures, under Havering, Essex.

^{page 352 note 4} See Noyynge, or noyze, and Tene. Compare French noise, ennui; Lat. noxia.

^{page 352 note 5} Junius derives nick-name from nom de nique, an expression borrowed, as he supposes, from the Ital. niquo, iniquoi but there can be little doubt that the word is formed simply by prosthesis, the final n. being transferred from the article to the substantive. “Agnomen, an ekename, or a surename.” Med. “An ekname, agnomen, dicitur a specie, vel accione, agnominacio.” Cath. ang. “Nyckename, brocquart.” Palsg. “Sobriquet, a surname; also, a nickname, or by-word.” Cotg. “Susurro, a priuye whisperer, or secret carrytale that slaundereth, backebiteth, and nicketh ones name.” Junius, Nomenclator, by John Higins, 1585.

^{page 353 note 1} Compare Wyylnepe, cucurbita. Ang.-Sax. næpe, napus.

^{page 353 note 2} Nepeta cataria, Linn, common cat-mint, or nep. Ang.-Sax. næpte, nepeta. “Filtrum, quedam herba venifera, neppe.” Ortus. “Neppe, an herbe, herbe du chat.” Palsg. Forby gives the Norfolk simile “as white as nep,” in allusion to the white down which covers this herb.

^{page 353 note 3} “Ren, the nere.” Med. “Lumbus, a leynde, vel idem quod ren, Anglicè a nayre.” Ortus. “Neare of a beest, roignon.” Palsg. Gautier de Bibelesworth says, Arund. MS. 220,

In Sir Thomas Phillipps' MS. “reynoun, kydeneyre.” In the later Wicliffite version Levit. iii. 33 is thus rendered: “þei schul offre twey kideneiren (duos renes, Vulg.) wiþe fatnesse by whic þe guttis clepid ylion ben hilid.” The following recipe is given in Harl. MS. 279, f. 8 : “To make bowres (browes ?)—take pypis, hertys, nerys, an rybbys of the swyne, an chop them—an serue it forthe for a good potage.” In Norfolk, according to Forby, near signifies the fat only of the kidneys, pronounced in Suffolk nyre. Pegge gives the term as denoting the kidneys themselves. Compare Dan. nyre, the kidneys.

^{page 353 note 4} “Molliculus, neisshe, or softe. Mollicia, softenesse, or neisshe. Molleo, to be nesshe.” Med. “Nesche, mollis, etc. ubi softe.” Cath. ang. “Tendre—nice,nesh, puling, delicate.” Cotg. “In hard and in nesche,” Will, and Werwolf, 19, 20, is, according to Sir F. Madden, a common poetical phrase: it is used by Chaucer. In the later Wicliffite version the word occurs as follows, 2 Chron. xxiv. 27 : “For þou herdist þe wordis of þe book, and þi herte is maad neische (emollitum est, Vulg.) and þou art mekid in þe si“t of the lord.” See also R. Brunne; Octouian, v. 1210; Seuyn Sages, v. 732. Among recipes for the craft of limning books, MS. in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, 8186, f. 148, is the following : “To make coral. Take hertys homes and mader, an handful or more, and sethe hit tyl hit be as neysche as glewe.” One of the virtues of betony, as detailed in Cott. MS. Jul. D. viii. f. 121, is that with honey “hit is good for þe co“ghe, and hit makethe nesshe wombe.” A marvellous recipe is preserved in Sloane MS. 73, f. 215, vº : “For to make glas nesche. Take þe gotes blode lewke, and þe iuyse of seneuey, and boile hem wel to-gederis; and wiþ þo tweye materes boyle wel þi glas; and þi glas schal bycome nesche as past, and if it be cast a“eyne a wal, it schal not breke.” Sir John Maundevile, speaking of the form of the earth, says that the hills were formed by the deluge, that wasted the soft ground, “and the harde erthe and the rocke abyden mountaynes, whan the soft erthe, and tendre, wax nessche throghe the water, and felle, and becamen valeyes.” Voiage, p. 368. Trevisa, in his version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 8 A. XII. says of stores in a fortified city, “loke thou haue iren and stele of diuers tempere, both harde and nesshe, for to make with armoure ;” and of the selection of good recruits, “fishers, foulers, runnours, and gestours, lechours, and holours (are) not to be chosen to knyghtehode, ne not be suffred to comme nyghe the strengthes—for thies maner of menne with her lustes shulle rather nasshe the hartes of warriours to lustes, thenne hardenne theim to fighte.” This word is still commonly used in Shropshire, and some of the adjoining counties. See Hartshorne's Salopia, and the Herefordshire Glossary. Ang.-Sax. nesc, molliss hnescian, mollire.

^{page 354 note 1} In the earlier Wicliffite version the word “noos thrillis” occurs, iv Kings xix. 28 ; and “nesethirles” in the later version, Job xl. 21. In the Boke of Curtasye the following admonition is given; Sloane MS. 1986, f. 28, vº :

In the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth narys is rendered “nase þirlis.” “A nese thyrle, naris.” Cath. ang. “Nose thrill, tendron du nez, narine.” Palsg. Ang.-Sax. næs þyrel, naris, þyrl, foramen.

^{page 354 note 2} The leeches of former times highly esteemed sternutatory powders, as efficacious especially in disorders of the brain. The root of hellebore was most in request for this purpose, of which was formed “neesing powder,” and the plant was called in England, as in Germany, “nieswoort,” according to Gerarde, who mentions also the wild pellitory, Achillea Ptarmica, as called “sneesewoort, or neesing wort.” Horman says that “two or iij. nesys be holsom, one is a shrowed token;” and Palsgrave gives the observation, “the physicians saye whan one neseth it is a good sygne, but an yuell cause;” as likewise And. Boorde, in the Breviary of Health, c. 333, says, “in English it is named sternutacion, or knesing, the which is a good signe of an euyll cause.” He seems, however, to approve of the moderate use of sneezing by means of the powder of Eleborus albus, called “knesing powder.” In Brand's Popular Antiqu. may be found many curious details regarding superstitions connected with sneezing. The following curious passage in the Golden Legend has not been noticed; it thereby appears that a similar superstition existed in regard to yawning. The “more Letanye,” it is stated, was instituted by Pope Gregory during the pestilence called the botch, which afflicted the people of Rome with sudden death. “In this maner somme snesynge they deyed : soo whan ony persone was herde snesinge, anone they y^t were by sayd to him, God helpe you, or Cryst helpe you; and yet endureth y^e custome. And also whan he snesyth or gapeth he maketh tofore his face the sygne of the crosse, and blysseth hym, and yet endureth this custome.” f. xxiiij. vº. “Nesyng with the nose, esternuement.” Palsg. Ang.-Sax. niesan, sternutare.

^{page 354 note 3} Neet byrde, MS. nethirde, K. “Noetherde, orbulherde, bovuier.” Palsg.

^{page 355 note 1} It appears that the term nephew was used in reproach, as nepos had been by Cicero, Horace, and other classical writers. In the Ortus nepos is explained as signifying luxuriosus: “neptatio dicitur luxuria, et tune dicitur a nepa, quod est valde ardens in luxuriá.”

^{page 355 note 2} “Neuma, i. vocum emissio vel modulatio,” &c. Cath. The Abbé Lebeuf, in his Traité de chant ecclesiastique, p. 239, defines neuma to be an “abréyé, ou recapitulation des sons principaux d'une antienne, qui se fait sur la demière syllabe par une simple variété de sons, sans y joindre aucune parole.” See Ducange, v. Pneuma.

^{page 355 note 3} In the Seuyn Sages, v. 1414, the foolish burgess is said to have quitted his home to seek a wife, “als moppe and nice.” The word is also used by Chaucer in the sense of foolish; Cant. T. v. 5508, 6520. “Insolens, nyce, superbus, fatuus, moribus non conveniens. Insolentia, nycete. Insoleo, to be wantowne, to be nyce, and prowde.” Med. Nice, according to Roquefort, signifies “mal-avisé, ignorant, niais;” and Cotgrave renders it precisely in the sense given in the Promptorium. “Nice, lither, lazie, slothfull, idle, faint, slack; dull, simple.” Palsgrave gives “Nyse, strange, nice, nyes, nyese. Nyse, proper or feate, mignot, gobe, coint. Nicenesse, cointerie, niceté.” See Jamieson, v. Nice.

^{page 355 note 4} “Neptis est filia filii vel filie.” Med. Compare Neve, broderys sone, neptis. Nypte appears to be taken from the Latin word, as likewise the old French word neps, a nephew. “Trinepos, tercius, a nepote.” Med. ms. cant.. It may be remarked that nephew is occasionally used to denote a grandchild, as nepos in Latin. Thus Eliz. de la Pole, writing in 1501 to Sir Rob. Plompton respecting Germayne her grandson, who had married the Knight's daughter, speaks of them as her “neveu” and “nese.” See Mr. Stapleton's note on Plumpton Corr. p. 163.

^{page 356 note 1} The night jar, Caprimulgus Europæus, Linn, is called in the North, according to the Craven Glossary, the night-crow. “A nyghte ravene, cetuma, nicticorax, noctua, strix.” Cath. ang. “Night crowe, cresserelle.” Palsg.

^{page 356 note 2} Wykyb, Ms. nikyr, K. nykyr, H. nykir, P. Compare Mermaydyñ, p. 334. A.-Sax. nicor, monstrum fluviatile. “Niceras,” Beowulf, v. 838. Kilian gives Teut. “necker, Dæmon aquaticus, Neptunus, ennosiffeus.” The Deity of the Sea, according to the Northern mythology, was called Neckur, a name which was taken, as Wachter supposes, from nack, equus, and nack, cymba, equus fluviatilis. See Keysler, Antiq. Sept. p. 262. Boucher's Gl. v. Auld-Nick; and Sir F. Madden's note on La“amon, 1322. Of ancient tales regarding the mermaid see Gesner, lib. iv. Stowe gives in his Annals, A.D. 1187, a marvellous relation of a merman taken near Orford Castle, Suffolk, and kept there many months by Barth. de Glanvile, as recorded by Rad. de Coggeshale, Cott. MS. Vesp. D. x. f. 88. The subject of Christian symbolism has been hitherto so neglected that no explanation has been suggested with regard to the frequent occurrence of the mermaid among decorations of a sacred character. It was likewise very frequently introduced, in medieval times, in the designs of embroidery, and ornaments of ordinary use.

^{page 356 note 3} The Latin term given here seems to denote that Nyle signifies something of no weight or account; it may possibly denote the light flying particles, or flue, of wool. The white downy substance which arises when brass is exposed to strong heat is called nill. “Nill, the sparkles, or ashes that come of brass tried in the furnace, pompholyx, tucia, nil album, nihili, ceris et cadmiæ favitta.” Gouldm. “Nill, les escailles d'airain.” Sherw. Palsgrave gives only “nayle of woll,” without any French word. Noils, according to Forby, signify, in Norfolk, coarse refuse locks of wool, fit for making mops. The reading of the Harl. MS. 2274 is “nyle, or wulle j “but the reading of the Winch. MS. would induce the supposition that the word had quite a different signification from that which has been suggested, and were derived from Ang.-Sax. nill, non velle.

^{page 356 note 4} “Nemyll, cantus, etc. ubi wyse.” Cath. ang. It would appear that the sense in which the word occurs in the Promptorium were handy and skilful in taking or nyming anything. Compare the use of the adverb “neemly;” Townl. Myst. p. 105. MYchake, a pilferer, is rendered capax, p. 336. “Capax, i. assidue capiens, ofte holdynge, or tokynge.” Ortus. Palsgrave gives “nymble, delyuer, or quycke of ones lymmes, souple. Nymble, quycke, deliure.”

^{page 356 note 5} This old word is still in use in the North, according to Brockett, signifying to take up hastily, or steal privately. “To nim, accipere, furari, subducere, surripere.” Gouldm;. See Nares. Ang.-Sax. niman, capere. Compounded with the preposition be, or by, it occurs frequently, as used by Chaucer, in the sense of bereaving. Douglas, the monk of Glastonbury, writes in his Chronicle that the King of France “sompnedde King Edwarde to come to Parys by a certeine day, to do his homage, and elles he wolde beneme him Gascoigne.” Harl. MS. 4690, f. 65, vº. “I nomme, I take (Lydgate), Ie prens. This terme is dawche, and nowe none Englysshe.” Palsg.

^{page 357 note 1} In Herefordshire a little person is termed a nurpin, and in the North, according to Jamieson, a knurl, nirb, nirl, nurg, nurrit, or nauchle. Brockett gives nerled, ill-treated,-pinched, as a child unkindly used by a step-mother. See Nurvyll, dwerfe.

^{page 357 note 2} The verb to “noye,” or hurt, occurs in R. Brunne; the Wicliffite version, i. Pet. iii. 13; Apoc. vii. 3; Vis. of P.P. &c. “To noye (or desese), adversari, anxiari, gravare, molest&c. Anguyse, ubi noe. Noied—Noyous—Un-noyous, &c.” Cath. ang. “Tedium, noye. Tedet, it noyethe.” Med. “I noye, I yrke one, I'ennuye. We noye you paraduenture. I noye, I greue one, Ie nuys. I noye, or hurte one, Ie nnys. The felowe is so lothsome that he noyeth me horrybly. Noyeng, nuisance. Noysomnesse, or yrksomnesse, ennuy.” Palsg. Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, “fro noyeng of meschief (d'ennui) I wyll kepe me, but alleway lyue in ioye shall be my byledyng (mon deduit.)” Compare Ney(Se), tene, or dyshese, p. 352.

^{page 357 note 3} “Nocke of a bowe, oche de l'are. Nocke of a shafte, oche de la flesche, penon, coche, loche. I nocke an arrowe, I put y^e nocke into y^e strynge, Ie encoyche.” Palsg. “Oche, a nick, nock, or notch; the cut of a tally. Coche, a nock, notch, nick, snip, or neb; and hence also, the nut-hole of a crosse-bow.” Cotg. Palsgrave gives the proverbial expression, “he commendeth hym by yonde the nocke, il Ie prise oultre bort, et oultre mesure.”

^{page 357 note 4} In the later Wicliffite version Isai. iii. 17 is thus rendered: “þe lord schal make ballid þe nol of the dou“tris of Sion (decalvabit verticem,” Yulg.) Tusser, in his abstract for February, gives the direction to strike off “the nowls of delving mowls,” that is, of their hillocks. Ang.-Sax. enoll, cacumen. Noddle of y^e heed, coupeau de la test.” Palsg.

^{page 358 note 1} See the note on Nymyñ. “I benōme, I make lame or take away the vse of one's lymmes, Ie perclos. I haue sene hym as lusty a man as any was in Englande, but by ryot, and to moche trauayle, he is nowe benomme of hys lymmes. Benomme (or benombe of one's lymbes), perclus.” Palsg. It is said in the Golden Legend, “his hondes were so benomen, and so lame, that he myght not worke. Their armes were bynom, and of noo power.” “He is taken or be nomed, attonitus est. This man is taken, or benomed, syderatus.” Horm. Ang.-Sax. benæman, stupefacere; p. part, benemed, benumen.

^{page 358 note 2} “A noppe of clothe, tuberus, tuber, tumentum. To noppe, detuberare; -tor, -trix, -cto.” Cath. ang. “Noppe of wolle, or clothe, cotton de tapis. Noppy, as clothe is that hath a grosse woffe, gros. Noppy, as ale is, vigoreux.” Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, “Clarisse the nopster {esbourysse) can well her craft, syth whan she lerned it, cloth for to noppe (esbourier.)” Ang.-Sax. hnoppa, villus. Noppe is synonymous with Burle of clothe, p. 56, and denotes those little knots, which, after cloth has passed through the fulling-mill, are removed by women with little nippers ; a process termed burling cloth.

^{page 358 note 3} A fio, Ms. aquilo, S. p. “Northe parte or wynde, septentrion, byse.” Palsg.

^{page 358 note 4} Horman says, “It is nourture (officimn est) to gyue place to your better.”

^{page 358 note 5} “Supinus, naselynge.” Med. harl. ms. 2257. “Supinus, layenge vpon the backe.” Ortus, Supinus appears to be given in the Promptorium, as previously, under the word Grovelynge, p. 215, in the sense of resupinus: Noselynggys seems to be synonymous with that word, as also with wombelyng, and compounded of Ang.-Sax. næs, and lanʓ, along.

^{page 359 note 1} Noote, or synge, us, noote of songe, s.

^{page 359 note 2} “A nutte hake,picus, corciscus.” Cath. ang. “Picus, a nuthawke.” Ortus. “Nothagge, a byrde, iaye.” Palsg. Sitta Europea, Linn, the nuthatch, or nut-jobber, Willughby, the woodcracker, Plot, Hist. Oxf. 175, named from its singular habit of hacking and cleaving nuts. In the Grammar of R. Whitinton, part first, is mentioned “picus, avis que cavat arbores, Anglice, a vynde.”

^{page 359 note 3} It might be at first sight concluded that this word was merely a variation of spelling, the final n. being taken from the article, and by prosthesis prefixed to the substantive ouch. It seems, however, probable that Nowche is a corruption of the Latin word nusca, or nuxa, a broach or fibula. See Ducange. In the Inventory of the Jewels of Blanche of Spain, 1299, Liber Gard. 28 Edw. I. p. 353, are mentioned with firmacula, broaches or clasps, “j. nouckia ad modum aquile aurea, cum rub' et ameraudis, precii d. li. turon' nigrorum. j. nouchia auri, cum imaginibus Regis et Regine, de armis Franc', cum petrariâ diversâ, precii cc.xl.li. turon'.” In the list of jewels taken 1310, preserved in the Wardrobe Book 2 Edw. II. Harl. MS. 315, f. 48, is the entry “nusche auri precii cx.s.” two others, of the value of iiij. li. and vij. marks; and iv.firmacula of gold, one of which was worth xxv. marks. “Lunule sunt proprie auree bullule dependentes, ad similitudinem lune fade, quibus mulieres solebant ornare pectus suum ; Anglice an ouche or abarre.” Ortus. “My mother hath a ryche ouche {preciosissimum segmentum) hangynge aboute her necke. He hath an ouche (monile) of golde garnisshed with precyouse stoonys. Ladis of Ynde were preciouse stonys and ouches in theyr earis {elenchis et crotaliis.) He gave her an ouche couched with pearlys and precious stonys {monile margaretis et gemmis consertum.”) Horh. “Nouche, or broche, afficquet. Ouche for a bonnet, afficquet, affichet.” Palsg. “Fermaglio, the hangeyng owche, or flowre that women use to tye at the chaine or lace that they weare about their neckes.” W. Thomas, Ital. Grammar, 1548. The designs of Holbein, executed for Hen. VIII. afford exquisite specimens of this kind of ornament. Sloane MS. 5308.

^{page 359 note 4} Compare Conyn, p. 89, and Cunne, or to haue cunnynge, p. 109. “To cunne, scire, etc. ubi to cone.” Cath. ang.

^{page 360 note 1} The interpretation given by Uguitio is “Burbulia, intestina majora.” Ar. ms. 508. “þe nownbils of a dere, burbilia, pepinum.” Cath. ang. “Burbilia, Anglice nombles. Popinum, nombles,” Ortus. “Noumbles of a dere, or beest, entrailles.” Palsg. “Prœcordia, the numbles, as the hart, the splene, the lunges, and lyuer.” Elyot. See Ducange, v. Numbile, Numble, and Roquefort, v. Nomble, a portion cut from between the thighs of the deer. “Noumbles“are mentioned in Gawayn and the Grene Kny“t, v. 1347. See Sir F. Madden's notes, p. 322; and A Jewell for Gentrie, 1614, sign. F. e. The term nombles did not, as it would seem, denote only the entrails of the deer. In “Dame Julyans Bernes boke of huntynge“minute instructions are given “how ye shall breke an harte,” sign. e. j. v”, ed. 1496. The skin having been stripped off, and the inwards removed, the nombles are to be cut according to particular directions, the “nerys” or kidneys belonging to them ; and they are to be trussed up carefully in the skin, and carried home for the lord; whilst the inwards and other parts are otherwise distributed. “Nombles, piece de chair, qui se leue entre es cuisses du cerf: cerui pelimen, ceninum spetile.” Monet. See a recipe for I“Nomblys of þe venyson,” Harl. MS. 279, f. 9. See also Forme of Cury, pp. 15, 16, 94. Skinner writes the word the “humbles” of a stag, and rightly considers it as derived from umbilicus.

^{page 360 note 2} Compare Ale, whyle it is newe, p. 9; and Gyylde, or new ale, p. 193.

^{page 360 note 3} “Merenda, a none meete. Anticenia, a nonemele. Cenobita, a nonemele.” Med. “A nvne mete, antecena, anticenum, merenda.” Cath. ang. “Merenda est comestio vel spaciatus in meridie, vel est cibus qui declinante die sumitur. Merendula, a beuer after none.” “Merenda, breakefast, or noone meate.” Thomas, Ital. Gramm. 1548. In the Towneley Myst. p. 234, noyning signifies, as explained in the Glossary, a noonnap, or siesta. “He has myster of nyghtes rest that nappys not in noyning.” Bp. Kennett gives the following note in his Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033. “Nooning, beavre, drinking, or repast ad nonam, three in the afternoon, called by the Saxons non-mæte, in y^e North parts a noonchion, an afternoon's nunchion.” In Norfolk and Suffolk, according to Grose, Forby, and Moor, the meal taken by reapers or labourers, at noon, is still called noonings. See also Noonin, in the Craven Glossary j and Nummet, Somerset. Harrison, in his Description of England, written about 1579, gives some curious remarks on the customs of ancient times respecting meals, cited in the note on Beuer, p. 34. Holinsh. Chron. i. 170.

^{page 361 note 1} Haldorson gives Islandic, “hnysa, delphinus minimus, delpftiniscus; Dan. marsvin.” “Husse, a fysshe, rousette.” Palsg. Compare Hcske, fyshe, p. 254.

^{page 361 note 2} In the Latin-Eng. Vocab. Harl. MS. 1587, is given “oblatum, a oblay:” in Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. f. 26, “nebula, noble; vafra, wayfyre.” “Oblema, an obley. Nebula, a wafron—panis nebula coctus cum duplici ferro.” Ortus. See the minute directions of Abp. Lanfranc as to the mode of preparing the wafer for sacred purposes ; Wilkins, Cone. i. 349. In the regulations for the allowance to the Household of Hen. II. Liber Niger, ed. Hearne, i. 344, the “nebularius” and his man occur after the pistores. Oblys were not exclusively of sacred use ; in the Forme of Cury, p. 21, it is directed to “take obleys, oþer wafrouns, in stede of lozeyns, and cowche in, dysshes,” as sippets for “hares in papdele.” During the Coventry Pageant, on occasion of the visit of Prince Edward, 1474, “at the Crosse in the Croschepyng were iij. prophets standyng seynsyng ; and upon the crosse a-boven were childer of Issarell syngyng, and castyng out whete obles, and floures.” Sharp, Cov. Myst. p. 153. The following physical charm is found in a collection made towards the close of the XVth cent. Add. MS. 12,195, f. 136, vº : “For feueres. Take iij. oblyes, and wryte in one of hem, +.I. Elyze + Sabeth + In the oþer, Adonay + Alpha and oo. + Messias +. In þe iij. pastor + Agnus fons + Let hym ete these iij. in iij. daye s, with holy water fastyng, and he xal be heyl be the grace of God; and sey v. pater nostris, v. aue Maria, dic crede, in the worschip of God, and of Seynt Pernel.” In the detailed account of the coronation of Queen Mary, 1553, preserved at the College of Arms, it is stated that gold and an “oble ” were laid as an offering upon the altar.

^{page 361 note 3} Compare Matfelñn, p. 329, where cow wede is said to be the Jacia alba. In Sloane MS. 5, Oculus Chrisli is said to be the same as calendula and “solsequium, Gall, solsicle, Ang. Seynte Marie rode. Solsequium, Rodewort, oþer marygoldys.” Cotgrave gives “Orvale sauvage, wild clary, double clary, ocle Christi.”

^{page 361 note 4} This verb very commonly occurs in the sense of to use. Horman says, “Some shipmen occupie saylis of lether, nat of lynen, nether of canuas. Women occupye pynnis to araye them.” “This latton basen cankeryth, for faulte of occupyeng, par faulte d'estre vsité. I occupye, ie vsite, for ie vse is to weare. I praye you be nat angrye, thoughe I haue occupyed your knyfe a lytell.” Palsg.

^{page 362 note 1} “Feneror, (to) okur. Fenerator, an okerere.” Med. “Okyr, fenus, usura. An okerer; to do okyr, &e. An vsure, usura, etc. ubi okyr.” Cath. ang. Ang.-Sax. wocer, fructus, usura. In the earlier Wicliffite version it is said of the “comelyng,” Deut. xxviii. 44, “He shal oker to thee (at. gauyl) and thou shalt not oker to hym,” in the later version “leene,” (fœnerabit, Vulg.) Hardyng says ofthe times of Edw. I. that great complaints were made of the “okoure and vsury “practised by the Jews abiding in the land. Chron, c. 150. The curious compilation, entitled Flos florum, Burney MS. 356, comprises the points and articles of “Corsynge or mansynge,” to be shewn by each parson to his flock four times in the year, in the mother tongue; in which are named “alle vsureres, alle þat makeþ oþer writeþ þat oker shal be payd; oþer yf hyt be payd, þat hyt ne be restored.” p. 98. So likewise it is said in the ancient treatise cited in Becon's Reliques of Rome, 1563, p. 252, that “all okereris and usureris (ben accursed), that is to say, if a man or woman lend good to her neyhbour for to take aduanntage for her lending.” In the verses on the seventh commandment in the “Speculum Xpistiani” (by John Watton ?) it is said,

See also Towneley Myst. p. 162; Reliqu. Ant. ii. 113; and the Castell of Labour, W. de Worde, 1506, sign. c. iij. where the companions of avarice are said to be usury, rapine, false swearing, and “okerye.”

^{page 362 note 2} In the earlier Wicliffite version, Lev. xiii. 47 is thus rendered : “A wullun clooth, or lynnen that hath alepre in the oof (in stamine, Vulg.) or in the werpe—it shal be holdun a lepre.” Stamen is properly the warp, or ground-work of the web, as it is rendered in the Ortus; trama is the woof, or transverse texture. Ang.-Sax. weft, subtegmen. The reading of the MS. is Traura, but as no such word is found in the Catholicon, the reading of the Winch. MS. and Pynson's edit, has been adopted. “Trama, filum inter stamen discurrens.” Cath.

^{page 362 note 3} “Nefrendicium, a cherles rent, and a present of a disciple.” Med. haul. ms. 2270. Compare Omage, which is rendered likewise by the word nefrendicium. In the Catholicon nefrendicium is said to be derived from nefrendis, a barrow pig, and to signify “annuale tributum quod rustici suis dominis circa naiivitatem, vel alio tempore anni, solent afferre; et quod parvi discipuli suis doctoribus apportant, duntaxat sit carneum, scilicet porcellus vel hujusmodi.” In Brand's Popular Antiquities much curious information may be found on the origin and custom of presenting gifts at Christmas and the New year; but the particular usage to which allusion is made in the Promptorium has been insufficiently noticed. It seems that it was customary for inferiors to present gifts to their superiors at this season, as the dependants of the court to the Sovereign, the vassals to their lord, or the scholars to the pedagogue. M. Paris complains of the extortion of “primitiva, quæ vulgares nova dona novi anni superslitiose solent appellare,” from each of the wealthier citizens of London, in 1249. The precise period at which this became an established usage has not been ascertained : numerous evidences regarding it may be found in the Inquisitions which set forth the customs of manors, such as those printed in Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, iii. pp. 614, 618, the Household Books, Privy Purse Expenses, and Nichols's Progresses of Queen Elizabeth and James the First.

^{page 363 note 1} See Drestys, p. 131. “Fex, drestus. Fecula, a litul drast.” Med. The term “drastis “(fæces, Vulg.) occurs in the Wicliffite version, Isai. xlix. 6. Of the medicinal properties of “drestis “of wine, see Arund. MS. 42, f. 86.

^{page 363 note 2} “Oyliet hole, oillet.” Palsg. “Oeillet, an oilet-hole.” Cotg.

^{page 364 note 1} Onde, signifying breath, occurs in Kyng Alis. 3501 ; Rich. Coer de Lion, 4848. Gaut. de Bibelesworth says that ladies take good care to wash well their mouths,

In Arund. MS. 42, f. 48, Betonica is recommended as a specific “for cowh, and streyt onde : po(wder) of hym my“t with clarefied hony noble for hem þat ben strey“t ondyd, and ban þe cowh, and for doþ haketynge, and swuch.” Bolus Armenicus also is said to afford “noble helpe for hem þat han þe asme, as for elde folk þat am streyt ondyd, if þey drynkyn it ;” f. 50, vº. See also a remedy for “shorte onde,” f. 53, b.; and the virtues of thyme “for hem þat ben anelows, i. streyt ondyd,” f. 80. “Halo, to onde, or brethe, or raxulle. Alitus, oondynge, and norysshynge. Anelo, to oonde, or pantt. Anelitus, oonde.” Med. Andrew Boorde, in the Breviary of Health, 1575, c. 20, writes, “of a man's breth, or ende, anelitus; in Englyshe it is named the breath, or ende of a man, the which other whyle doth stynk, or hath an euyll savour.” See Aynd, Eynd, and End, in Jamieson. Grose gives yane, the breath, in the Northern Dialect. Ang.-Sax. ond, spiritus. Compare Islandic, anda, spiro; önd, anima.

^{page 364 note 2} See the note on Defyyn mete, p. 115. In the earlier Wicliffite version, 1 Kings, xxv. 37 is thus rendered : “Forsoþe in þe morewtid whanne Nabal hadde defied þe wijn {digessisset, Vulg.) his wijf schewide to hym all þise wordis, and his herte was almest deed wiþ ynne.” In the later the following passage occurs, Deut. xxiii. 13 : “þou schalt haue a place wiþout þe castels, to which þou schalt go out to nedeful þingis of kynde, and þou schalt bere a litil stake in þe girdil, and whanne þou hast sete, þou schalt digge bi cumpas, and þou schalt hile wiþ erþe þingis defied out” (egesta, Vulg.) In Arund. MS. 42, f. 70, vº, it is said of orange, that “some etyn it with hony, þowh hony be badde mete, for it is wik to defyin.” See also Vis. of Piers P. v. 457.

^{page 365 note 1} The participle “oned,” united, occurs in Chaucer, Cant. T. v. 7550. Compare Put to-geder, and onyd. Continuus.

^{page 366 note 1} The proper distinction is evidently made in the Promptorium between lawful and Lefulle. Compare Lawfulle, legitimus, p. 289, and Lkfulle, or lawfulle, licitus, p. 293. The etymology of the two words is manifestly distinct, the first being derived from Ang.-Sax. lah, lex ; the second from Ang.-Sax. leaf, permissio. “ Lawfulle, legalis, licitus. Lefulle, licitus, faustus. Vnlefulle, illicitus, illeceirosus.” Cath. ang. “Legitimo, to make lawfull. Legitimus, bonus, secundum leg em habitus, vel facius. Licitus, lefull.” Ortus. By Wicliff this last word is written “leveful,” which approaches more closely to the original orthography, and the distinction is observed by the old writers. W. Thorpe, in his examination by Abp. Arundel, 1407, stated that he had said that the law of Holy Church teaches in the decrees that no servant ought to obey his lord, child his parent, or wife her husband, “except in lefull things and lawfull.” This document was published by Tindal from Thorpe's autograph. The same phrase occurs in the Statutes of the Gild of St. Francis at Lynn, 1454, regarding the summons of the fraternity “in lefull and lawfull tyme.” Richards, vol. i. 478. Palsgrave renders both “laufull” and “lefull,” French, “licite, loysible.”

^{page 366 note 2} Compare Lysty, delectaiilis, p. 307; Lusty, or lysty, dehctuosus, p. 317. Ang.-Sax. lystan, velle, cupere; lystlice, libenter. Hence the negative listless, indifferent, having no desire. See Owlyst man, Deses.

^{page 366 note 3} See Powdeuoñ, and powderyd wythe salt, hereafter.

^{page 366 note 4} This word is placed between Onsadelyñ and On-wyndyn, as if written Onwhelmyn. Compare Ovyr qwelmyn, p. 374, Tubnon, or qwelman, and Whelmyn.

^{page 366 note 5} See Qvemyñ, or plesyñ; Peesyd, or qwemyd, &c. Ang.-Sax. cweman, placere.

^{page 367 note 1} See Sad, or hard. Solidus.

^{page 367 note 2} Compare Ang.-Sax. un-sida, pravitas, vitium; or un-sið, iter infelix. Teut. on-sedigh, male moratus.

^{page 367 note 3} Neither the adjective, nor the impersonal verb sitteth, it is becoming, occur hereafter in the Promptorium, but they are not unfrequently used by Chaucer, Gower, and other writers. In Trevisa's version of Vegecius, B. ii. c. 18, it is said that “it semed vnsittyng that he þat shulde receyue of the Emperour lyverey, clothing, and sowde, shulde be occupied in eny oþer office but in the Emperours werres.” Roy. MS. XVIII. A. 12. “It sytteth, it becometh, il siet: it sytteth nat for your estate to weare so fyne furres.” Palsg.

^{page 367 note 4} Wrath, in the Vision of Piers Ploughman, v. 2825, complaining of the austerities and discipline to which he was subjected in a monastery, says,

Mr. Wright explains the word as signifying unserved, without sauce. Ang.-Sax. þenian, ministrare.

^{page 367 note 5} The reading of the MS. admits of a slight doubt here, as from the similarity of s. and f. it appears to be On-thyste; as also in the Winch. MS. on-thryste. Compare Thryfte and Thryfty, hereafter.

^{page 368 note 1} Chaucer uses the verb to appose, signifying to object to, or put to the question ; Cant. T. v. 7179, 15,831. “I oppose one, I make a tryall of his lernyng, or I laye a thyng to his charge, ie apose. I am nat to lerne nowe to appose a felowe, à apposer un gallant.” Palsg. See Towneley Myst. pp. 193, 195.

^{page 368 note 2} This term seems to be directly taken from the French orfrais, or low Latin orfrea, the band or bordure of embroidery with which rich garments, and especially vestments of sacred use, were decorated. Menage supposes it to have been formed from aurum Phrygium, attributing to Phrygia the invention of such embroideries. The orfrey was originally, but not always, as the name expresses, a work broidered in gold. The most remarkable specimens existing in England are the relics of vestments discovered at Durham, in the tomb attributed to St. Cuthbert, and wrought by order of Queen Ælfleda for Frithelstan, Bp. Winchester, A.D. 905. See the note on the word Fanvn', p. 149. The skill of the embroiderers and goldsmiths of England from an early period had extended their reputation over the Continent. The following statement occurs in the Gesta Gul. Ducis Norm, et Regis Angl. p. 211 : “Anglice nationis femine mullum acu et auri texcturâ, egregie viri in omni valent artificio.” In the Chronicle of Casino, it appears that the jewelled work termed Anglicum opus was, at the commencement of the XIth cent, in high esteem even in Italy (Murat. Script. Ital. iv. 360 :) and in the times of Boniface VIII. about the year 1300, are mentioned “v. aurifrigia, quorum iij. fiunt de opere Cyprensi nobilissimo, et unum est de opere Anglicano, et unum est ad smaltos.” Lib. Anniv. Basilice Vatic, ap. Joan. Rubeus. Among the gifts of Thos. Langley, Bp. Durham, who died 1437, were a vestment of crimson velvet, “casulâ, ij. tuniculis, et capâ principali habente orfrays consimiles auri de Cyprys,” and other vestments of baudkyn, with “orfrays de baudekyn rubeo, context' cum cenis et avibus auri de Cyprys,” &c. Wills and Inv. Surtees Soc. i. 88. The orfrays seem to have been frequently separate, so as to be used at pleasure with the vestment of colour suitable to the day. Inventories and wills afford innumerable evidences of the extraordinary richness of these decorations, and curious information as to the perfection to which the arts were carried in England at a remote period.

^{page 369 note 1} The precise period when the use of the organ was introduced into Britain has not been ascertained; it is supposed to have been first used in France in 757. Compare Ann. Fr. breves; Ann. Francorum ; and Eginh. Ann. Pepini; which concur in naming that year as the date of the introduction. Eginhard also mentions the arrival in France of a priest from Venice, who was able to construct organs, in 826; but the instrument does not appear to have been generally used in Western Europe before the Xth cent. At that period Elphegus, Bp. Winchester, constructed an organ, the melodious sounds of which are highly commended in the verses of Wolstan. In the time of Edgar, St. Dunstan, who died 988, caused “organa” to be constructed for the church of Glastonbury, according to Joh. Glaston.; and in that of Malmesbury, where he bestowed ‘organa, ubi per ereas fistulas musicis mensuris elaboratas dudum conceptas follis vomit anxius auras.” W. Malmesb. Life of Aldhelm, Bp. Shirburn, founder of Malmesbury Abbey. Numerous curious particulars are recorded respecting the use of organs in England, as at St. Alban's, in Cott. MS. Nero, D. VII.; and Croyland, where there were “organa solennia in introitu ecclesie superius situata,” as well as smaller organs in the choir. Portable instruments, called frequently regals, were much in use, and representations occur in many illuminations and sculptures. A very curious representation of the organ exists in Eadwine's Psalter, Trin. Coll. Camb. R. 17, i. and has been copied in Strutt's Horda, I. pl. 33. Organs were imported from Flanders, as appears by the Louth accounts, about the year 1500, Archæol. x. 91; the price of a pair suitable to be set up in the rood-loft of that noble church being £13.6s. 8d. It appears that the usual term, a pair of organs, has reference to the double bellows whereby continuous sound was produced; or, according to Douce, to their being formed with a double row of pipes. See O'Connor's curious observations on the early use of organs and psalmody in the Irish church, Hib. Script, iv. 153.

^{page 369 note 2} “Est cancellus pro aiá palacii, parvum foramen parietis, intersticium inter propugnacula, muratorum parietes sive tectura, sicut que claudunt Chorum. Dicitur et cancellus fenestra reticulata. Prov. vij. 6.” Cath. Little can be added to Mr. Hamper's curious memoir on Oriels, Archæol. xxiii. in which he explains the varied uses of the term.

^{page 369 note 3} The Oryelle is possibly the small variety of the aller or alder, given by Parkinson as alnus folio incano, the hoary alder, p. 1409. Mr. Hartshorne states that the alder is called, on the Herefordshire side, co. Salop, the orl. The alder is called in the North eller, whence may be derived many names, as Ellerbeck, Allerthorpe, &c. “An ellyrtre, alnus.” Cath. ang. “Alnetum, an allur grounde.” Ortus. “Aulne, an aller, or alder-tree.” Cotg. Ang.-Sax. alr, alnus.

^{page 370 note 1} Compare Dyale, or an horlege, p. 120; and Pynne of an orlage, or other Iyke schowynge the owrys. Sciotirus. Hence it seems that Orlage, implying generally an indicator of time, signifies here either a sun-dial or a clock. “An horlege, horologium. An horlege lokar, horuspex.” Cath. ang. “Horologium, an orologe, a clocke. Horoscopus, i. horarum inspector, an orologe maker, or a keper of a clocke.” Ortus. “Oriloge, a clocke, horiloge.” Palsg. In the sense of a dial the term occurs in the Wicliffite version, iv. Kings, xx. II : “Isaye Þbe profete clepide ynwardly Þe Lord, and brow”te a”ea bacward by x. degrees Þe schadewe bi lynes, bi whiche it hadde go doun Þanne in Þe orologie of Achaz.” Daines Barrington has given observations on the earliest introduction of clocks, Archæol. v. 416, but could find no instance of an horologium, which, being described as striking the hours, was undeniably a clock, and not a dial, previously to the construction of the remarkable clock near Westminster Hall, supplied out of a fine imposed on Rad. de Hengham, Chief justice of the King's Bench, 1288. But there can be little question that clocks were in use at an earlier period. It may be doubted whether the “Orelogium insigne‘ given by William the Sacrist to Sherborn, in the Xllth cent., were of this nature (Sherborn Cartulary, in the possession of Sir Thos. Phillipps) j and the horologium, or alarum, the fall of which before the hour of matins gave the alarm of the conflagration of the church of Bury, in 1198, as described by Jocelin de Brakelonda, p. 78, appears by the context to have been a kind of clepsydra. Numerous notices might be collected regarding the orloges of a later time, such as that in Canterbury Cathedral, which cost i£30, in 1292; and the celebrated one given to the Church of St. Alban's in 1326, by Abbot Ric. de Wallingford, which, as it is stated, Cott. MS. Nero, D. VII. f. 196, surpassed any otherin England, or even in Europe, according to Leland, Script. Brit. ii. 401. A remarkable clock still exists at Exeter, generally regarded as the gift of Bp. Courtenay, who was consecrated 1478, but it is highly probable that it is the same horologium which is named in Pat, 11 Edw. II. 1317. Frequent mention occurs of “horologii Regis infra palatium Westm',” as in Pat. 1 Hen. V. in favour of the keeper, Hen. Berton, “valectus camere Regis;” and in the Acts of Privy Council, especially in 6 Hen. VI. 1428, vol. iii. 288, where accounts of repairs done to the “orelege “may be found, which supply curious terms of the craft. Amongst the valuable effects of Hen. V. enumerated 1423, was “j . orlage, fait al manere d'un nief, l'argent preis' par estimation, Ix.s.” Rot. Parl. iv. 216. Fabyan relates, on the authority of Gaguin, that amongst the presents sent A.D. 807 to Charlemagne by the King of Persia “was an horologe of a clocke of laten of a wonder artyfycyall makyng, that at euery oure of the daye and nyghte, when the sayd clocke shuld stryke, images on horse backe apperyd out of sondry places, and aftir departid agayn by meane of certayne vyces.” Part VI. c. 156. To such a device Horman seems to allude when he says, f. 231, vº, “Some for a tryfull pley the deuyll in the orlege ; aliqui in nugis tragedias agunt.” It seems, however, certain from the Chron. Turon. Martene, Coll. Ampl. V. 960, and Eginh. Ann. Fr. that Charlemagne's “horologe” was a clepsydra. Abp. Parker devised in 1575, to the Bp. of Ely, “baculum meum de cannâ Indicâ, qui horologium haoet in summitate.” See Professor Hamberger's curious dissertation on clocks in Beck's Hist, of Inventions.

^{page 370 note 2} The orlagere seems to have been properly the keeper of a clock, but sometimes a clock-maker was so called. In the version of Vegecius attributed to Trevisa, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. f. 68, directions are given for watch and ward, when an army is encamped, especially for the out-watch by night, “Þe whiche must be departede in foure quarters of Þe nyght, the whiche quarters most be departede by the orlageres (ad clepsydram sunt divisœ.)” The daily fee of the orlagere of the King's clock at Westminster, 1 Hen. V. was Sixpence; in 4 Hen. VI. the yearly reward to the clock-maker, besides incidental expenses, was 13s. 4d. Acts of Privy Council, vol. iii. The rapid advance of civilization and luxury during the reign of Edw. III. induced foreign artificers to settle in England, as appears by the Pat. 42 Edw. III. which grants safe conduct for three “orlagiers,” natives of Delft, coming to exercise their craft in England. Rymer, vi. 590.

^{page 371 note 1} Le Grand d'Aussy, Vie Privée des Français, i. 246, could not trace the introduction of the orange to an earlier period than 1333. It is said to have been brought from China by the Portuguese, but it is more probable that its introduction into Europe is due to the Arab conquerors of Spain. A document preserved in the Tower, and cited in the valuable Introduction to Household Expenses in England, presented to the Roxburghe Club by B. Botfield, Esq. records that in 1290 a large Spanish ship arrived at Portsmouth, from the cargo of which Queen Eleanor purchased a frail of Seville figs, dates, pomegranates, 15 citrons, and “vij. poma de Orenge.” A full account of the properties of this fruit may be found in the curious compilation written early in the XVth cent. Arund. MS. 42, f. 33, vº. Oranges are mentioned as a present, Paston Letters, ii. 30; and repeatedly in the Privy Purse Expenses of Hen. VIII. Pynson, in the Boke to lerne French, gives “aples of orrenge, pommes d'orraingne.”

^{page 371 note 2} This word, signifying stout, courageous, is used by R. Glouc. Gower, and Lydgate.

Trevisa likewise, in his version of the Polyehron. speaks of “an orped man, and stallworth.” The epithet is applied to hounds in the Master of Game, Cott. MS. Vesp. B. XII. f. 63, b. Dowglas, the monk of Glastonbury, in his Chronicle, Harl. MS. 4690, speaks of the conflict of Edw. III. with the Normans in 1347, “atte the brigge of Cadon, manly and orpedly strengthed and defended,” f. 82; and again, in his relation of the hasty expedition of Edw. III. to Calais, 1350, says that “he towke wiÞ him Þe nobleis, and Þe gentelles, and oÞer worÞi and orpedde menne of armes,”f. 83, vº. See also Caxton's Chron. f. 37; Hearne's Glossary to Rob. Glouc.; and Jamieson, v. Orpit. Compare Ang.-Sax. orpedlice, palam, Somn.

^{page 371 note 3} “Acantus, Anglice, orpyne.” Harl. MS. 1002. Gerarde gives Crassula major, Spanish orpyne; Crassula fabaria, common orpyne, liblong, or livelong. This herb was called also in French orpin. “Orpyn, an herbe, orpin.” Palsg. Skinner would derive the name from Belg. oor püne, anriurn dolor, in allusion to its narcotic properties.

^{page 371 note 4} “Ortys, forrago, ruscus, or fodder.” Cath. ang. The word orts, fragments of victuals, which occurs in Shakespeare, is still vulgarly used in many counties : in the South it is pronounced aughts. See the Salopian and Craven Glossaries, and Nares.

^{page 372 note 1} “Avena, otys or havere.” Med. ms. cant. “Otys, ubi haver. Havyr, avena, avenula.” Cath. ang. In the Memoriale of Henry, Prior of Canterbury, early in the XlVth cent. Cott. MS. Galba, E. IV. “avere“occurs in the “redditus manerium Prioratus,” f. 165, vº. It is repeatedly mentioned in documents connected with the North Country; see Wills and Invent. Surtees Soc. i. pp. 244, 423. W. Turner, in his Herbal, 1551, remarks that “Avena is named in Englyshe otes, or etes, or hauer, in Duche hauer, or haber.” Gerarde gives haver as the common name for oats in Lancashire, and observes that it is “their chiefest bread corne for Iannocks, Hauer. cakes, Tharffe-cakes,” &c. The Festuca Italica has, as he says, the common name “Hauer-grasse.” “Aveneron (averon, or avoin folle) wild oats, barren oats, haver, or oat grass.” Cotg. In the North, oats are still called haver, according to Brockett and the Craven Glossary, but the name seems to be no longer known in the Eastern counties. Hence, however, appears to be derived Haver-croft Street, the name of a hamlet near Attleborough, Norfolk. Dan. havre, Dutch, haver, Swed. hafre, oats.

2 Compare Germ. Wuth, ira; wüthig, furiosus; Welsh, gwyth, anger.

3 OvyrcŨne, ms. ovyrcome, s.

4 Compare Hyppynge, p. 241; Low German, hippen, salire. Langtoft has preserved a “Couwe,” or satirical ballad on Baliol, and the conquest of the Scots by Edw. I. in which the verb “ouerhipped” is used, ed. Hearne, p. 280; and again, p. 296:

R. Brunne, in the Prologue to his Chronicle, as cited by Hearne, Langt. Chrou. App. to Preface, p. xcviii. states that he had followed Wace's original more closely than Peter Langtoft had done;

The verb “overhuppe,” to skip over, occurs in Vis. of Piers P. v. 8167, and 10,395. Gower uses “overhippeth “in a like sense; it occurs also in writers of the XVIth Cent. See Fryth's Works, p. 17; Udal, Hebr. c. 11. “I overhyppe (or ouerskyp) a thyng in redyng, or suche lyke, ie trespasse. I overhyppe, Ie trespasse, and ie passe. Loke you ouerhyppe (surpassez) nothyng, remember that the thynge that is well doone is twyse done, and the thyng that is yuell done muste bebegon agayne.” Palsg. Howell, in the Grammar prefixed to Cotgrave's Dict. 1660, observes that “the reason why the French o're hips so many consonants is, to make the speech more easie and fluent.” To hip, signifying to hop, is still used in the North. See Brockett and Jamieson.

^{page 373 note 1} This verb is used in Vis. of Piers P. v. 2001; and by Lydgate, Boccace, v. 104, aa quoted by Mr. Halliwell in his Glossary, Coventry Mysteries, in which it occurs also in the like sense of over-reaching, or over-bearing, p. 262. To lead, as it has been observed p. 293, was used in the sense of carrying, as by Rob. Glouc. p. 416, “lede and brynge,” where he speaks of loaded wains passing frozen streams during the severe winter, A.D. 1092. To over-lead appears to be taken in the same manner as to carry and to bear are used, denoting behaviour or demeanour. Palsgrave gives the verb “I overley, as a tyrāne, or myghty man ouerlayeth his subiectes, declared in I oppresse.”

^{page 373 note 2} See Plawyñ ovyr, hereafter.

^{page 373 note 3} Syettyñ, ms. ouersettyn, K. ovyr settyn, s. “I oversette, I overcome, declared in I ouercome, I vaynquysshe or get the vper hande of one.” Palsg.

^{page 373 note 4} A blank space has been here left by the scribe, the first syllable of the word Tyrvyn being apparently defective in the MS. from which the transcript was made. Terwyñ occurs hereafter in the sense of to weary, fatigo; but it seems very question able, notwithstanding that the King's Coll. MS. agrees with the Harl. MS. in the reading, Tyrvyñ, whether the scribes may not inadvertently have taken n. for u. and the true reading should be Ovyr tyrnyñ. Compare Turnoñ vpse doune, subverto.

^{page 374 note 1} Chaucer uses over-thwart in the sense of across, and of over against. See Towneley Myst. p. 85, “over twhart, and endlang.” “Ouertwharte, au travers de, de trailers, as, Et soudayn il luy myt l'espée au trauers du corps. Iiĭ sont corrigeĭ de long et de trauers. Ouerthwartly, paruersement.” Palsg. Forby gives overwhart, across, as to plough overwhart, or at right angles to the former furrows. Higins, in his version of Junius, renders “Transtra, the transams, or ouerthwart beames.” A.-Sax. Þweorh, Dan. tvært, perversus.

^{page 374 note 2} Skinner supposes whelm to be derived from Ang.-Sax. ahwylfan, obruere. Compare also hwealfian, camerare. Chaucer uses the verb to over-whelve, as in Boec. ii. where he speaks of the North wind which “moueth boiling tempeste, and ouerwhelueth the see; verso concitat œquare.” Fabyan, ann. 1429, describes a barge, which, running against the piers of a bridge, was “whelmyd;” but here, as in other passages, it is difficult to define whether the precise meaning of the word be to overturn, or to cover over. “I whelme an holowe thyng ouer an other thyng, Ie mets dessus. Whelme a platter vpon it to saue it from flyes.” Palsg. “No bodie lighteth a candle, and hideth it in a priuie derke corner, or couereth it by whelming a bushell ouer it.” Udal, Luke xi. 33. “To whelve, vide cover.” Gouldm. Compare On-quelmyñ, p. 366.

^{page 374 note 3} Compare Turnōn, or qwelmān. Suppino. R. Brunne, in his version of Langtoft, p. 190, relating how King Richard smote a Soudan such a blow on the helm that he fell backwards, and was unhorsed, says “Þe body he did ouerwbelm, his hede touched Þe croupe.” “I wyll nat curse the, but an olde house ouerwhelme the, te puisse renuerser, or ragrauanter.” Palsg.

^{page 374 note 4} The following passage occurs in Gaut. de Bibelesworth, Arund. MS. 220 :

In SirThos. Phillipps's MS. “ouerslavtth;” in Femina, MS. Trin. Coll. Camb. B. 14, 40, “le suislyne—Þe ouerchek.” “Superliminare, ouerslay.” Vocab. Harl. MS. 17 C. XVII “Superliminare, ouer lytys.” MED. Horman says, “I hytte my heed ageynst the soyle, or transumpt (hiperthyron, superliminare.)”

^{page 374 note 5} Compare Onlysty. Deses.

^{page 374 note 6} See Jamieson's observations on Muth, exhausted with fatigue, Mawten, and Mait. These words may be derived from Fr. mater. “I mate, or ouercome, He hath vtterly mated me, amatté.” Palsg. Compare Teut. matt,fessus; A.-S. meoig, defatigalus.

^{page 375 note 1} “An ovmbere, umlra.” Cath. ang. In the relation given by Stowe of the combat in Smithfield before Henry VI. 1442, between John de Astley (whom he calls Ansley or Antsley) and a knight of Arragon, it is related that the latter with his axe “stroke many strokes hard and sore vpon his basenet, and on his hand, and made him loose and let fall his axe to the ground, and brast vp his vmbar three times, and caught his dagger, and would haue smitten him in the face.” Annales, p. 383, ed. 1631. In the Survay of London, B. iii. this word is misprinted “brake up his uniber.” From this passage it seems to be evident that the Owmbrer was a defence that covered the face, but it is not clear in what respect it differed from the visor, with which in previous times the basinet had been furnished, when used without the tilting helm. “Umbrell of an heed pece, uisiére.” Palsg.

^{page 375 note 2} See Tyrwhitt's Glossary, v. Nompere; Chaucer, Test, of Love, i. 319. It occurs also in Vis. of Piers P. v. 3149, signifyingan arbitrator. “An ovmper, impar.” Cath. ang.

^{page 375 note 3} In the other MSS., as likewise in the printed editions, this word is written owner. It must be observed, however, that the verb to owe, A.-Sax. azan, possidere, now written own, occurs very frequently. Bp. Hall speaks of the Deity as “the great ower of heaven.” Sermon at Exeter, Aug. 1637.

^{page 375 note 4} R. Brunne, in his version of Langtoft's Chron. p. 339, relates how Sir John de Waleis, being taken prisoner, was hung at London :

“God graunte—y^t an outas and clamour be made upon the Lord Scales.” Paston Letters, vol. iii. 136, circa 1450. See Ducange, and Spelman, v. Hutesium, Huesium.

^{page 375 note 5} See Coralle, or drasse of corne (draffe ?) p. 92.

^{page 375 note 6} See Langtoft's Chron. Hearne, p. 332. In the Wicliffite version Exod. xxiii. 20 is thus rendered : “He þat offriþ to goddis, outakun to þe Lord aloone, be slayn (prœterquam Domino,” Vulg.) Chaucer uses “out take“in like manner, Rom. of Rose ; and “out-taken,” excepted, Cant. T. v. 4697; as likewise does Sir John Maundevile, Voiage, p. 301. In the account of a scandalous assault which occurred in the reign of Hen. VI. Rot. Parl. V. III. it is said, “He vilanously toke of all the attire of her hed, also her clothis of her body, otake her smokke.” “I out take, I except. I wyll ron as swyft as any man in this towne, I out take none, for a bonette, Ie n'excepte nul. Out takyng, exception. I outcept, ie exceple,” &c. Palsg.

^{page 376 note 1} Othyr, or othyr, us. Oþir, K. Oþer, or othyr, s. Other, p. The alphabetical position shows that th. has here been substituted by the second hand for the character b. as likewise in the succeeding word, which in the MS. is written Othyr tyme. þ. always occurs in the penultimate place, as in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet.

^{page 376 note 2} In Pynson's edition the following distinction is here made : Pace ouer the see. Transfreto. Pace ouer water. Transmeo. “I passe, I go ouer, or passe for by, ie passe. Wylte thou beare me in hande I sawe hym nat to daye, he passed forby euyn nowe, il passa par icy. I passe my boundes, I ouer esteme myselfe, ie me surcuyde, and ie me mescongnoys.” Palsg.

^{page 376 note 3} The strange diet of the natives of Taracounte, in India, is thus described:

“Pade,” a toad, Awntyrs of Arthure, ix. 10, is in one MS. written “tade.” See also Syr Gaw. and Sir Gal. i. 9. In the later Wicliffite version the frogs that came up on the land of Egypt, Exod. viii. 6, are called “paddockis.” See Cov. Myst. p. 164, and Glossary; Towneley Myst. p. 325. “Paddocke, crapavlt. My bely crowleth (croulle) I wene there be some padockes in it (grenouilles.)” Palsg. “Bufo, crapaut, a Tode, a paddocke.” Junius, Nomencl. by Higins. “Grenouille, a frog, a paddocke.” Cotg. “A paddock, rana payana.” Gouldm. See Nares. Argent, a fess between three frogs vert, is borne by the name of Paddock. This word has not been noticed by Forby; Moor gives Paddock and Puddnck, signifying a toad, in Suffolk, and Ray gives it as a word used in Essex. Brockett states that in the North it denotes a frog, and is never applied to a toad. See Jamieson, v. Pade, a toad. Hence is derived the old name for a toad-stool, still in use in the North, according to Brockett. “A padokstole, boletus, fungus, tuber, trusca, asperagus.” Cath. ang. Gerarde calls Fungi “paddock stooles.” In the Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 144, vº, boletus is rendered “a padokchese,” as likewise ia a list of herbs, MS. Ant. Soc. 101. “Fungus, a stede stole.” Med. Ang.-Sax. pada, bufo; Teut. padden-stoele, boletus.

^{page 377 note 1} Skinner suggests that pageant may be derived from the Greek

, or “Belg. Waeghen, currus, q. d. currus pompaticus.” Tooke considers it to be the pres. part, pœceand, of the Ang.-Sax. verb pœcan, decipere, to illude by simulated representations. The primary signification of the word appears to have been a stage or scaffold, which was called pagina, it may be supposed, from its construction, being a machine compaginata, framed and compacted together. The curious extracts from the Coventry records given by Mr. Sharp, in his Dissertation on the Pageants or Mysteries performed there, afford definite information on this subject. The term is variously written, and occasionally “pagyn, pagen,” approaching closely to the Latin pagina. The various plays or pageants composing the Chester mysteries, each of which is appropriated to one of the trades, are entitled, “Pagina prima, de celi, angelorum, &c. creacion(e). The tanners’ play. Incipit Pagina secunda, qualiter Deus creavit mundum, &c. The drapers' playe;” and so forth. See Chester Plays, Wright's edition from Add. MS. 10,305. A curious contemporary account has been preserved of the construction of the pageants at Chester during the XVIth cent. “which pagiants weare a high scafold with 2 rowmes, a higher and a lower, upon 4 wheeles.” Sharp, Cov. Myst. p. 17. The term denoting the stage whereon the play was exhibited subsequently denoted also the play itself; but the primary sense, clearly defined by the Coventry documents, is observed by several writers, as by Higins, in his version of Junius's Nomenclator, 158.5. “Pegma, lignea machina in altum educta, tabulates etiam in sublime crescentibus compaginata, de loco in locum portatilis, aut quœ vehi potest, ut in pompis fieri solet: Eschaffaut, a pageant, or scaffold.” “Pegma est machina super quam statue ponuntur.” Ortus. “A paiande, lusorium.” Cath. ang. “Pagiant in a playe, mystére.” Palsg. “Fercules, the thing whereon images or Pageants are carried; also beers for dead men. Pegmate, a stage or frame, whereon Pageants be set or carried.” Cotg. Horman says, “There were v. coursis in the feest, and as many paiantis in the pley. I wyll haue made v. stag“ (sic) or bouthis in this playe (scenas.) I wolde haue a place in the middyl of the pley (orchestra), that I myght se euery paiaunt. Of all the crafty and subtyle paiantis and pecis of warke made by mannys wyt, to go or moue by them selfe, the clocke is one of the beste.” In this passage the term seems to be taken as denoting stage machinery. Of the gorgeous pageants set up by the citizens of London on occasions such as the reception of the Emperor Charles V. 1522, detailed descriptions have been preserved by Hall, the Chronicler. See on this subject Collier's Hist, of Dram. Poetry, ii. 151, and the Appendix to Davies's Municipal Records of York, 8vo. 1843.

^{page 378 note 1} Various conjectures have been made on the origin of this term, derived by Skinner from panis matutinus, by Tyrwhitt from Maine, the province where it might have been made, perhaps, in great perfection, and by Sibbald from pain, d'amand, almond bread. Mr. Pinkerton explains it as signifying the chief bread, the bread of main, or strength. It is called “breid of mane,” Dunbar, Maitl. Poems, p. 71; and “mayne bread” in Sir John Neville's accounts of the expenses of his daughter's wedding, 1526; Forme of Cury, p. 180, where the item also occurs ’ 6 doz. Manchetts, 6s.” It would hence appear that Jamieson's conjecture that bread of mane and manchet-bread are synonymous is questionable. Kilian gives Teut. “Maene, i. wegghe, libum lunatum. Wegghe, panis triticeus, libum oblongum.” Compare Wygge, brede, hereafter. The derivation is obscure, but the term clearly denotes bread of a superior quality ; thus Chaucer uses the simile “white as paindemaine,” Sire Thopas, Cant. T. v. 13,655 ; Gower also speaks of “paindemaine“as a delicacy fit for the rich alone. Conf. Am. vi. In the Anturs of Arther at the Tarnewathelan, it is said that

The Harl. MS. 279, f. 10, supplies instructions for the preparation of such consolatory sops. “Lyode Soppes. Take mylke an boyle it, and þanne tak “olkys of eyroun, ytryid fro þe whyte, an draw hem þorwe a straynoure, and caste hem in to þe mylke, an sette it on þe fyre, an hete it, but let it nowt boyle, and stere it wyl tyl it be som what þikke; þenne cast þer to salt and sugre, an kytte fayre paynemaynnys in round soppys, an caste þe soppys þer on, and serue it forth for a potage.” In the Forme of Cury repeated mention occurs of “flour of payndemayn,” probably the fine white flour of which it was made ; see pp. 27, 30. The delicacy called “cryspes” was composed thereof, p. 73; and “payndemayn” itself is mentioned, pp. 34, 65. The Issue Roll of Exch. 27 Hen. VI. 1449, records the payment of .₤10 to John Eton, baker of “paynman” for the King's table, in consideration of good services, and the great charge incurred by him in providing bread for the Sovereign. It appears also that in 1455, in the Household of Hen. VI. there were, in the Office of the Bake-house, one “Yoman Pay(n)men-baker,” and a groom. Household Ordin. published by Ant. Soc. p. *19. “Payne mayne, payn de bouche.” Palsg. “Payn de bouche, as Pain mollet. A very light, very crusty and savory white bread, full of eies, leaven, and salt.’ Cotg.

^{page 378 note 2} A Palet was a kind of head-piece, usually formed of leather or cuir-bouilli, whence the name seems to have been derived. ”Pelliris, galea ex coreo et pelle.” Cath. “Pelliris, a helme of lethyr. Galerus, a coyfe of lethere.” Med. In Vocab. Roy. MS.17 C. XVII. f. 56, vº, is given “Cassis, palette.” Charpentier likewise cites a Glossary, MS. Reg. Paris, which gives “pelluris, heaume de cuir ou de pel.” Palet appears to have been a term adopted from the French: “palet: sorle d'armure de téte.” Roquef. It is not evident whether there was any distinctive difference between the palet and the kettle-hat. Compare Ketylle hat, Pelliris, galerus, p. 273. Minot, alluding to the battle of Cressy, in a poem written about 1352, tells the Frenchman,

Possibly the word may here, as Ritson and Jamieson explain it, imply the scull; it is so used by Skelton, who makes Elinour Rumming threaten her garrulous customers with broken “palettes,” v. 348. In the Inventory of armour and effects of Sir Edw. de Appelby, 48 Edw. III. 1374, are these entries : “Item, j. basenet, cum aduentayle, prec' ij. marc'. Item, ij. ketelhattes, et ij. paletes,prec' vj. s. viij. d.” Sloane charter, xxxi. 2. Charpentier cites a document, dated 1382, which describes a knight as “armé d'un haubergeon d'acier, un palet encamallié sur sa teste.” In the curious Inventory, in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps, of the effects of Sir Simon Burley, beheaded 1388, occur, under the head “Armour pur la guerre, j . paller (sic) de asser : j . palet de quierhoyllé, coueré de stakes blanc et vert.” The Stat. 20 Ric. II. 1396, enacts that no person shall ride armed, by night or day, “ne porte palet, ne chapelle de ferre, n'autre armure,” rendered in the English version “sallet, nor skull of iron.” Stat. of Realm, ii. 93. In the Kalend. of Exch. iii. 309, the following remarkable example of the palet is mentioned, 22 Ric. II. 1398. “Une corone d'or d'Espaigne, &c. j . palet d'or d'Espaigne, qe poise en nobles, cccc.xx.li. garn' ove gross' baleys, perles, &c. ij. Jowes pur mesme le palet, garnis' ove saphirs, &c. j. gross' saphire, baleys et perles en le couwer du d'ce' palet; xxxvj. perles en iij. botons, et ij. claspes pur mesme le palet.” The entire value was estimated at ₤1708. It does not appear whether these costly items were royal gifts from Spain, or merely of Spanish workmanship. In the curious extract from the MS. version of Clariodes cited by Sir Walter Scott, notes to Sir Tristrem, fytte I, it is said that amongst the various fashions of head-pieces some will have “a pryckynge palet of plate the cover.” The list of military stores at Hadlegh Castle, in the grant by Hen. IV. in 1405, to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, comprises “doublettes, jakkes, basynettes, vysers, palettes, aventailles,” &c. “A palet coverd wyth rede velvet” is mentioned in the bequest of armour by Sir Wm. Langford, 1411. Sarum Registers. In 1450 the proclamation of Hen. VI. forbade all men to bear armour or arms, as “palettos, loricas,” &c. Rymer, xi. 262.

^{page 379 note 1} Compare Bren, or bryn, or paley, p. 49; and Syvedys, or brynne, or palyys. This word is to be traced to Lat. palea. “Paille, chaffe, the huske wherein corn lieth.” Cotg.

^{page 379 note 2} “Palde, as ale, defructus.” Cath. ang. Lydgate says, in the Order of Fools,

“I palle, as drinke or bloode dothe, by longe standyng in a thynge, ie appallys. This drinke wyll pall (s'appallyra) if it stande vncouered all nyght. I palle, I fade of freshenesse in colour or beautye, ie flaitris.” Palsg. In the Customs of London, Arnold's Chron. p. 85, are given articles desired by the commons of the city, such as that the Mayor and council should enact that all barrels of ale and beer be filled quite full, “after thei be leyde on the gyest; for by reason that the vessels haue not been full afore tyme, the occupiers haue had gret losse, and also the ale and byere haue palled, and were nought, by cause such ale and biere bathe taken wynde in spurgyng.” In the version of Beza's Sum of the Christian Faith, by R. Fyll, Lond. 1572, f. 134, it is observed of the usage of the Church of Rome, “It is meruaile that they doe not reserue—the wine as well as the breade, for the one is as precious as the other. It were out of order to saye they feare the wine will eger, or waxe palled, for they hold that it is no more wine.”

^{page 380 note 1} It is worthy of remark that Baltheus, which usually denotes a belr, or arminggirdle, seems to be taken in the Promptorium in the sense of a close-fitting or closely girt garment, such as was used first under armour of mail, or of plate, to bear off the weight, and preserve the skin from being chafed, and subsequently in the place of armour. Compare Cote armure, p. 95; Dobbelet, p. 124; and Iakke of defence, p. 256; all of these being rendered Baltheus. Sir Roger de Norwico bequeaths, in 1370, “unum paltoke de veluete cum armis meis; unum par de plaits, coopertum cum rubeo veluet,” &c. Harl. MS. 10; Transcripts from Norwich Registers. Mention occurs of the “paltok,” in Vision of Piers P. v. 12,122; 14,362; in both passages as a garment of defence. Camden, in his Remains, in the chapter on apparel, cites a history called Eulogium, which seems to have been written about A.D. 1400, and mentions, amongst extravagant fashions used by the commons, “a weed of siik which they call a Paltocke : their hose are of two colours, or pied with more, which, with lachets which they call Herlots, they tie to their Paltocks without any breeches.” Here the term apparently does not designate a military garment. The Ordinance of Peter, Duke of Brittany, to call the nobles and archers to arms in 1450, directs that “les nobles tenant au dessous de lx. li. de rente aient brigandines—ou à tout le moins bons palelocques, armez de nouvelle façon, sans manches, à laisches de fer, ou mailles sur le bras.” Monstrelet states that the town of Neelle surrendered to the Comte de Charrolois, A.D. 1464, on condition that the men-at-arms should be at liberty to depart with their harness, “et les archiers s'en iroient en leurs pourpoints, ou paletoz, chacun une vergette en sa main.” Chron. iii. c. 112. The term seems here to denote a military defence of an inferior description. According to Roquefort the paletot was a kind of pourpoint, or a sort of military cloak, so called from palla, or as Borel suggests, from peltum. “Acupicta, i. vestis acu texla, a paltoke, or a doublette.” Med. “Bombicina, paltoke.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. f. 44, vº. “Paltocke of lether, pellice. Paltocke, a garment, halcret. Paltocke, a patche, palleteau.” Palsg. “Palletoc, palthoc, a long and thick Pelt, or cassock; a garment like a short cloak, with slecves; or such a one as most of our modern Pages are attired in.” Cotg. Spanish, “Paletoque, a jerkin with short skirts.” Minsheu. Skelton uses this term to denote a patch, as given by Palsgrave, or some kind of head-gear, in a Poem against Master Garnesche, addressing him thus: “Ye cappyd Cayface copious, your paltoke on your pate.” Ed. Dyce, i. p. 118.

^{page 380 note 2} Forby observes that in Norfolk a regular division of some sorts of husbandry work, as digging or sowing, is called a pane; and that curtains formed of narrow stripes of different colours are termed paned. In the Indenture for building the church of Fotheringhay, 1435, it is directed that the steeple should be square in the lower part, and, after being carried as high as the body of the church, “hit shall be chaungid, and turnyd in viij. panes.” Dugd. Mon. Ang. iii. Hall, speaking of the richly-decorated lodging of Hen. VIII. at Guisnes, 1520, says that from “the iawe pece of the selyng, whiche pece was guylte with fine golde, were woorkes in paan paled.” He also describes maskers in garments of “blewe satten pauned with sipres;” (11 Hen. VIII.) and says that the royal “henxemenne wear coates of purple velvet pieled, and paned with riche cloth of siluer;” 14 Hen. VIII. Ang.-Sax. pan, lacinia. Bp. Kennett, in his Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, gives another meaning of the term pan, as denoting in stone houses the piece of wood that is laid on the top of the wall, and to which the spars are fastened, called in the South “the rasen, or resen, or resening : Ang.-S. ræsn, laquear.” “A panne of a house, panna.” Cath.ang. “Pane of a wall, pan de mur. Panell of a wall, pan de mur.” Palsg. “Panne de bois is particularly the piece of timber that sustains a gutter between the roofs of two fronts, or houses.” Cotg.

^{page 381 note 1} “Pane of furre, panne.” Palsg. “Panne, a skinne, fell, or hide.” Cotg. “Pane, pene : Peau, fourrure,étoffe,cuir; de pannus.” Roquef. Joinville, speaking of the modest attire used by St. Louis, says, “Ses pennes de ses couvertouers et de ses robes estoient de gamites (doe) ou de jambes de lièvres, ou d'aigneaulx.” Neccham, in his treatise de nominibus utensilium, Cott. MS. Titus, D. xx. f. 8, vº, uses the term “penula (pane)” in a passage which has been given in the note on Gryce, p. 211.

^{page 381 note 2} This term, derived from Fr. pantiére, a kind of snare which was used for catching woodcocks and other birds, is used by Chaucer, Rom. of R. 1621; Legende of good Women, 131. In a poem on the evil times of Edw. II. printed by Mr. Wright from a MS. in the Advocates' Libr. the complaint is made that “pride hath in his paunter kauht the heie and the lowe.” Polit. Songs, p. 344. See also the note, p. 400; and Piers of Fulham, Hartshorne's Metr. Tales, p. 122. “A pantelle strynge, pedica.” Cath. ang. ”Pedica, instrumentum capiendi pedes animalium, vel laqueus, a fettour, or a snare, or a pantel. Setorium, a pantell.” Ortus. “Panther to catche byrdes with, panneau.” Palsg. “Panneau, a large net, or toile.” Cotg.

^{page 381 note 3} R. Brunne, in his version of Langtoft's Chron. p. 33, relates the death of King Edmund, A.D. 947, by the hand of an outlaw “pantelere,” who had formerly served in the royal “panterie.” The word is more frequently written panter, Fr. pannetier, Lat. panetarius, as by Rob. Glouc. p. 187, who says that Arthur gave “þat lond of Aungeo Kaxe ys panter.” See the account of the “Office of the Panetry,” and of the duties of the Serjeant thereof, “whiche is called Chief Pantrer of the Kinge's mouthe.” Liber Niger domus Edw. IV. Household Ordin. p. 70. “A pantelere, ubi a butlere.” Cath.ang. “Panitor, panista, a panter.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “Panter, an offycer, pannelier. Pantrye, an house of office, panneterie.” Palsg. “Panetier, a pantler.” Cotg. “A pantler, panis custos, promus.” Gouldm. The term is still preserved in the surname Pantler.

^{page 382 note 1} “A paramour, filorcium, etc. ubi a lemman.” Cath. ang. “Paramour, a man, acoincte. Paramour, a woman, dame peramour.” Palsg.

^{page 382 note 2} This word is used by Skelton, in his Poem on the flight of the Duke of Albany, v. 322. ed. Dyce. “I cast my gorge, as a haulke doth, or a man y^t parbraketh, ie desgorge, and ie vomis. Parbrekyng, uomissement. I parbrake, ie vomis, and ie gomys. It is a shreude token, that he parbrakyth thus.” Palsg. “He wyll nat cease fro surfettynge, tyll he be redy to parbrake.” Horm. Andrew Boorde says in his Breviary of Health, c. 373, “Vomitus: in English it is named vometinge, or a vomit, or perbrakinge.” See Parbreak, and Braking, Jamieson. This word is retained in the Devon dialect, signifying to strain in vomiting. See Brakynge, p. 47. Compare Teut. braecken, Dan. brække sig, vomere.

^{page 382 note 3} This term appears here to be taken as denoting the open screen, which serves in a convent to permit occasional intercourse with the external world, in the parlour, or locutorium, which also, in those monasteries where silence was enjoined at other times, was reserved as a place for occasional discourse. Pargulum appears to be the diminutive of pargus, a corruption of parcus, explained by Ducange as signifying “septum quo oves includuntur.” These screens or gratings were also termed locutoria fenestra. “Parclos to parte two roumes, separation.” Palsg. “Cinclidœ are bayes or parclosis made aboute the places of judgement, where men not beinge sutars may stande, beholde, and here what is done and spoken amonge the juges and pledours. Such a lyke thing is at Westmynster Hall about the common place, and is called the bekens. Vacerra, percloses or rayles, made of tymber, within the whiche some thynge is enclosed.” Eliot. This term is frequently used in connection with ecclesiastical architecture; as in the contract for carpenter's work in the Beauchamp Chapel, Warwick, A.D. 1450, as regards “a parclose of tymber” to be constructed about an organ-loft, to stand over the west door. Dugdale, Hist. Warw. Walter, Lord Montjoy, gives directions in his will, A.D. 1474, for the embellishment of a chapel in Derbyshire “with a quire and perclose, and two altars without y^e quire.” Testam. Vet. i. 335. Blomfield describes the “perclose, or chapel included with cancelli or lattices,” constructed A.D. 1500, in the Church of St. Martin at the Plain, Norwich. Hist. Norf.

^{page 383 note 1} The pardoner was an ecclesiastic authorised by the head of the Roman Church to travel throughout Catholic Europe for the purpose of vending pardons or indulgences, with the intention of raising a sum for some special purpose. Chaucer, in his lively portraiture of the Pardoner, Cant. T. v. 710, shows the expedients and pretences to which such itinerants had recourse, in turning to profitable account the superstition or ignorance of the people, a practice to which a check was given by several councils. They were termed questores, or questionarii, in French questeurs. Frequent allusion is made in the Vision of Piers Ploughman to the abuse of the authority of the Church, which rendered the credulous a prey to crafty itinerants. By Stat. 22 Hen. VIII. c. 12, all proctors and pardoners travelling the country without sufficient authority were to be treated as vagabonds. “Pardonere, pardonnier.” Palsg.

^{page 383 note 2} To perform, as frequently used by the old writers, has the sense of to work, to bring to completion. Caxton, in the Book for Travellers, says, “Donaas the doblet maker hath performed my doublet, and my iaquet.” Amongst the disbursements for building Little Saxham Hall, 1507, given by Mr. Rokewode, in the Hist, of Thingoe Hundred, Suffolk, p. 145, is a payment to “Oliver mason for performing a dore.” Parforner or parfournir signifies, according to Roquefort, achever, compléter. “I performe (Lydgat) ie achieue, declared in I parforme.” Palsg.

^{page 383 note 3} This term is thus used in the later Wicliffite version, Eccl. xxii. 21 : “As ournyng (eþer pargeting) ful of grauel in a cleer wal, so and a ferdful herte in þe þou“t of a fool: cæmenta sine impensâ posit a contra faciem venti nan permanebunt,” Vulg. In the Accounts of Sir John Howard, A.D. 1467, is the following entry : “Item, the vj. day of Aprylle my mastyr made a comenaunt wyth Saunsam the tylere, that he schalle pergete, and whighte, and bemefelle all the new byldynge; and he schal have fore his labore xiij.s. iv.d.” Househ. Exp. presented to the Roxburghe Club by B. Botfield, Esq. p. 395. Amongst the charges for building Little Saxham Hall, A.D. 1506, are payments “for lathing, pargetting, tiryng, and white casting all the roves, walles, particyons, &c. for pargetments, and zelyng with mortre and here.” Rokewode's Thingoe Hund. pp. 146, 148. Horman says, in the chapter de re Ædificatoriâ, “Some men wyll haue theyr wallys plastred, some pergetted, and whytlymed; some roughe caste, some pricked, some wrought with playster of Paris. Quidam parietes amant loricatos, et tectorio vestitos; quidam gypsum inducunt; quidam albaria grummulis aspergunt; quidam puncturis distingunt; quidam malthâ eos convestiunt.” “I parget or whyte lyme, ie vnie, and ie blanchis. I wyll perget my walles, for it is a better syght. Pariette for walles, blanchissevre.” Palsg. “Trulissare, to parget.” Elyot. “Smalto, plaister, or pergitte. Smaltato, pergitted.” W. Thomas, Ital. Grammar, 1548. “To parget or plaister, crusto, gypso, trulliso, gypsum inducere, gypso illino, dealbo. To new-parget, or white-lyme, interpolo.” Gouldm. Compare Spargettyñ, or pargette wallys, hereafter.

^{page 384 note 1} Parrok of cowle, Ms. or cowle, K. s. Compare Coowle to closyn mennys fowlys, saginarium; p. 97. In the North a chicken coop is termed a hen-caul; and the synonymous term Parrok seems to denote a similar enclosure. Ang.-Sax. pearroc, septum ferarium, clausura. In N. Britain, according to Jamieson, a very small enclosure or apartment is called a parrock, and to parrach signifies to crowd together, like many sheep in a small fold. “Parrocke, a lytell parke, parquet.” Palsg. A fenced enclosure of nine acres at Hawsted, in which deer were kept in pens for the course, was termed the Parrock. Cullum's Hawsted, p. 210. In Norfolk, according to Forby, an enclosed place for domestic animals, as calves, is called a par, and the farm-yard, containing pars for the various animals which inhabit it, is called a par-yard.

^{page 384 note 2} Parura signifies, according to Ducange, opus Phrygium, embroidery of silver or gold, or an Orfrey; see p. 368, supra. Amongst the gifts to Peterborough by Abbot Akarius, who died A.D. 1210, occurs “alba brusdata—cujus paratura violeticum habet colorem, et amita et stola cum manipulo ejusdem coloris brusdata.” Rob. Swapham, Sparke, p. 104. Descriptions of a similar kind occur without number in ancient inventories of sacred vestments. The ornaments of the alb, properly designated by the term Parowre, were square or oblong pieces of rich embroidered stuff attached to the vestment at each wrist, and at the feet, or lower part of the alb, one before and another behind, being, with the Parowre of the amice, five in number, and symbolical, as it is supposed, of the wounds on the hands and feet, and the crown of thorns, of the Saviour. Papebrochins, Acta SS. Propyl. Maii, giving the explanation of this usage, speaks of it as quite obsolete. The large Parowre, at the bottom of the alb in front, is exhibited in a profusion of instances on sepulchral brasses and effigies ; that which decorated the amice, according to its ancient fashion, appears like a standing collar above the chasuble, with which it is sometimes erroneously supposed to have been connected. It must be observed that these ornaments were most commonly, if not properly, of the same suit, de eâdem sectâ, as the stole and maniple. Their variety was remarkable : in the Lives of the Abbots of St. Albans we find “paruras auro et aurifrigio, et acu plumario decoratas.” Occasionally they were set with gems : “Paruram positam cum perreiâ, et armis Anglie.” Rymer, X. 346. Remarkable specimens of the Parowre of the amice supposed to have been worn by St. Thomas of Canterbury, and preserved in the Treasury at Sens, are represented in Shaw's Dresses and Decorations. Wyntown speaks of “albys wyth parurys.” See Jamieson. The term was applied to similar ornamental work on other vestments, as “chirothece parate,” &c. The term apparel is occasionally used in the same sense, as in the Inventory of Winch. Cath. 1535, where certain vestments are named, with the “parel of the albes of the same work, of my L. Cardinal Beauford's gift.” Strype's Mem. of Cranmer.

^{page 385 note 1} The parvise, a term of Greek origin, which occurs in Chaucer's Rom. of R. v, 7158, is explained as being the portico of a church, called Paradisus, or paravisus, possibly on account of the trees which environed the entrances of the Greek churches. See Ducange, Tyrwhitt's Glossary to Chaucer, and Towneley Myst. p. 200. “Place nere a churche to walke in, paruis.” Palsg. “Parvis, the porch of a Church ; also (or more properly) the utter court of a Palace, or great house.” Cotg. “Hortor, suadere, &c. unde hortator, hortamen, et hortatorium, i. palmatorium (sic) monachorum, locus ubi hortamina fiunt.” Uguitionis Vocab. Arund. MS. 127, f. 34, vº.

^{page 385 note 2} “A pasteler, pastillarius.” Cath. ang. “Pastler that baketh, pastisier.” Palsg. Dulciarius, a pastlar.” Elyot. “Pastisier, a pasterer, or pie maker.” Cotg.

^{page 385 note 3} “A patane, calopodium, lignipes, lignipedum.” Cath. ang. “Calopodium, a stylte or a paten. Calopifex, a maker of patens or styltes.” Ortus. “Paten for a fote, galoche. Paten maker, patinier.” Palsg. Compare Galache, p. 184, and Galloche, p. 185. Pattens were used anciently by ecclesiastics, probably to protect the feet from the chill occasioned by the bare pavement of a church, an unbecoming practice which was condemned severely. In Hutton's Excerpta from the Registers of the Diocese of York, Harl. MS. 6971, it is stated in an archiepiscopal visitation, A.D. 1390, “Item, omnes ministri ecclesie pro majore parte utuntur in ecclesiâ et in processione patens et clogges, contra honestatem ecclesie, et antiguam consuetudinem capituli.” Ducange also cites an ordinance of the Chapter of Auxerre, “non portentur calopodia in choro, sub pœnâ distributionum unius diei;” and in the accounts of the Churchwardens of St. Mary-Hill, London, A.D. 1491, the item occurs, “for ij. pair of pattens for the priests.” Pattens, at the period when the Promptorium was compiled, formed an ordinary part of the costume of a gentleman. In the Histoire du petit Saintré, written about 1459, his well-supplied wardrobe, as page of the court, comprised “souliers et patins, qui soient bien faicts,” of each three pair. So also in 1464, the steward of Sir John Howard made these entries of expenses in London : “Payd fore a payre of patynys, iij.d. For a payre patynys for my master, iij.d.’ Household Exp. in Eng. In the same year the craft of “patyn“makers of London petitioned the crown that the Stat. 4 Hen. V. which forbade them to use the wood of the aspen-tree, as being that which was chiefly used by the fletchers, might be repealed, representing that it was the best “and lightest tymbre to make of patyns or clogges.” Rot. Parl. iv. 567. A drawing which represents King John, Cott. MS. Julius, E. IV., affords a curious representation of the pattens of this period. See Shaw's Dresses. Horman, speaking of various dances, alludes to those which were performed on pattens, and rendered by him gyracula. “Let us daunce patende, or with styltis.”

^{page 386 note 1} “Petalum, i. forma marmorea instar iessere quadrata, unde pavimenta templorum vel domorum et palaciornm quondam sternebantur.” Cath. In Norfolk a square paving brick is called a pamment. “Rudus, a pament stoone.” Med. “Pament of a strete, pauiment, pauee. Paument of a strete, paué. Pauyng stone, quarreau.” Palsg.

^{page 386 note 2} This term denotes a kind of large shield of plain wood, or covered with skins, such as the parma described by Brito in the Philippidos, x. 216, called pavesia, and in French pavois. Th. Walsingham speaks of armed pavisarii in the service of Edw. III. and in the rates of wages of the household of that king, A.D. 1344, are mentioned “pauews, pauecos,” and “peuecers,” but in the Househ. Ordin. published by the Antiqu. Soc. these words have erroneously been printed with an n. The pavise was almost essential to the balistarius, affording him a protection whilst winding up the cross-bow, as mentioned in the Chron. B. du Guesclin, v. 3106, and represented in the Life of Richard Beauchamp, Cott. MS. Jul. E. IV. Strutt's Horda, ii. pl. 43. Frequently the pavisarius was merely the attendant who carried that defence. In Talbot's ordinances for the army, A.D. 1419, it is directed that every “ij. yomen make them a good pavise of bordes, or of p^ap', in the beste maner they cane best devise, that on may hold it, while that other dothe shete.” Excerpta Hist. 42. In Trevisa's version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. are enumerated the machines and great shot with which a legion was provided, such as “spryngoltes, tripgettes, bowes of brake, arblastes bende, &c. the strengthe and myghte of his shot may nothing with-stonde, neyther hors man with plates and haberions, ne foot man with paves and shelde.” B. ii. c. 24. Again they are mentioned as wall-shields, of which kind a curious specimen formed of iron is preserved in the porter's lodge at Warwick castle. “It nedethe þat ther be good plentie of targes, pauysses, and sheldes in þe citie, to keuer and to hill or stop the gappes of the enbatilmentes of þe walles fro shot.” B. iv. c. 6. They are also mentioned as useful in seafights. In the passage of arms between Lord Scales and the Bastard of Burgundy, A.D. 1467, it is said, “We shalle doo armes on foote—and shalle mowe bere a targe or a pavis, aftir the wille and pleasire of everich of us.” Lansd. MS. 285; in the French, Harl. MS. 4632, ”pavoisine.” In Sir John Talbot's great hall at Caistor, A.D. 1459, was “j. rede pavys. Item, j. target.” Archæol. xxi. 272. The pavyce was retained in use after the adoption of fire-arms. Thus Hall, in his account of the battle at Flodden, 1513, describes the furious fire kept up by the artillery on both sides : “And after the shotte was done, which they (the Scotch ?) defended with pauishes, they came to handestrokes.” “Tragea, a pauys.” Harl. MS. 1002, f. 152. “A pavysse, castrum.” Cath ang. “Paues to defende one with, pauais.” Palsg. ”Testudine (Ital.) a great shield, target, or paluoise. Pauese, pauesce, a kinde of target called a palueise.” Florio.

^{page 387 note 1} “Wande, flagellum. Palmere, palmatorium, ferula, percussorium.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. In the Equivoca of Joh. de Garlandiâ, with the interpretations of Master Geoffry, probably the compiler of the Promptorium, it is said that “ferula est instrumenturn quo discipuli percutiuntur in manibus, quod et alio nomine palmatorium appellatur. Anylice a palmer.” “Apalmarein þe scole, ferula, hortatorium, palmatorium.” Cath. ang. “Ferula, a rod or stycke wherwith childern's handes be striken in scholes, a palmer.” Elyot.

^{page 387 note 2} Compare Brygyrdyle, lumbare, renale; p. 51. “Lumbare, a brekgyrdyl. Renale, a breche gyrdyl.” Med. “Epifemora, panchere.” Harl. MS. 1002. “A pawncherde, renale, etc. ubi a brekebelt.” Cath. ang. Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, “On the perche hongen your clothes, mantelles, &c. upon the keuerchief chertes, breches, with the panutcher (sic) whan ye be vnclothed; brayes à tout le braieul quand) vous estes devestues.” In the Invent, of the effects of Hen. V. A.D. 1423, occurs the item, “j . pauncher enbroudes d'or, ovec iij. bokull, iij. pendantz garniz d'argent dorrez: pris de l'argent, ovec le gower garniz des garnades, et j . bokull, et j . pendant d'argent dorrez, xx.s.” Rot. Parl. iv. 221.

^{page 387 note 3} “Marsupium, a pawtenere, a powche. Cassidile est pera aucupis, vel mercipium, vel sacculus, a pautenier or a pouche.” Med.Cassidile dicitur pera, sarciperium, sicatium, marsupium, moculus, loculus, crumena, &c. a paneter, a pouche, a breyded gyrdel. Cremena, a pautener (al. pantenet) or syluer. Lenonem lena non diligit absque cremena.” Ortus. The term “pautenere” occurs in Syr Degore, written early in XlVth cent. In 1379 Thos. de Farnylawe, Chancellor of York, bequeaths his “pawtener de serico.” Test. Ebor. i. 103. Caxton mentions, in the Book for Travellers, “pawteners, tasses, aloyeres, tasses.” Aloiere was, according to Roquefort, the large flat purse, commonly worn in the XVth cent, appended to the girdle, Lat. alloverium. It appears very frequently on the Norfolk sepulchral brasses, which represent secular or mercantile persons. “Pautner, malette.” Palsg.

^{page 388 note 1} Of the usage in the service of the mass of kissing a small tablet of wood or metal, ornamented with some sacred figure or device, see Dr. Milner's observations, Archæol. xx. 534. The tabula pro pace, called in French portepaix, was formed of every possible and costly material, or in earlier and more simple times of wood, whence it was called “pax borde,” as in the will of Sir Thos. Littleton, 1481, or Pax brede. Compare Brede, or litille borde, p. 48. By the synod of Exeter, 1287, it was ordained that in every parish church there should be “asser ad pacem.” Wilkins, ii. 139. The name was used, however, without any regard to the propriety of its application. In the will of Henry le Scrop, 1415, is mentioned “Una Paxbrede argentea et deaurata.” Rymer, ix. 273. In an Inventory of St. Dunstan's, Canterbury, 1500, occurs “a pax borde off latin, a crucyfyx for a pax borde off coper and gyltt.” Amongst the gifts of Abp. Chichele to All Souls, Oxford, Invent, taken about 1460, are “vj. paxys de vitro.” In the Inventory of St. Paul's, 1298, given by Dugdale, and that of St. George's, Windsor, 1384, splendid paxilla are described. “Paxillum, Anglice paxbrede.” Ortus. The use of the pax was one of those symbolic ceremonies which were not immediately abolished in the Reformed Church; it was enforced by the Ecclesiastical Commission of Edw. VI., and even rendered more conspicuous than before, as a token of joyful peace between God and man's conscience. See the Injunction for the Deanery of Doncaster, cited from Burnet by Dr. Milner.

^{page 388 note 2} This term, which is given by Sir T. Browne, is retained in Norfolk and Suffolk, according to Forby and Moor. Ray gives pack-wax as common in all counties; it signifies the strong tendon in the neck of animals. “Fix fax, nomen cartilaginis quâ caput humeris utrinque alligatur, Yorkshire; pax wax, Norf.” Bp. Kennett, Lansd. MS. 1033. Compare Brockett, Craven Dial, and Jamieson, who would derive the word from Germ. Flachs, a sinew. Gautier de Bibelesworth says, of a man's body,

“Le vendon, the fax wax.” Harl. MS. 219, f. 150. In the curious treatise on vegetable remedies, Arund. MS. 42, f. 44, vº, it is said of “Bdellius, Delle—it resoluyth blod þat is congelyd, i. cold slawyn, and cloddyd, and clumperyd, and helpeþ for brussures of þe paxwax and of þe brawn, and for congelacyon of þe senewys.” Again, f.47, the virtues of capers are commended “for desese in þe pascwax, and in þe senewys;” and of Galbanum, f. 90, vº, “it is gode for alyzere, i. þe crompe, and for þe spasme, þe shote in þe lacertys, i. in þe paswaxis.”

^{page 388 note 3} “A pece of siluer or of metalle, crater, cratera.” Cath. ang. “Crater, vas vinarium, a pyece or wyne cuppe.” Ortus. “Pece to drinke in, tasse. Pece, a cuppe, tasse, hanap.”

^{page 388 note 4} In a roll of purchases for the palace at Westminster, preserved amongst the miscellaneous Records of the Queen's Remembrancer, a payment occurs “Will, le Gardener, pro iij. koygnere, ij. pichere, iij.s.—pro groseillere, iij.d. pro j. peschere, vj.d.” A.D. 1275, 4 Edw. I. Phillips, however, states as his opinion that the peach-tree was brought from Italy with the apricot, by Wolf, gardener to Hen. VIII. in 1524. Pomarium Brit. 283.

^{page 389 note 1} The pectoral, as a sacred ornament used by the prelates of the Christian church, appears to have derived its origin from the jewelled breast-plate of the Jewish highpriest, the

, or rationale judicii, according to the Vulgate, Exod. xxviii. 15, rendered in the earlier Wicliffite version “the breest broche of dom,” in the later “the racional of doom.” It was worn attached to the breast of the chasuble, and although never, as it appears, in general use, yet many examples present themselves in England. As regards the obscure subject of the early use of the rationale, much information may be gained from the authors cited by Ducange. It is minutely described in an ancient inventory of pontifical ornaments at Rheims, given by Marlot in the Hist, of that see, and appears to have closely resembled the Jewish breast-plate, being formed of 12 stones, whereon the names of the 12 sons of Israel were inscribed, fixed upon cloth of gold, and attached by means of chains over the shoulders, whereupon also there were two stones called “camayeux,” in imitation of those which were worn by the highpriest. A second rationale for less solemn occasions is described in the same document, which resembled less closely the Jewish ornament: it was formed of one stone of unusual brilliancy and size, called “camayeu,” around which were set 4 emeralds, and as many balais rubies. A representation of this remarkable ornament may be seen in the plate given by Du Bouchet, in the Hist, of the House of Courtenay, p. 174, which represents the sepulchral effigy of Robert de Courtenay, Archbishop of Rheims, who died 1323. The most remarkable representation which exists in England is afforded by the effigy placed under Prince Arthur's chantry in Worcester cathedral, and attributed to Bp. Godfrey Giffard, 1268–1301. The rationale here appears as a square plate upon the breast of the chasuble, with a quatrefoil in the centre, and set with eight gems. This ornament appears in England chiefly during the Xlllth cent. See the seals of Joceline, Bp. Bath, and John, Bp. Winch. 1205; of Eustace, Bp. Lond. 1222, Walter, Bp. Carlisle, 1223, Ralph, Bp. Heref. 1239, Sylvester, Bp. Carlisle, 1246, Henry, Bp. Lincoln, 1300; and the effigy of Bp. Laurence, at Rochester, who died 1274. In the Invent, of St. Paul's, 1295, given by Dugdale, several chasubles are described as furnished with the pectorale, formed of gold, or cloth of gold, set with gems. Its use was not entirely abandoned at a later period : it appears upon the seal of Richard, Bp. Lincoln, 1420, and in the Invent, taken at Winchester cathedral at the Dissolution, occur a pectoral of gold; another partly of gold, and six of silver gilt, all garnished with stones. Strype's Mem. of Cranmer, App. p. 25. The term pectoral occasionally designates an ornament of the cope, as in the Invent, taken at St. Paul's, and given by Dugdale, in which mention occurs of a “capa, cum Petro et Paulo in pectorali: Capa—cum rotundis pectoralibus aurifrigiis,” &c.

^{page 389 note 2} In the Eastern Counties, according to Forby and Moor, a pannier, such as serves to carry provisions to market, is termed a ped, the market in Norwich, where wares brought in from the country are exposed for sale, being known as the ped-market, and a dealer who transports his wares in such manner is termed a pedder. Hence is derived the name by which the ancient Roman line of road is known which leads from the great camp at Holme, on the N.W. Norfolk coast, towards Ixworth, in Suffolk, and seems to have fallen into the line leading from Thetford to Stow-market. The greater part of this road across the champaign parts of Norfolk is still called the Peddar Way, doubtless because, like the Welshman's Road in Warwickshire and the parts adjacent, the straight direction of its course caused it to be frequented by itinerant traders. The Peddar Way may be traced upon the Ordnance Survey through nearly its whole extent. It is also given in Woodward's Map of Roman Norfolk, Archæol. xxiii. 358. There is also a vicinal road leading from Ightham, Kent, to Farnham, Surrey, which is called the Pedlar's Way. The Norfolk term pack-way seems to be synonymous. Sir John Paston, writing A.D. 1473, says, “I most have myn instruments hyddur, whyche are in the chyst in my chambre at Norwyche, whyche I praye you and Berney togedre joyntly, but nat seuerally, to trusse in a pedde, and sende them hyddur in hast.” Paston Letters, V. 58. Tusser, in his list of husbandly furniture, given under September's husbandry, enumerates “a pannell and wanty, pack-saddle, and ped.” Ray speaks of dorsers as the kind of peds or panniers used by the fish-jobbers of Lyme to bring their fish to London. The original Glossary to Spenser, Sheph. Cal. Nov. V. 16, gives this explanation : “A haske is a wicker ped, wherein they use to carrie fish.” It is owing to this use of peds that, in Pynson's edit, of the Promptorium, peddare is rendered piscarius. East Winch, in Norfolk, is called in old documents Pedder's Winch. “A pedder, revolus, negotiator.” Cath. ang. See Jamieson, v. Peddir.

^{page 390 note 1} R. Brunne uses the word “peis” in the sense of weight; Langt. Chron. See also Vision of Piers Pl. v. 2957; Cov. Myst. p. 236. “Peyce, a weyght, peys, pesant.” Palsg. “When the yse melted and brake, the payse therof brake many a stronge brydge.” Fabyan, Chron. 6 Will. Rufus. The adjective “paisand,” heavy, occurs in Golagros and Gawane, 463; and Chaucer uses the verb to peise, to weigh. The Peys of a well appears to designate the counter-poised beam, termed also Kyptre, supra, p. 276, whereby in Southern Europe, as also in other countries, water is raised.

^{page 391 note 1} —rownde stone, or erthe, MS. of herth, s. of erthe, p. The term pellet, Fr. pelotte, designated the stone balls, or missiles which were projected by the mangonels, and warlike engines of early times, and by artillery, bullets of stone being disused only in the XVIth cent. Missiles formed of indurated clay have also been found, the use of which is perhaps indicated in the Promptorium. In Golagros and Gawane, v. 463, are mentioned “pellokis paisand,” with “gapand gunnis of brase;” and Chaucer uses the simile “swifte as a pellet out of a gonne.” House of Fame, iii. Horman says, “The messenger was slayne with a pellet, glande,” and Hall speaks of shooting “great pellettes, whiche made a greate noyse.” Chron. 24 Hen. VIII. “A pelet of stone, or lede, glans.” Cath. ang. “Pellet, a rounde stone, plomme.” Palsg. See Mr. Archibald's observations on stone shot found in the island of Walney, Archæol. xxviii., and Mr. Porrett's notice of shot found in the Tower moat, Archæeol. xxx. Compare Calyon, rounde stone, rudus, p. 58.

^{page 391 note 2} The Stat. 11 Edw. III. c. 2, ordains that no one under the rank of a knight, and churchmen, who may spend £100 in the year, “ne use peleure en ses draps,” upon pain of forfeiture. Stat. of R. vol. I. 281. In the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder that prince is described as alighting from his steed, when having been disarmed, he “dude on a robe of peolour.” v. 4129. See also the passages cited in the Glossary to Syr Gawayn. Wicliffe, in the complaint to the King and Parliament, objects that the poor were constrained to provide a worldly priest in pride and gluttony ‘with fair hors and jolly, and gay saddles and bridles ringing by the way, and himself in costly cloths and pelure,” whilst they perished from cold and hunger. Hardyng speaks of the state of King Arthur, who was attended by a thousand knights,

^{page 391 note 3} “A pendande of a belte, pendulum.” cath. ang. The rich decoration of the extremity of the girdle appears on monumental effigies in great variety, and is frequently described in Inventories, as in one taken at York cathedral, and printed in Mon. Angl., in which is mentioned “una le pendant parva de auro Veneto, cum lapidibus et perles.” Mordaculum, in French mordant, is usually taken in the sense of the tongue of the buckle, but occasionally appears to signify a distinct ornament of the girdle. “Pendant of a gyrdell, pendant.” Palsg.

^{page 392 note 1} Palsgrave gives this term, denoting a plumb-line. “Pendant for carpenters, niueau.”

^{page 392 note 2} Penne is not unfrequently used by the old writers in the sense of feather; Fr. penne. In the Vision of Piers PI. mention occurs of the “pennes of the pecok.” v. 7923. In the Golden Legend it is said that “the foule that—hathe but fewe pennes or fethers, may not well flee;” and again, “David sayth, he flewe vpon the pennes of the wyndes.”

^{page 392 note 3} A pennon was a small flag attached to the lance, whereby the rank of the bearer was known. Wace appropriates it to the knight, and the gonfanon to the baron, but at a later time it appears to have designated the bachelor. Oliv. de la Marche describes the ceremony of the bachelor being made a banneret, when the “queue du pennon armoyé” was cut off, “et demoura quaré,” was converted into a banner.” L. vi. c. 25. Trevisa, in his version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. says that “horsmen ben cleped the wynges of the hoost—and thies ben cleped banarers, for they bere baners and pynons ; velis, hoc est flammulis utuntur.” B. ii. c. 1. In an Invent, of church ornaments, in the enumeration of banners, occurs “a pynon off St. Donston.” Gent. Mag. viii. N.S. 571. “Pennon, a banner, pennon. Penon, a lytell baner in a felde, pennon.” Palsg. In Lansd. MS. 225, f. 431, is given the size of standards, banners, pennons, &c. as set down by the Constable and Marshal. “A guydon to be in length ij. yardes and a half, or iij. A pennon of armes round att the end, and to be in length ij. yardes.” In Harl. MS. 358, f. 5, may be seen sketches of all these ensigns; the getone being swallow-tailed, the penon triangular, and charged with the armorial bearing, the former being appropriated to the esquire or gentleman, the latter to the knight.

^{page 392 note 4} “A penytenciary, penitenciarius.” cath. ang. The institution of this dignity in cathedral churches is usually dated from the Council of Trent, 1545; but it is certain that pœnitentiarii, persons authorised in certain cases to give absolution, in place of the bishop himself, existed from a much earlier period. See Ducange and Macer. Chaucer speaks of the penitencer in the Persones Tale as one empowered to give absolution in extraordinary cases. “Penytauncer, penitancier.” Palsg.

^{page 392 note 5} In a French Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 219, f. 148, vº, is given “eiectice, a pentys.” Caxton, in the Boke of the Fayt of Armes, explains how a fortress ought to be supplied with fresh water, cisterns being provided, “where men may receiue inne the rayne watres that fallen doune a-long the thackes of thappentyzes and houses.” Part ii. e. 17. “A pentis, appendix, appendicium, apheduo, (sic) ut dicit Britos et dicitur profectum, si de liyno, menianum, si de lapidibus.” Cath. ang. “Penthouse of a house, appentis. Pentys over a stall, avuent. Pentes or paues, estal, sonbtil.” Palsg. Bp. Kennett states that in Chester there was a “curia penticiarum tenta in aulâ penticiâ ejusdem civitatis.” Lansd. MS. 1033.

^{page 393 note 1} “A paire of pepyr qwherns, fraxillus, fretellum, pistillus, pistillum.” Cath. ang. “Peperquerne, gregoyr à poyure.” Palsg. See Querne. Ang.-Sax. cwyrn, mola.

^{page 393 note 2} “A perke, pertica.” Cath. ang. Amongst the ancient furniture of the chamber the perch appears to have answered the same purpose as the clothes-horse of later times. The falconer had likewise his perch, whereon the hawks were accustomed to sit. In the dictionary composed by Joh. de Gallandiâ it is said, “Supra perticam magistri Johannis diversa indumenta pendent: tunice, supertunicalia, pallia, scapularia, capa, coopertorium, lintheamina, renones, sarabarre, stragule, camisie, bracce, bumbicinia et tapeta,” &c.; and it is added in the Gloss, “pertica, Gallice perche, unde versus : Pertica diversos pannos retinere solebat.” Documens iniédits: Paris sous Philippe le Bel, ed. Géraud, App. p. 603. Caxton says, in the Book for Travellers, amongst the appliances of the chamber, “On the perche hongen your clothes, mantelles, frockes, clokes, cotes, doblettes, furres, wynter clothes and of somer,” &c. In Norfolk a perch, or a wooden frame, against which sawn timber is set up to dry, is called, according to Forby, a perk.

^{page 393 note 3} This term appears to designate a wax candle of certain dimensions, such as it was customary to place on the pertica or pergula, a small transverse beam or bar, whereon in churches or other places candles were affixed. Edw. Phillips, in the World of Words, states that perchers were the same as Paris candle, anciently used in England, also a bigger sort of candles, commonly set upon the altars. According to the ancient assise recorded in the Memoriale multorum of Henry, Prior of Canterbury, 1285—1331, Cott. MS. Galba; E. Iv. f. 45, the Sacrist was bound to provide for the Prior's chamber cereos of the weight of half a lb. each, candelas, 24 to the pound, torticios, 2 ells in length, and weighing 51b. each, with smaller ones of different weights, some of which had the appellation “prikette,” being 12 in. long, and weighing 8 to the pound. “Item, candele que vocantur perchers continent in longitudine xv. pollic'; unde xviij. perchers pond' j.li. cere.” These appear to have been used at the Prior's table. They are thus mentioned in the metrical treatise de Officiariis in curiis Dominorum, XVth cent, under the head “de candelario, of the chandeler,”

^{page 394 note 1} Aetites, from ⋯€τ⋯ς, aquila. Echites, as stated in Trevisa's version of Glanville, B. xvi. c. 38, is a stone of red colour found on the coasts of India and Persia : it was supposed to be of two kinds, male and female, and two were always found in the nest of the eagle. It was accounted to have singular virtues in parturition, in augmenting wealth and affection, in keeping a man sober, and as a charm against poisoned food. See also the metrical Latin treatise on the virtues of gems, attributed to Marbodeus, Harl. MSS. 80, f. 100: 321, f. 68, vº. There was another red stone called perides, according to Glanville, which cast forth fiery sparks, and when held fast, burned the hand; possibly the same which is here designated as the Perdycle.

^{page 394 note 2} Pearls appear to have been considered as precious stones, their origin being imperfectly known; and hence, probably, the synonym Perre, from the French perré, is here given. “A perle stone, margarita.” Cath. ang. “Peerle, a stone, perle.” Palsg. The following passage occurs in Trevisa's version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. : “There is neyther games ne garnementes, golde nor siluer, so shynyng of precious stones ne pery, þat makethe our ennemyes subgettes, ne obedient vnto us, but only drede and doughtenesse of dedes of armes.” B. i. c. 13. Lydgate says, in one of his minor poems,

See also Vis. of Piers Pl. v. 5618; Cant. Tales, v. 2938, 5926.

^{page 394 note 3} Glāconia, Ms. and S. The term glaucoma, derived from the Greek

, is rendered by Elyot “an humour in the eyen, lyke christall, whiche letteth the syght;” and Gouldman observes, “It seemeth to be the pin and web.” “Gravia, a perle in an eie.” Med. “A perle in y^e ee, epifora.” Cath. ang. “Epiphora, a perle in y^e eye.” Ortus. “Peerle in the eye, maille. Hawe in the eye, paille.” Palsg. “Maille, a web in the eie.” Cotg. Compare Styanye.

^{page 394 note 4} See Poork poynt, hereafter. “Porkepyn a beest, porc espin.” Palsg.

^{page 395 note 1} —styllyñ, or wrethe, Ms. “To pese, componere, mitigare, pacificare, sedare, sopire.” Cath. ang. “I pease, I styll one, le rapaise.” Palsg.

^{page 395 note 2} The petticoat, at the time when the Promptorium was compiled, was a garment worn by men: thus in Sir John Fastolfe's wardrobe, 1459, under tunice, occur “j. pettecote of lynen clothe, stoffyd with flokys: j. petticote of lynen clothe, withought slyves.” Archæol. xxi. 253. Horman says, “One maner of correction of the sowdiours was that they shulde stande forthe in the host in theyr pety cotis, tunicati.” Amongst the Privy Purse Expenses of Henr. VIII. 1532, occurs a payment to a London tailor “for a doubelet, and a pety cote for Sexten,” the King's fool. “Petycote, corsent simple, cotte simple, chemise de blanchet.” Palsg. Duwes, in his Introductorie to teach the Lady Mary the French tongue, gives, under women's attire, “the kyrtell, le corseti the kyrtell,la cottelette: the petycoat, la cotte simple.” In 1582, petticoats appear in the Custom-house rates as an article of import: “Peticotes, knit, of silk, the doz. £l2,do. knit, of wul or cottin, the dosen, 30s.” In the time of James I. petticoats of silk were still rated at 20s. each.

^{page 395 note 3} Coragiūs, Ms. Ceragius, S. “Cereagius, pistor qui ad modum cere deducit pastam.” Cath. Compare Pastlere, supra, p. 385.

^{page 395 note 4} “A peghte, pigmeus.” Cath. ang. According to Jamieson a deformed and diminutive person is called in the North a picht, and the lower orders still designate by this term the supposed race of pigmies. Several remarkable relations illustrative of the ancient popular belief in such supernatural beings are given by the old historians, such as that of the priest Elidorus, recounted by Giraldus, Itin. Camb. i. c. 8; the account of the demons called in England Portuni, and in France Neptuni, according to Gerv. Tilbur. Ot. Imp. Dec. iii. c. 61; the extraordinary tale of Rad. de Coggeshale respecting the boy and girl discovered near Wolpit, in Suffolk, and kept for a long time by Sir Rich, de Calne, at Wikes, which are described as having had the human form, but wholly of a green colour, and as having been led by the sound of bells to emerge into the rays of the sun from their land beneath, where twilight reigned, and everything was green. Roy. MS. 13 A. XII. f. 73, vº. See Keightley's Fairy Mythology, and compare Elf, supra, p. 138.

^{page 396 note 1} “Pix, pycche, or pycke.” Med. “Pikke, pix, bitumen. To pykke, bituminare.” Cath. ang. Ang.-Sax. pic, bitumen.

^{page 396 note 2} “A pyke of a scho, or of a staffe, rostrum.” Cath. ang.Liripipium usually denotes the hood with a long appendage, which, as Knyghton describes it, was twisted around the head; but here it seems to be synonymous with poleine, or cracowe, the proper appellation whereby the singular long-peaked shoe, which was in fashion during the early part of the XVth cent., was known. These terms are supposed to be derived from the fashion having been introduced from Poland, and Cracow, its metropolis, possibly by some of the suite of Anne of Bohemia, Queen of Ric. II. Will. Malmsb. however, states that among the effeminate habits of the times of Rufus, “usus calceorum cum arcuatis aculeis inventus:” thepouleines were also much in vogue in France during the reign of Charles V. and forbidden in 1340 and 1365. The monk of Evesham, in the Life of Rich. II. ed. Hearne, p. 53, relates the indignity that was shown in the diocese of Oxford to the messenger of Abp. Courtenay, in 1384, when he was compelled to eat the prelate's mandate, seal and all; but in retaliation the Archbishop's adherents “sciderunt cracowys de sotularibus aliquorum de familiâ Epi. Oxon. et ipsos cracowis edere coyerunt.” In a treatise on the virtues of plants, written about the same time, the seed, or cod, of the Cassia fistula is described as of the “gretnesse of a saucestre, and shap most lyk þe pyk of a crakow sho.” Arund. MS. 42, f. 60, vº. At the period when the Promptorium was compiled such peaked shoes were worn of an extravagant length, and the fashion was restricted by the statutes of apparel, during the reign of Edw. IV. when the length of “pykes of shoen or boteux” was cut down to two inches. See Parl. Rolls, V. 505, 566; Stat. of Realm. Although no early sumptuary statute is found whereby the use of such shoes was restricted to knights or persons of estate, they are mentioned repeatedly, as if accounted specially a part of knightly equipment. Thus in the description of the comely attire of Sir Degore, it is said, “His shone was croked as a knighte.” v. 700. This Romance is supposed to have been written early in the XIIIth cent. The young Torrent of Portugal is described as craving knighthood from the King of Provens, who bids him engage in a feat of arms, “and wyn the shone,” v. 1117; having acquitted himself manfully, be comes at “myd-mete,” and presents himself at the deis in his squire's habit, “withoute couped shone,” to claim the guerdon; v. 1193. Compare this passage with Vis. of Piers Pl. v. 12,099, where a description occurs of one who comes, as if to a just, after the manner of a knight who comes to be dubbed, to win his gilt spurs, “or galoches y-couped.” “Milieus, a coppid shoo.” Ortus. Ang.-Sax. cop, apex. A large number of poleine shoes, with the wooden pattens which were worn with them during the XVth cent., in accordance with the fashion represented in the drawing in Cott. MS. Julius E. IV. designated as King John, and given in Shaw's Dresses, were discovered in London, Nov. 1843, and are in the possession of Mr. C. R. Smith, F.S.A.

^{page 397 note 1} “Cupidinarius, i. mercator, nummos cupiens, a coueytour of money.” Ortus. In the Vision of Piers P. v. 14,448, the disorderly followers of an army are described as “brybours, pylours, and pyke-harneys.” This last term occurs also in Towneley Myst. p. 9. The verb to pick, as used by the old writers, has, amongst various significations, that of obtaining anything by mean, underhand proceedings, or pilfering. Thus Gaut. de Bibelesworth says,

“Leue thy flaterynge wordes, that goth aboute to pyke a thanke (verbis ad gratiam comparatis.)” Horm. See Nares.

^{page 397 note 2} “I pyke, or make clene, ie nettoye. I praye you pyke my combe. I pyke safforne or any floure or come whan I sorte one parte of them from an other, Ie espluche. All men can nat pyoke saffron, some men must pyke pesyn.” Palsg. Chaucer uses this verb, speaking thus of the spruce Damian : “He kembeth him, he proineth him and piketh.” Marchant's T. v. 9885. Again he describes the gear of the five artificers, who were clad in the livery of a great fraternity, as “ful freshe, and newe—ypiked.” Prol. v. 367. See Nares, v. Picked. Bullinger, in his 40th Sermon on the Apocalypse, inveighing against the Roman clergy, says, “They be commed, and piked, and very finely apparelled, delightyng in wemens jewels, wearing costely garmentes.” There is apparently an allusion to birds, which set the plumage with the bill. A.-S. pycan, eruere.

^{page 397 note 3} “A pilch, or pylch, properly a furr gown, or a garment of skins with the hair on. Sax. pylce, toga pellicea. A cyrtell of wollen, and a pylche. Polychr. li. vii. c. 4. Cled in pilches, pellibus. Dougl. f. 175. Island, pyls, vestis muliebris. A pilch, a piece of flannel or other woolen put under a child next y^e clout is called in Kent a pilch. A coarse shagged piece of rug laid over a saddle for ease of a rider is in our midland parts called a pilch.” Bp. Kennett's Glossarial Coll. Lansd. MS. 1033. In Norfolk a flannel wrapper for a child is called a pilch. See Forby and Jamieson. The term is used by Chaucer, denoting a warm wrapper : Proverb against Covetise; it occurs also in Creed of Piers P. v. 484; Lydgate's Minor Poems, p. 154, ed. Halliwell. Sir John Maundevile, describing the rich attire of the Tartars dwelling in Chatay, says, “Thei clothen hem also with pylches, and the hyde with outen, habent et pelliceas, quibus utuntur ex transversis ;” in the French “et vestent des pellices.” Voiage, p. 298. In the Inventory of the effects of Roger de Kyrkby, Vicar of Gaynford, who died 1412, occurs “unum pylche de stranlion, xx.s.” Wills and Inv. Surtees Soc. p. 56. Coats furred with “stranlyne” are mentioned in another document, ib. p. 35. Amongst the furred garments in the Invent, of the wardrobe of Hen. V. 1423, occur “ij. pulches de Cristigrey, iiij. pulches pur femmes, de grey,” valued at 30s. and 20s. each. Rot. Parl. iv. 236. Caxton Bays in the Book for Travellers, “Me fyndeth furres of beuers, of lombes, pylches of hares and of conyes; (plichons de lieures et de conins.) Vedast the graywerker (vairrier) solde whilor to my lady a pylche of graye, and of good furres. Wauburge the pylchemaker (pelletiére) formaketh a pylche well (refaicte ung plice.)” Bp. Ridley, in his letter of farewell, quotes Hebr. xi. 37, as follows: “Some wandered to and fro in sheep's pilches, in goats' pilches.” “Pellicia, a pilche, est quoddam indumentum quod de pellis fit.” Med. “A pylche, endromida, endromis, pellicium, reno. A pilche maker, pelliparius.” Cath. ang. “Pelliparium, a pylchery.” Ortus. “Pytche (sic) of lether, pelice.” Palsg. Compare Dutch, Dan. and Swed. pels; Germ. Pelz, &c.

^{page 398 note 1} “Paragrapha, pylcraft in wry(t)ynge.” Med. “Paragraphus, Anglice a pargrafte in vrytynge.” Ortus. “Pilkrow contraclum esse videtur, corruptumque ex paragrapho.” Minsheu. “Paragraphe, a paragraffe, or Pill-crow, a full sentence, head, or title.” Cotg. “A pilkcrow, v. Paragraph.” Gouldm. See Nares. Tusser commences his Points of Husbandry and Book of Huswifery with “a lesson how to confer every Abstract with his month, and find out Huswifery Verses by the Pilcrow :”

^{page 398 note 2} In the Invent, of effects of Hen. V. 1423, occurs, “Item, j. Pile pur poiaer or et argent, pris vj.a. viij.d.” Rot. Parl. iv. 234. “Pile: trébuchet à peser, sorte de balance; pila.” Roquefort.

^{page 398 note 3} Pylgyrmage, ms.

^{page 398 note 4} Pyllyd signifies not only deprived of the skin, but worn smooth, stripped of hair or bald, as in the Creed of Piers P. v. 1605, where mention occurs of a “pild pate.” Compare Cant. Tales, v. 629; 3933; Cov. Myst. p. 384. Dowglas, the Glastonbury monk, in his Chron. of England, speaks with contempt of “Maister Robert Baldokke, a fals piledde clerke of the Kinge's courte.” Harl. MS. 4690, f. 62 vº. and 63 vº. So likewise Shakspeare uses the epithet, I Hen. VI. 1.3, “peel'd priest!” “Pylled as one that wanteth heare, pellu. Pylled as ones heed is, pellé. Pylled scalled, tigneux.” Palsg. In this sense the following passages in the authorised version of the Scriptures are to be understood : “Go, ye swift messengers, to a nation scattered and peeled.” Isai. xviii. 2, 7. The word in the original signifies deprived of hair, plucked, considered in Eastern countries the highest indignity. Compare Isai. 1. 6. Again, in Ezek. xxix. 18, it is said, “Every head was made bald, and every shoulder was peeled.” (depilatus, Vulg.) The term is likewise applied to velvet or napped stuffs which are worn threadbare, shorn, or cut. Hall, relating the treachery of Humphrey Banaster, in betraying the Duke of Buckingham to Rich. III. says that the sheriff, having apprehended the Duke, “in greate hast and euyll spede conueighed him appareled in a pilled blacke cloke to the cytie of Salsburie, where Kynge Richard then kepte his houshold.” 3 Rich. III. Again, he describes the rich attire of the royal henxmen, who appeared in “coates of purple veluet pieled, and paned in riche cloth of siluer.” 14 Hen. VIII.

^{page 399 note 1} Pyntnente, ms. Pyment, K. H. S. P. Pigmentum, or pimentum, wine spiced, or mingled with honey, called in French piment, was anciently in high estimation. See Kyng Alis. v. 4178, and Weber's note. Chaucer speaks of it in Rom. of R. 6027, Boeth. ii. Gower says of Love,

Under the head nomina pertinencia promptuario, Harl. MS. 1002, is given ”Nectar, pigmentum, pyment.” “Pyment, piment.” Palsg. Amongst the receipts of cookery in a MS. of the XlVth cent. in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, No. 1470, there is one entitled “Pymte. Wyn, Sucre yboilled togedere, gyngebred and hony, poudre of gynger, and of clouwes, i-piht wiþ þornes gret plentee, and schal beon adressed in coffyns of flour of chasteyns : þe colour “olou wyþ saffroun.”

^{page 399 note 2} From this description of the gnomon of a dial it appears that the term orlage designated, as in accordance with its derivation, not only a clock, but any indicator of time. “Sciocerus est stilus positus in circulo ad metiendum horas velformas.” Ortus.

^{page 399 note 3} “I pynche, I spare as a nygarde, ie fays du chiehe. I pynche courtaysye, as one doth that is nyce of condyscions, ie fays le nyce.” Palsg. Elyot renders “aridus homo, a pelt, or pynchebeke, a drye felowe, of whome nothynge maye be gotten.” “Sordidus, chiche, (Fr.) a niggard, a palterer, a dodger, a penyfather, a pinchpeny, one that will not lose the droppings of his nose.” Junius' Nomenclator, version by J. Higins. “Pinse-maille, a pinch penny, scrapegood, niggard, penny-father.” Cotg. “A pinch-fist, cupidinarius; vide Niggard. A pincher and piller, vide Plucker. A pinch-penny, parcus,” &c. Gouldm. Forby observes that a very parsimonious economist is still called in Norfolk a pinch.

^{page 400 note 1} “Angarius, bedellus, compulsor, injustus exactor, a pyndere or an haywarde.” Med. “Tescuo, i. castrare, to pynde. Tescua, a pynde-folde. To pynde, includere, trudere. A pynder, inclusarius, inclusor, inactor. A pynfolde, catabulum, textula, inclusorium.” Cath. ang. “To pin cattel, vide To pound. A pinner or pounder of cattel, inclusor.” Gouldm. Amongst manorial or municipal offic als the pounder of stray cattle is still in some places, as in Warwickshire, termed the Pinner. Bp. Kennett gives the following remarks : “To pynd, to pound or impound cattle, Dunelm. Sax. pyndan, includere. Hence in these midland parts the money that is given to the Heyward, or to any person who locks and unlocks the pound gate, is called Pinne lock “Lansd. MS. 1033.

^{page 400 note 2} The verb to pine is used not uncommonly in an active sense, as by Chaucer, R. of Rose, 3511. “To pine, punire, afficere, etc. ubi to punysche.” Cath. ang. “They (the priests) sleen thy sheep, for they pyenen them for hunger of their soule to the death.” Complaint of the Ploughman, Fox, Acts and Mon. A°. 1360. “I pyne one as men do theues or mysruled persons to confesse y^e truth, le riue en aigneaux. Pynyng of a man in prisone, to confesse the trouthe, torture.” Palsg. Ang.-Sax. pinan, cruciare; pinunʓ, tormentum.

^{page 400 note 3} “A pynson, pedribriomita, a pes, et brios, mensura, et mitos, gutta; quasi calceus guttatus.” Cath. ang. “Pedibomita, Anglice a pynson.” Oortus. “Baillez moy mes cafignouns, take me my pynsouns.” Harl. MS. 219, f. 151, v°. “Pynson sho, caffignon.” Palsg. Master Stanbridge renders calceolus “a pynson,” and Elyot gives “Calceamen, a pynson showe, or socke;” to which Gouldman adds another synonym, “a pinson or pump, calceamen,” &c. Duwes, in his Introductorie, composed to teach the Princess Mary the French tongue, gives “womens raiments—the pynson showes, les eschaplns.” The derivation of this term is very obscure; it denotes, possibly, the pumps, or high unsoled shoes of thin leather, which were commonly worn with pattens about the time when the Promptorium was compiled. A large collection of these, recently discovered in London, are in the possession of C. R. Smith, Esq. F.S.A. Pinsons are mentioned in the Howard Household Book, p. 314.

^{page 400 note 4} “Pinsons” are named amongst various articles, chiefly of hard-ware, the importation of which was forbidden by Stat. 3 Edw. IV. 1463. Stat. of R. II . 397. “Pynsons of yrone, estricquoyers.” Palsg. The term seems to be a diminutive of the Fr. pince.

^{page 401 note 1} Praula, MS. ydraula, s. Compare Orgon pype, ydraula; p. 369.

^{page 401 note 2} “þe pippe, pituita.” Cath. ang. “Pyppe, a sickenesse, pepye.” Palsg. In the version of Macer's treatise on the virtues of herbs, MS. in the possession of Hugh Diamond, Esq., it is said that “cerfoile y-dronke with mulsa wole destroie þe pippe.” So likewise is it stated in Arund. MS. 42, f. 66: “Ghervel, y-dronkyn with muls, oftyn for-doþ þe pippe.” “I pyppe a henne or a capon, I take the pyppe from them, ie prens lapepie dune geline. Your hennes shall neuerwaxe fatte tyll they be pypped.” Palsg.

^{page 401 note 3} In the earlier Wicliffite version Numb. vi. 4 is thus rendered : “Newe grapes and dried they shulen not eete, alle the daies in the which of auowe to the Lord thei ben sacryd; what thing may be of vyn, of grape dried vnto the popyn (pepyn, al.) thei shulen not eete;” in the later version “grape dried til to the draf” (uva passa usque ad acinum, Vulg.) The marginal gloss is added, “in Ebreu it is, fro the rynde til to the litil greynes that ben in the myddis of the grape.” “A pepyn or a grafte, acinus, fecinum, granum.” Cath. ang. ” Pepin, a pippin, or kernell, the seed of frute, the stones of grapes.” Cotg.

^{page 401 note 4} Gaut. de Bibelesworth says, in the chapter “de naturele noysedes bestes—crapaud koaille, reine gaille, tadde croukeþ, frogge pypeþ.” “To pype as a bryrde (sic) pipiare.” Cath. ang. “Minurio, i. minutum cantare, to pype as small byrdes.” Ortus. “Pepier, to peep, to cheep, or pule, as a young bird in the neast. Pepiement, the cheeping, or peeping of young birds, any such puling noise.” Cotg. Hence, perhaps, the phrase “at daye pype, à la pipe du jour.” Palsg.

^{page 401 note 5} “Pyrry, a storme of wynde, orage, bovffáe de uent.” Palsg. Hall, at the commencement of his Chronicle of 17 Hen. VI. says, “What should I reherse the great tempestes, the sharpe blastes, the sodain piries, the vnmeasurable wyndes, the continuall raynes, whiche fell and chaunced this yere in England.” W. Harrison, in the description of Britain prefixed to Holinshed's Chron. i. p. 45, observes, speaking of islands on the Eastern coast, “Forasmuch as a perrie of wind—caught hold of our sailes, and caried us forth the right waie toward London, I could not tarie to see what things were hereabouts.” Cotgrave renders ‘Tourbilton, a gust, flaw, berrie, sudden blast or boisterous tempest of wind. Vent, a gale, flaw, or berrie of wind.” Se Nares, v. Pirrie, and Jamieson, v. Pirr, a gentle breeze : Isl. Dyr, ventus secundus.

^{page 402 note 1} “Pyrne, or webstars lome, mestier à tisser.” Palsg. Ducange cites an ancient Glossary, in which panus is explained to be “mstrumtntum textoria, lignum circa quod involvitur filurn,” called also panucula. “Pannus est instrumentum textoris, a spytell, or a shotell pynne, or a spole. Pannicula, dim. i. manicula textricum, quia ejus discursu panni texantur.” Ortus. “Panus is a weuers roll, whereon the webbe of clothe is rolled or wounden.” Elyot.

^{page 402 note 2} Pythe, or a stalke, Ms. “Hilus, putamen quod adheret fabe, vel medulla penne, scilicet illud tenue quod est in media petme.” Cath, “þe pythe of a penne, ile, ilus, nauci.” Cath. ang. “Pythe of a stalke or of a tree, cuevr.” Palsg.

^{page 403 note 1} In the MS. in Sir Thos. Phillipps's collection, as likewise in the printed editions, the following distinction is here made : Plasche, flasche, or broke : Torrens, lacuna. Plasche, or flasch after a rayne : Colluvio, colluvium. “ Plasshe of a water, flacquet.” Palsg. Elyot speaks of an herb “growynge in plashes, hauynge a lyttell stalke, whiche excedeth not foure fyngers high. It is called Heraclion syderion. Nepeta, an herbe—which of some men is called wylde peny royalle, and groweth in plasshye groundes.” Harrison, in the Description of Britain, says that the preservation of fresh-water fish “is prouided for by verie sharpe lawes, not onelie in our riuers, but also in plashes, or lakes, and ponds.” Holinsh. Chron. i. 224. “Lavage, a plash; a peece of land surrounded or drowned up by water. Patouillas, a plash or puddle.” COTG. “A plash, lacus, lacuna.” GOUIDM. Bp. Kennett gives “Plashy waies, wet under foot: to plash in the dirt; all plash'd, made wet and dirty. To plash a traveller, or strike up the dirt upon him. In the North ploshy, to plosh,” &c. Lansd. MS. 1033. The word plash does not appear in Forby's Glossary as still retained in East Anglia; it is used by Sir T. Brown, Vulgar Errors, B. iii. c. 13, where he speaks of the “polwygle.” Compare Teut. plas, plasch, lacunas fossa in qud stat aqua. Hence, perhaps, may be derived, some names of places, as Plashet Farm, near Lewes; Plashet, in the Essex marsh-lands; Plaistow, Pleshey.

^{page 403 note 2} Compare Herthe stok, or kynlym̄, p. 237, and Kynlyne, p. 275.

^{page 403 note 3} In Norfolk, according to Forby, to plaw signifies to parboil; the phrase, give meat a plaw, denotes a slight boiling. Ray, in the South and East Country words, gives “To play, spoken of a pot, kettle, or other vessel full of liquor, i. e. to boil; playing hot, boiling hot. In Norfolk they pronounce it plaw.” The word is used in the following recipe for making vinegar, Sloane MS. 3548, f. 16, v°: “Take a pot ful of wyne, and steke yt wele aboue þat no þynges go ynne nor owte, and put it ynne a cowdrun ful of water, and layt yt play longe þerin, and yt schal be gode ayselle sone.” Compare Ovyrplaw, p. 373.

^{page 403 note 4} This term is taken directly from the French. “Plancher made of bordes, planc hé.” Palsg. In a letter written during the siege of Caistor castle, about 1459, complaint is made that “y^e holys yat ben made for hand gunnys ben scarse kne hey fro y^e plawncher.” Paston Letters, iv. 316. According to Forby, a boarded floor is still called in Norfolk a plancher. Hence, doubtless, the term plansher-nail. See Jamieson.

^{page 404 note 1} “Comedia, a toun song. Comedus, a writer of toun songus.” Med. “Playe, an enterlude, farce. Play sport, carolle, deduit, esbat. Playe of sadde matters, moralité. Commedy of a Christmas playe, commedie. Playe maker, facteur, factiste. Player in a playe, parsonnage. Player or goer vpon a corde, batellevr.” Palsg.

^{page 404 note 2} In the account of Jephtha's daughter, as rendered in the Wicliffite version, it is said, “And whanne sche hadde go wiþ hir felowis and pleiferis (sodalibus, Vulg.) sehe biwepte hir maidenhed in þe hillis.” Judges, xi. 38. “Playfere, mignon.” Palsg. Fere, a companion, is a word used by Chaucer, as also the expression “in fere,” in company ; Cant. T. 4748, 4814. Hall, in his relation of the death of James II. of Scotland, in 1460, says, that, having slain the Douglases, “thynking himself a kyng without either peere or fere,” he assembled a great army, and laid siege to Roxburghe castle, where he perished by the bursting of one of his own cannon, 38 Hen. VI. Ang.-Sax. foera, ʓeféra, socius.

^{page 404 note 3} This ancient name of the sport of hide and seek has not been noticed by Strutt. “All hidde, jeu ou un se cache pour estre trouvt des autres.” Sherw, “Clinemuçette, the game called Hod-mad-blind; Harry-racket, or, are you all hid. Capifou, a play which is not much unlike our Harry-racket, or Hidman-blind.” Cotg.

^{page 404 note 4} Jamieson gives To pleche, or bleach; Pleching, bleaching.

^{page 404 note 5} In the MS. Pieyne is found placed between pleyfere and pleyynge : possibly it had been written pleyyn by the first hand. The King's Coll. MS. reads pleyin place, and pleyint. Pleynyñ likewise occurs in the MS. between plawyn and pleyyñ, possibly because it had been written originally pleyynyñ.

^{page 405 note 1} In the Master of the Game, Harl. MS. 5086, f. 47, v°, in the chapter on harehunting, instructions are given in case the hunter “se that the hare hathe be at pasture in grene corne, or in eny other plek, and hys houndes fynde of hire.” Pleck is given by Cole, Ray, and Grose as a North-country word, signifying a place, and is likewise noticed by Tim Bobbin. Ang.-Sax. plæc, platea.

^{page 405 note 2} “Plowe handell, manche. Plowe starte, manche. Ploughe beem, queve de la charrue, mancheron.” Palsg. “A ploghe handylle, stina.” Cath. ang. Compare Stert.

^{page 405 note 3} Plumbe, or wryhtys, Ms. Palsgrave makes the like distinction between the carpenter's plumb-line, ”right,” and the mariner's lead, “plomb de sonde.” The plummet was used in ancient times as an instrument of torture, and also as a weapon. It is said in the Golden Legend that “the Provost of Rome dyde so bete St. Urban wt plummettes.” Horman remarks that “Champyons smyte at eche other with plummet“ of leed sowed in leather.”

^{page 406 note 1} “Plonkete,” or in another MS. “blunket,” occurs in the Awntyrs of Arthure, and is explained by Sir F. Madden as signifying a white stuff.

In Mr. Robson's edition “blenket,” st. xxix.; possibly the white stuff called in French blanchet. “Ploncket colour, blev.” Palsg. “Cœsius, graye of colour, or blunkette. Scyricum, blonket colour, or light wachet. Venetus, lyght blewe, or blunket.” Elyot. “Couleur pers, skie colour, a blunket or light blue.” Cotg. The old Gloss on Spenser's Sheph. Cal. May, explains it as signifying grey. See Nares, and Jamieson, v. Bloncat.

^{page 406 note 2} The poyntel, formed of metal, or other hard material, was used like the Roman stilus for writing upon portable tablets, or writing-tables. It appears in the wellknown portraits of Chaucer, and is appended by a little lace to the lowest of three buttons which serve to close the fent of the collar of his gown at the throat. Copies of this interesting portrait are found in Roy. MS. 17, D. vi., f. 90, v°: Harl. MS. 4866, f. 88; Lansd. MS. 851, and Add. MS. 5141. The last has been taken as the subject of a plate in Shaw's Dresses and Decorations. Chaucer describes the Limitour in his progress, who preached and begged alms as he went, whilst his attendant was furnished with

A beautiful ivory pointel, of the workmanship of the earlier part of the fourteenth century, formerly in the Du Sommerard Collection, is preserved in the Musée des Thermes, at Paris. It is stated in the Golden Legend that “a grefe (or greffe) is properly called a pointell to wryte in tables of waxe.” St. Felix was killed by his scholars therewith. Horman, in his chapter on writing, mentions the various materials of which pointels were formed: “Poyntillis of yron, and of siluer, bras, boone, or stoone, hauynge a pynne at the ende, be put in theyr case (graphiario.)” “Poyntell or caracte, esplinyue de fer.” Palsg. Bishop Kennett, in his Glossarial Collections, gives “Poitrel, a stile or writing instrument, with one end sharp, and the other broad.” Lansd. MS. 1033.

^{page 407 note 1} Poyntynge, or portarynge, MS. portrayynge, s. portrayinge, p.

^{page 407 note 2} This word is placed in the MS. amongst the verbs between Poyeloñ (sic, Poþeloñ ?) and Powderoñ. The word appears to have been misplaced; the reference also is erroneously given in the MS. to the word impoysyñ, instead of inpoysyoñ, or poysnyii, as written in the MS. under the letter I. See p. 262.

^{page 407 note 3} This term seems here to designate the capital or head of a pillar, which in like manner was called in French chef. In the Catholicon it is said that ”capitella dicuntur que superponuntur columnis, quia columnarum sunt capita, quasi super collum caput; que Grece dicuntur epistilia.”

^{page 407 note 4} Poole, or poot, Ms. ponde, K. s. p.

^{page 407 note 5} See the note on Hastybere, p. 228. This appears to have been a kind of barley which ripened in the third month after it was sown, and thence, probably, called trimensis.

^{page 407 note 6} Pulkat, Ms. Polcat, see fulmarde, K.

^{page 407 note 7} The first of the Latin words here given is written in the MS. torclea; the other MSS. and Pynson's edition give troclea, but neither of these words is found in the Catholicon, in which is given the following explanation: “a trochos dicitur trochea, i. torcular; vel rota modica super puteum; vel illud quod apponitur malo navis, quia habet rotulas per quas funes trahuntur.” The Ortus gives “Troclea, a wyndas or pressoure, vel parva rota super puteum.” The term pulley (Fr. poulie) is written by Chaucer “polive,” according to the reading which has been usually given. Squire's Tale, v. 10,948. Poleyne may possibly be taken from the diminutive poulion, a little pulley. In Pynson's and the other editions the word is printed Poleyn. Palsgrave gives “Pulloyne, povllane.”

^{page 408 note 1} Vertex, Ms.vortex, p. “Vortese est revolutio aquarian.” Ortus.

“Scrobs, idem qu. fossa, a deche or a polke.” Harl. MS. 1002, f. 148, v°. Sir Thomas Browne, in his account of fish taken on the coast of Norfolk, speaks of congers, which, in frosty weather, upon the ebb of the tide, are left in “pulks and plashes” on the Northern coast. The word is still used in Norfolk and Suffolk, and signifies a hole full of mud, a shallow place containing water. See Forby and Moor. Ray includes it amongst North-country words, and Jennings gives it as retained in Somersetshire.

^{page 408 note 2} Sir Thomas Browne, in his Vulgar Errors, makes mention of “the Aquatile or water-frog, whereof in ditches and standing plashes we may behold many millions every spring in England,” produced from spawn which becomes “that which the ancients called Gyrinus, we a Porwigle, or Tadpole.” B. iii. c. 13. Forby gives Purwiggy, a tadpole, and polliwig, which he considers to be a corruption of the former word. Moor, however, states that the tadpole is called a pollywiggle in Suffolk. The fishermen of the Thames have given the name polewig to the spotted goby. Yarrell, i. 258. The tadpole was also called in former times a poled, or pole-head. In the Latin-English Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. f. 55, vº, occur under “Nomina vermium, Lumbricus, Pole hede; Rullus, (?) Polhed.” Palsgrave gives “Poled, a yonge tode, cauesot. Polet, the blacke thynge that a tode cometh of, cauesot,” and cavesot is rendered by Cotgrave “a pole-head, or bull-head, the little black vermine whereof toads and frogs do, come.”

^{page 408 note 3} “Mantus, a myteyn, ora mantell.” Ortus. “A pun“et, permanica” (sic.) Cath. ang. “Poygniet for ones sleues, poignet.” Palsg. Matilda, wife of John de Smeeton of York, tanner, bequeathed, A.D. 1402, “ij. flammeola de Cipres, et j. lampas volet, et j. par de ponyets de scarlet.” Testam. Ebor. i. 289. Compare Cuffe, p. 106, and Myteyne, p. 340.

^{page 408 note 4} Sir Richard de Scrop, in 1400, bequeathed “aulam de poplers tentam, et lectum integrum cum costeria de ruteo, cum poplers et armis meis broudatum.” Test. Ebor. i. 276. This bird, as likewise the parrot, seems to have been a favourite ornament, introduced on tapestry or embroidered works. It is again mentioned in the Inventory of Sir John Fastolfe's effects, taken 1459, “Clothis of Arras, and of Tapstre warke. Item, ij. clothis portrayed full of popelers;” and again, in one of the bed-chambers, “Item, j. hangyng clothe of Popelers.” Archæol. xxi., pp. 258, 264. It appears subsequently that the POPE LERE was considered by the compiler of the Promptorium to be the same as the shoveler-duck, Anas clypeata. Linn.; and it may be observed that in medieval decorations such birds were not unfrequently represented, as appears by the Caistor inventory, above cited, the vestments discovered at Durham, attributed to St. Cuthbert, and the entry in the Bursar's accounts, given by Mr. Raine, respecting an altar there, on “le rerdos” of which were depicted the eider-ducks, termed the birds of St. Cuthbert.

^{page 409 note 1} Forby gives the words Poppin, a puppet, and poppin-shew, as still retained in use in Norfolk. He supposes it to be derived from “Popin, spruce, neat, briske, prettie.” Cotg. It may more properly, perhaps, be derived from poupon, a baby. “Popet for childre to play with, povpée.” Palsg.

^{page 409 note 2} “Porray, porreta, porrata.” Cath. ang. This term implies generally pease pottage, still called in French purée, and the treatises on ancient cookery contain numerous recipes for its concoction. See the instructions of the chief master-cook of Richard II., regarding “Perrey of pesone,” Forme of Cury, p. 39, and the recipe for “Blaunche perreye,” Harl. MS. 279, f. 25. It has, however, other significations. In the Canterbury MS. of the Medulla occurs ”porrata, porrey,” with this marginal addition, attributed to Somner, “ʓesoden wyrt mete.” According to the Ortus it seems to have denoted a pottage of leeks, ”poratum est cibus de poris factus, Angtice porraye;” and in a curious MS. at Middle Hill, formerly in the Heber Collection, 8336, it appears that the dish called “rampaunt poree” was chiefly compounded of pears. Poreta or poirata signify, according to Ducange, leek-pottage, and likewise the vegetable called beet, in French poirée, or porrée. It is related in the Golden Legend that St. Bernard was so frugal that often he made pottage of holm leaves; whereat a demoniac being brought to him, the evil spirit thus reviled the saint: “Thou eter of porrette, wenest yu for to take me oute of my hous? Nay, thou shalt not.”

^{page 409 note 3} Histrix usually signifies an hedge-hog, as in the Ortus, “Histrix ett animal spinosnm, an vrchen.” Palsgrave gives “Porkepyn, a beest, porc espin.” The porcupine appears to have been known in England at an early period: it is described by the appellation strix in the account of the park formed at Woodstock by Henry I., as given by Will. Malms, lib. v. p. 161. He speaks of it as a native of Africa, and states that it was sent to the King by “Willielmo de monte Pislerio.” Stowe mentions also the “porpentines,” and divers strange beasts which were sent from far countries, and preserved in the royal park at Woodstock. In the original edition of Hamlet this animal is termed a “porpentine,” and the name occurs likewise in Machyn's Diary, 1552, edited for the Camden Society by Mr. John Gough Nichols, p. 31, where the crest of Sir W: Sidney is said to have been a “porpentyn.”

^{page 410 note 1} See Jamieson, v. Pose.

^{page 410 note 2} In Norfolk a cold in the head is still, according to Forby, called a pose. This word is used by Chaucer, Cant. T. v. 4150, 17,011. The following remedy for a rheum is given in a manual of miscellaneous collections, Add. MS. 12,195 : “For the pose : Take smale note kernelys, and roost hem, and ete hem with a lytyl powder of peper whane thou gost to bedde.” Andrew Boorde says, in the Breviary of Health, “Coriza—in English it is named the pose, or reume, stopping or opilating the nosethrilles that a man can not smell,” c. 91; and again, c. 306, “of the pose or snyke: Rupia is the Latin word. In English it is named the pose.” “þe pose, brancus, caterrus, coriza.” Cath. ang. “Coriza est morbus narium, i. e. prefocatio, Anglice the pose. Catarrus est fluxus reumatis jugis ex naribus, the pose.” Ortus. “Pose in the nose, rime. Pose dysease, caterre. You have caught ye pose, me thynke, you be so horce. Sneke pose, rime. Ryme, the reume of the heed, rime.” Palsg. “The pose, or rheum, or sickness in the head, coriza, gravedo, catarrhus. That hath or causeth the murr, or pose, gravedinosus.” Gouldm. “Rheume, a catharre, pose, mur.” Cotg. See Nares. Ang.-Sax. ʓepose, gravedo, dolor capitis.

^{page 410 note 3} “A posnett, orca, orcicula, urceus.” Cath. ang. “Aenulum, a posnet.” Ortus. “Posnet, a lytell potte.” Palsg. “Casole, a posnet.” Cotg. This term is thus used by Horman, “Seth this in a possenet (anxilld) by hymself.” Grose explained it as denoting a small iron pot with a handle on the side, and in the Craven Dialect it signifies a boiler. See Nares and Jamieson.

^{page 411 note 1} “Potence, a gibbit; also a crutch for a lame man.” Cotg. See Ducange, v. Potentia. Chaucer termed the “tipped staf,” carried by the itinerant Limitour, a “potent.” Sompnoure's Tale, 7358. Compare R. of Rose, 368, 7417; Vision of P. Ploughman, 5092.

^{page 411 note 2} Palsgrave gives “Poumper frute,” without any French word. Parkinson describes the “Pomipyrus, the pome-peare, or apple-peare, which is a small peare, but round at both ends like an apple.” Compare Peere apple, pirumpomum, above, p. 394.

^{page 411 note 3} A pop-gun. Campulus, or caupulus, properly signifies a small boat, formed of a hollow tree, “caupillus, lignum cavatum, quasi cymba,” according to Papias. See Ducange. “Poupe for a chylde, Povpée.” Palsg.

^{page 411 note 4} A little meadow, from the old French praiel. Caxton says, in the Boke for Travellers, “Rolande the handwerker shall make my pryelle (prayel, Fr.) an hegge aboute.”

^{page 411 note 5} Palsgrave gives the verb “I pranke one's gowne, I set the plyghtes in order, ie mets le plies dune robe à poynt. Se yonder olde man his gowne is pranked as if he were but a yonge man.” Compare Germ. Prangen, ornatum arrogantius ostendere, Wacht.; Belg. Pronken. Spenser speaks of some who “prancke their ruffes.” Pranked signifies, in Hampshire, dressed out finely, and to prenk, in the Craven Dialect, is to dress in a showy manner.

^{page 412 note 1} Exarācō, MS. Compare the verb Prevyñ, examino.

^{page 412 note 2} Compare Provyñ, or chevyñ, prosperor: Prow, or profyte. See also the note on Chevyñ, or thryvyn, vigeo, p. 73. See Forby, v. Prove.

^{page 413 note 1} Candlesticks in ancient times were not fashioned with nozzles, but with long spikes or prykets. Representations of such candlesticks are given in Archæologia, xiv. 279, xv. 402, xxiii. 317, xxviii. 441, Didron's Ann. Archéol. tome iii., and Shaw's Dresses and Decorations. In the description of the supper, in the Awntyrs of Arthure, “preketes, and broketes, and standertis” are mentioned, placed at intervals on the table; brochettes being tapers fixed, in the same manner as prykets, upon a broche, or spike. In the Memoriale of Henry prior of Canterbury, A.D. 1285, the term “prikett” denotes not the candlestick, but the candle, formed with a corresponding cavity at one end, whereby it was securely fixed upon the spike. Cott. MS. Galba, E. iv. f. 45. See the note on Chawndelere, p. 71, where “preketes “are mentioned amongst various kinds of candles.

^{page 413 note 2} “Giraculum, Anglicè a chyldes whyrle, or a hurre, cum quo pueri ludunt.” Ortus. In the Medulla, Harl. MS. 2257, it is rendered “a pirlle.”

^{page 413 note 3} This, and a few other words, written, as likewise the corresponding Latin terms, with the contraction p¹—, are printed here in extenso, in accordance with the usual power of that contraction. In no case, however, in the Harl. MS., where a word is not contracted, has the scribe written Pri—, but invariably Pry.

^{page 414 note 1} “I prise ware, I sette a price of a thyng what it is worthe, Ie aprise. Medyll of yt you haue to do, and prise nat my ware.” Palsg. “Prisier: estimer, en bas Lat. prisare.” Roquef. In the Epitaph on Philip Marner, who died 1587, and was buried at Northleach, this verb is used in the sense of to reward.

^{page 414 note 2} Privy late, ms. Preuyhate, P.

^{page 414 note 3} Skinner gives the verb “to Prog, à Lat. proctirare,” and the word has been explained by lexicographers as signifying to beg, and to steal. In the dialect of East Anglia at the present time to prog signifies to pry or poke into holes and corners, and Grose explains it as implying to hunt for provision, to forage. See Nares and Richardson.

^{page 415 note 1} “I prolle, I go here and there to seke a thyng, ie tracasse. Prolyng for a promocyon, ambition.” Palsg. Horman says, “The nose is well sette ouer the mouthe, for he is a good proller (lecator) for the bely.” A ratche is a hound that hunts by scent, “odorinsecus, quasi odorem sequent.” See RATCHE, hereafter, p. 422.

^{page 415 note 2} Compare Thtowe, womannys pronge, hereafter. “Prongge, proprete.” Palsg.

^{page 415 note 3} This word is derived from the old French prou, which signified, according to Roquefort, gain, profit, profectus. It does not appear to have been retained in the East Anglian dialect. Margaret Paston, writing to her son, Sir John Paston, in 1475, complained of the distress occasioned by the exorbitant demands of Edward IV., and the low price of grain in consequence; “I can nor sell corne nor catell to no good preue, malt is her but at xd. a comb; wheete, a comb, xxviijd.; ootes, a comb, xd.” It is said in the Boke of Curtesye,

See Robert Glouc, P. Langtoft, p. 278; Ipomedon, v. 51, and 588; Cant. Tales, v. 12,234, and 13,338.

^{page 415 note 4} Raca, ptrupt, or fye ! Vath, interjeccio gaudentis, ut habetur Isai. xliv., et interjectio derisionis vel increpacionis, ut habetur Matt, xxvij., Twort!” Med. ms.cant. Palsgrave observes, in his enumeration of interjections, “Some be interiections of indignacion, trut, as trul auant, trut.!” “Trut, an interjection importing indignation, tush, tut, fy man. Trut avant, a fig's end, no such matter, you are much deceived ; also, on afore for shame.” Cotg.

^{page 416 note 1} Compare Polayle, p. 407. Altile, according to the Catholicon, denotes any domestic animal, swine or fowl, fattened for food. The word is of French derivation, poillaille signifying, according to Roquefort, volatile, pullastra. Palsgrave gives “Pullayne, povllane, poullnyle,” Poultry are called pullen by Tusser, and the word is retained in the Northern and Suffolk dialects. See Nares and Moor. Gerarde observes that in Cheshire they sow buck wheat “for their cattell, pullen, and such like.”

^{page 416 note 2} “Librilla esl bacillus cum corriyia plumbata, ad librandum carnes.” Ortus, from Cath. Forby gives the verb, as still used in Norfolk, to “Punder, to be exactly on an equipoise.”

^{page 416 note 3} Pursy, cardeacus, cardiacus, a pursynes, cardia, cardiaca.” Cath. ang. “Purcyf, shorte wynded, or stuffed aboute the stomacke, pourcif.” Palsg. “Poussif, pursie, short winded.” Cotg.

^{page 416 note 4} “Purfyll or hemme of a gowne, bort.” Palsg. Horman says, “The purful (segmentum) of the garment is to narowe.” Tyrwhitt observes that purfiled is derived from the Fr. pourfiler, which properly signifies to work upon the edge. Note on Cant. T. v. 193. See Vision of P. P. v. 896, 2313, 2523; Hall's Chron. 25 Hen. VIII. Although purfle properly denoted the embroidered or furred margin of the dress, it seems sometimes to have had a more extended signification, garments overlaid with gems or other ornaments being termed by Chaucer and other writers, purfled. “Pourfiler d'or, to purfle, tinsell, or overcast with gold thread, &c. Pourfileure, purfling; a purging lace or work; bodkin-work; tinselling.” COTG. See Forby, v. Purle.

^{page 417 note 1} A purpylle, papula.” CATH, ANG. “Pourpre, the Purples, or a pestilent ague which raises on the body certain red or purple spots.” Cotg.

^{page 417 note 2} To put, or push, as with the head or horns, a verb still in use in Yorkshire, has been derived from Fr. bouter, to butt. Robert Brunne uses it in this sense, App. to Pref. exciv. See Jamieson. “To putte, pellere.” CATH. ANG. TO put signifies also to cast, as in Havelok : see Sir Frederick Madden's Glossary, and notes, p. 192; Sir Isumbras, v. 606, where the favourite sport of pitching stones is mentioned, of which Fitz Stephen speaks, as an exercise in which the citizens of London delighted. See also Langt. Chron. p. 26; Octovian, v. 895; and Jamieson. Marshall, in the Rural Economy of Norfolk, gives amongst dialectical expressions the verb to put, to stumble, as a horse, but it is not noticed by Forby or Moor.

^{page 418 note 1} It may deserve notice that in old parlance, a quire, which properly denoted a bundle of paper, comprising a certain number of sheets, frequently was used to signify any similar bundle of sheets, or unbound volume. Chaucer, in the Envoy of his Praise of Women, bids bis “little quaire” go to bis heart's sovereign. Thus also the Poetical Lament written by James I. of Scots, during his detention in England, was called “the King's Quair.” Horman remarks that “boughtes, whether they be hole, or hoked, set to gether in order, chartœ complicatœ, seu justœ, seu unce-(? uncatœ,) make a quayre. Though there be fewar or mo bought“ in a quayr yet it is com'only called a quayre.” In inventories, wills, and other similar documents, any book in sheets is commonly termed a quire; thus “Ion of Croxton,”of York, bequeaths, in 1393, “a quayer of Emunde Mirrour in ynglysch.” Test. Ebor. i. 185. Transcribers usually reckoned their work by quires, and numbered the quaterni, as it proceeded. In the Paston Correspondence mention is made, in a letter written about 1465, of a scribe who had copied the Chronicle of Jerusalem, and the valiant acts of Sir John Fastolf, and estimated his labour, stating that “it drow more yan xxx. wha“erys off paper.” Vol. iv. 78. The word quire has been usually derived from the old Fr. quayer, cahier ; or by some from quarreau, a square. Compare Isl. kwer, libellus, codicillus, unico pergameno conscriptus. Forby observes that a quire of paper is called in Norfolk a quaire. In the Issue Roll of the Exch. A.D. 1422, 9 Henry V., a payment of £3. 6s. is recorded, for 66 great “quaternes” of calf skins, purchased by John Heth, Clerk of the Privy Seal, to write a Bible thereon for the King's use. “Quayre of paper, une main de papier.” Palsg.

^{page 418 note 2} To quail still signifies, in the dialect of East Anglia, to curdle, according to Forby and Moor. In Harl. MS. 5401, f. 192, the following direction is given, “For qualing of mylk—cast þerto a letil flour, and styre it wele.” In a collection of recipes in Sir Thomas Phillipps’ possession (MS. Heber, 8186) a caution occurs regarding the use of spices; “A lessone, lerne hit well: to all potage put all maner of spyces to the sethynge, safe gynger, for he wol quayle the potage for certayne.” See other examples of the use of this word in the Forme of Cury, p. 73, and the Account of the Tnthronization of Abp. Nevill, Leland Coll. vi. II. Ital. “Quagliare, to curd, or congeale as milke doth.” Florio. “I quayle, as mylke dotthe, ie quailtebotte.” Palsg.

^{page 418 note 3} Quante of sprefe, redde, MS. Forby gives Quont, a pole to push a boat onwards, in the Vocabulary of East Anglia. See WHANTE, hereafter. In Kent a walking stick is termed a quant, and in East Sussex the word is used in the same signification as given by Forby.

^{page 419 note 1} “A quarelle, querela, etc. ubi a plante.” Cath. ang. In the Golden Legend a relation is given of a certain knight, who made annual pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Mary Magdalen, aod having been slain accidentally, “as his frendes wepte for hym lyenge on the byere they sayd with swete and deuoute querelles, which suffred her deuoute seruant to deye without confessyon and penaunce.”

^{page 419 note 2} Robert of Gloucester says that Robert Curthose was so named on account of his stature, “vor he was somdel schort.”

Horman speaka of “a quarry and well pyght man, homo staturâ corporis quadratâ.” “Quarry, fatte bodyed, or great, corpulent.” Palsg. “A quarry or fat man, obesus.” Gouldm. In the Dialect of East Anglia quaddy has the like signification, according to Forby. In Rich. Cœur de Lion the epithet is applied to a lance—”a long schafft stout and quarrey.” v. 493. In the Seuyn Sages a large hall is described as “quaire.”

^{page 419 note 3} Horman, in his chapter de re edificatoriâ, observes that “a quauery or a maris, and unstable foundacion must be holpe with great pylys of alder rammed downe, and with a frame of tymbre called a crossaundre (fistucâ).” In Caxton's Mirrour of the World, part ii. c. 22, it is said, “understande ye—how the erthe quaueth and shaketh, that somme peple calle an erthe quaue, by cause they fele ther the meue and quave vnder their feet.” “Quaue myre, foundriere, crouliere.” Palsg. Forby gives Quavery -mavery, undecided, hesitating how to decide.

^{page 419 note 4} To quell, as used by the old writers, signifies to destroy life in any manner, although here apparently taken in the sense of stifling. Minot, speaking of the Corny n, says that “in haly kirk thai did him qwell.” Chaucer, describing a farm yard attacked by a fox, says, “the dokes crieden as men wold hem quelle.” Cant. T. v. 15,396. Ang.-Sax. cwellan, trucidare.

^{page 420 note 1} To queme, Ang.-Sax. cweman, placere, is commonly used by Langtoft, Chaucer, Gower, Spenser, and other writers. Chaucer uses also the verb to misqueme, to displease. In the Wicliffite version quemeful occurs in the sense of pleasing. In the curate's instructions to his flock, according to the directions given in the Flos Florum, Burney MS. 356, f. 82, the following passage occurs, in reference to the third petition of the Lord's Prayer. “Here whe byddeþ þat as angeles and holy saules quemeth God in heuene, þat whe so mowhe wyth hys grace queme hym in erþe.” Palsgrave gives the verb, “I queme, I please or I satysfye, Chauser, in his Caūterbury Tales; this worde is nowe out of vse.” Jamieson gives it as retained in some parts of N. Britain.

^{page 420 note 2} “Queane, garse, paillarde, gaultiere.” Palsg. Chaucer uses the word in this opprobrious sense. In the Vision of Piers Ploughman it is said that in the church it is hard to distinguish a knight from a knave, or “a queyne fro a queene.” See Paston Letters, iv. 360.

^{page 420 note 3} “Noyer, to drowne, to whirken, to stifle with water. Noté, whirkened, ouerwhelmed, as with water. Suffoqué, stifled, whirkened, smothered.” COTG. “Querkned, suffocatus.” Gouldm. Querken'd is still used in this sense, in the Craven Dialect.

^{page 420 note 4} See Seuyn Sages, v, 771, 3862; Lydgate's Minor Poems, pp. 32, 38. “Quartyfulle, compos, prosper. To make quarfulle, prosperare. A quarfullnesse, prosperitas. “Inqwarte, ubi hale. Hale, acer, firmus, incolumis, integer, sanus, sospes.” Cath. ang.

^{page 421 note 1} ”Legatum, a quethworde, et est quod in testato dimitlitur. Med. “I queythe, ie donne en testement, or ie delaisse.” Palsg.

^{page 421 note 2} See King Alis, v. 4747. “I quytche, I styrre or moue with my bodye, or make noyse, ie tinte. His mother maketh hym a cokenay (ung nyes), but and he here me he dare nat quytche. She layde upon hym lyke a maulte sacke, and the poore boye durste nat ones quytche (tynter).” Palsg. The same author gives the verb “I quynche, I styrre, ie mouvue. I quynche, I make a noyse, ie tynte.” “Il n'y a homme qui ose lever l'œil devant luy, no man dare quitch or stirre before him.” Cotg.

^{page 421 note 3} See Whyrlebone, or hole of a ioynt, hereafter.

^{page 422 note 1} Compare Prollyn, as ratchys, above, p. 415. In Dame Julyan Bernes’ instructions, in the Boke of Huntynge, it is said that the hart, buck, and boar are beasts of chase, which “wyth the lymere shall be vpreryd in fryth or in felde,” but that all other beasts that are hunted “shall be sought and founde wyth ratches so fre.” Compare the Mayster of Game, Vesp. B. xii. f. 89. A dog that discovered his prey by scent was termed a ratche, as distinguished from a greyhound. Ang.-Sax. Ræce, rendered in Ælfric's Glossary “bruccus,” q. braccus, or bracco, indagator. Gesner gives a representation of the “Canis Scoticus sagax, vulgo dictus ane Rache,” observing that Caius says of dogs which hunt by scent, that the male is generally called a hound, the female, by the English a Brack, by the Scotch “ane Rache.” See Jamieson, v. Rache, and Brachell; Ducange, v. Bracco. In the Catholiron Angl. is given “Gabrielle rache, hic camation.”

^{page 422 note 2} In Sloane MS. 2584, f. 173, it is said of “þe medicyns and vertues of the asche —þer ben bestis þat hau venym, as þe heynde, þe hounde, and þe wolf, and oþer bestis, þat whenne þei arn ramagous or joli, here venym gretly noyeþ, so þat oftyn siþes þei makyn men sike, and somme to dyen.” The seed of the tree of life is recommended as a remedy, namely the “bellis” that grow on the ash, mixed with woman's milk. Chaucer uses ramage, and ramagious in a similar sense. See Hardyng's Chron. c. xcvii. st. 6.

^{page 422 note 3} Ramnyn. MS.

^{page 422 note 4} Gerarde states that the Allium ursinum is called “Ramsies, Ramsons, or Buckrams. The broad-leaved garlick is commonly termed ramsons; in Craven Dialect rams, or ramps. “Ramsey, an herbe” (no French.) Palsg.

^{page 423 note 1} Haringga seems here to be given for harenga, or arenga, a public declamation. See Ducaoge. Randon, in its primary signification, appears to be synonymous with the old Fr. randon, violence, impetuous speed, a sudden shock. Thus Sir John Maundevile relates that, on solemn festivals, at the Court of the Chan, “thei maken knyghtes to jousten in armes fulle lustyly, and thei rennen to gidre a gret randoum, and thei frusschen to gidere fully fiercely.” p. 286. Holinshed describes the onslaught upon the Duke of Somerset at the battle of Tewkesbury, “with full randon,” as made by certain spear-men placed by Edward IV. in ambush. “Aller à la grand randon, to go very fast. Randonner, to run violently.” Cotg. Elyot gives “Decursio, iustes as at the tilte or randon.” In a secondary sense this word seems to have implied an array or line of combatants, or a continuous flow of words, as in an harangue.

^{page 423 note 2} Chaucer uses this word both as a substantive and an adverb. In the Vision of P. Ploughman the verb to rape, to hasten, occurs, as also the adverbs rapely and rapelier.

^{page 423 note 3} ” Plebecula, lytelle folke or raskalle. Plebs, folk or raskalle.” Med. Fabyan, under the year 1456, speaks of “a multitude of rascall and poore people of the cytye.” Certain animals, not accounted as beasts of chace, were likewise so termed. In the St. Alban's Book it is stated that “there be flue beasts which we cal beasts of chace, the buke, the doe, the foxe, the marterne, and the roe; all other of what kinde soeuer terme them Rascall.” It appears, however, from the Mayster of Game, that the hart, until he was six years old, was accounted “rascayle or foly.” Vesp. B. xii., f. 25. In the Survey of the Estates of Glastonbury Abbey, taken at the Dissolution, the deer in the various parks are distinguished as “deere of anntler” and “deere of Rascall.” Hearne's P. Langt. ii. 345. Horman says, “He hath bought rascals and other shepe, reiuculas emit et promiscuas ores.—This is but rochel and rascall wine, tortiuum vinurn.” In the Household Ordinances of Henry VIII. A.D. 1526, some kind of fish is thus termed, possibly an inferior flat fish; one mess of “rascalls or flage,” at the price of eight pence, was to be provided on fish days. “Rascall, refuse beest, refus.” Palsg.

^{page 424 note 1} Forby gives the verb to rase, pronounced race, to cut or scratch superficially, as used in East Anglia. “I race a writynge, I take out a worde with a pomyce or penknyfe—ie efface des mct“, &c.—I race a thynge that is made or graven out, as the weather or tyme dothe,—ie obblittere. Rase, a scrapyng, rasure.” Palsg. In Trevisa's version of Vegecius, B. ii. c. 13, it is said that besides banners the Roman chieftains had “crestes ouer thawrt her helmes and diuers signes and tokyns, that in caas her baner of her warde wt eny myshappe were voidede, rasede, or filede, or done out of her sighte, yet by the sightes of her souereyns crestes they might returne ayen to her wardes.” Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. Robert Fill, in the “Briefe sum of the Christian faith,” translated from Beza, says, “My iniquities can no more fraye nor trouble me, my accountes and dettes beinge assuredly rased and wiped out by the precious blood of Jesus Christ.” f. 19, b.

^{page 424 note 2} “Ringo, irasci sicut canis, vel rictum facere, to gner.” Ortus.

^{page 424 note 3} Gerarde says that the petty whinne, or rest harrow, is commonly called Aresta bovis, and remora aratri, in French areste bœuf. In Norfolk, according to Forby, it is called land-whin.

^{page 424 note 4} “A raster house, barbitondium, tonsorium. A raster clathe, ralla.” Cath. ang. “Ralla, a raster clothe.” Ortus.

^{page 424 note 5} Tusser calls the eddish, or after-grass “rawings” and it is still so termed in the Dialect of East Anglia, according to Forby; in Hampshire and Sussex it is called rowings or roughings.

^{page 425 note 1} “I rebounde, as the sownde of a home, or the sounde of a bell, or ones voyce dothe, ie boundys, ie resonne, &c. Agaynst a holowe place voyce or noyse wyll rebounde and make an eccho.” Palsg. Compare Soundynge a-“ene, resonatus, infra.

^{page 425 note 2} This word is placed in the MS.and in p. between Refuge and Rehersynge, probably because by the first hand it had been written Rehchynge, as in the King's Coll. MS. Palsgrave gives various significations of the verb to reach. “I ratche, I stretche out a length, ie estends. If it be to shorte ratche it out. I ratche, I catche, I have raught (Lydgat) ie attayns. And I ratche ye thou shalt bere me a blowe, si ie ie peulœ attayndre ie te donneroy ung soufflet. I reche, ie bailie. I reche a thyng with my hande or with a weapen, or any other thyng that I holde in my hand, ie attayns.” See Moor's Suffolk Glossary, v. Reech.

^{page 425 note 3} The musical instrument called a recorder appears to be the kind of flute of which a description and representation are given by Mersennus, designated as the ”fluste d'Anyleterre, que l'on appelle douce, et á neuf trous.” Harmonie Univ. 1, p. 237. He exhibits the form and construction of a set of flutes which had been sent from England to one of the Kings of France, and these representations may serve to illustrate the observation of Bacon, that “the figure of recorders, and flutes, and pipes, are straight; but the recorder hath a less bore and a greater, above and below.” Nat. Hist. s. 221. In Holland's version of Pliny the single pipe or recorder is mentioned. “Recorder, a pype, fleute à ix. trous.” Palsg. Further information respecting the various flutes used during the middle ages is given by M. de Toulmon, in his Dissertation on Musical Instruments, Mem. des Antiqu. de France, xvii. p. 131. See Nares. The early note of song-birds was termed recording, probably, as Barrington suggests, from the instrument formerly called a recorder. “I recorde, as yonge byrdes do. Ie patelle. This byrde recordeth all redy, she wyll synge w'in a whyle.” Palsg. “To record, as birds, regazouiller.” Sherw.

^{page 426 note 1} Recordacio, MS. recreatio, K. P.

^{page 426 note 2} R'freschynge, MS. Compare REFRESCHYD, &c. infra.

^{page 426 note 3} This word occurs in the MS. between Rednesse and Refeccyone.

^{page 426 note 4} Gownd signifies the foul matter of a sore, Ang.-Sax. ʓuncl pus, sanies, as already noticed under the word GOWNDE of þe eye, p. 206. “Reed gounde, sickenesse of chyldren.” Palsg. This eruptive humour is more commonly termed the Redgum, for which various remedies are to be found in old books of medicine. William Langham specially commends the water of columbine as “good for yong children to drinke against the redgum or fellon.” Garden of Health, 1579. “Red-gum, a sickness of young children, scrophulus.” Gouldm.

^{page 426 note 5} “I rede, I gesse, ie diuine. Rede who tolde it me, and I wyll tell the trouthe. I rede or advise, ie conseille. Loke what you do I rede you.” Palsg. Horman says, “Arede my dreme and I wyl say thou art Godis fellow.” Ang.-Sax. arædan, conjecture. “Enigma, est sermo figuratus vel obscura locutio, vel questio obscura, que non intelligitur nisi aperiatur, Antglice a redynge or demaunde.” Ortus.

^{page 427 note 1} This term may designate some kind of entremets, a reward or extra service of fish at a banquet: possibly it may denote the fast-day refection. Roquefort, however, gives—“Reffait: sorte de poisson de mer, rouget, parce qu'il est gros et gras” (refais).

^{page 427 note 2} “Reficio, to agayne stable, or to refete.” Med. ms. cant. Compare the use of the word “refetiden,” (reficiebant, Vulg.) iu the Wycliffite version, Deeds, c. xxviii. 2.

^{page 427 note 3} The reading supplied by the King's Coll. MS.— Refute, is in accordance with the obsolete form of the word, as found in the Wycliffite version (Deut. xix. 12. Jer. xvi. 19 : plur. refuytis, Ps. ciii. 18.) So also in the version of Vegicius ascribed to Trevisa, mention is made of a “refute to rynne to.” (Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. B. i. c. 21.) In old French, Refuy.

^{page 427 note 4} This verb, occurring in alphabetical order between Refusyñ and Rehercyn, may have been written by the first hand—Regaggyñ. It is used by an ancient writer on the virtues of herbs (Arund. MS. 42, f. 10 b.) Speaking of the care of sore gums or “water cancre,” as easy with prompt attention, he says—” I saw a worþy leche so angry & wroth with moderes & kepirs of children þt hadde longe a-byden, þt he reiagged hem hugely, and onneþis and (with) gret dyficulte durste he, or wolde, vnderfonge hem to cure.” Skelton speaks of “beggars reiagged,” (Why come ye nat to courte? v.602,) which Mr. Dyce explains as signifying all-tattered.

^{page 427 note 5} Forby gives the verb to Rake as still used in Norfolk, precisely in this sense. It means “to gad or ramble in mere idleness, without any immoral implication. It is often applied to truant children.” Brockett has a similar word,—” Rake, v. to walk, to range or rove about. Su.-Got. reka, to roam.”

^{page 428 note 1} This name of the woodpecker is not given by the Glossarists of East Anglia as still used in that part of England; but in the North, as Brockett states, that bird is known by the popular appellation of the Rain-fowl, or Rain-bird, and its loud cry often repeated is supposed to prognosticate rain. The Romans called the woodpecker pluviœ avis, for the same cause. Gesner gives amongst the names of the Picus in various countries,—” Anglis, a specht, vcl a Wodpecker, vel raynbyrde.”

^{page 428 note 1} In the Wycliffite version, Jos. x. 28, it is said of the utter destruction of Maceda,—”he lefte not þerinne nameli litle relyues,”—non dimisit in ea nisi parvas reliquias. Vulg. Roquefort explains Relief as signifying broken meat, the scraps of the kitchen ; it is thus used in the Wycliffite version, as in Ruth, c. ii. —” Sche brou“t forþ and “af to her þe relifis of hir mete ;”—and Matt. xiv.—” Thei token the relifis of broken gobetis twelve cofyns ful.” In the version of Barth. de Propriet. Rerum, attributed to Trevisa, it is said of a banquet,—” At the laste comyth frute and spyces, and whan they haue ete, bord clothes and relyf ben borne awaye.” In Caxton's Boke for Travellers,—” The leuynge of the table, le relief de la table.” See also Maundevile's Travels, p. 250, ed. 1725. The term seems also applied to the basket in which the fragments were carried away; as in a list of kitchen furniture, in Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. f. 25, b.—” Relef, sporticula.”

^{page 429 note 1} This word has occurred previously,—Odowre or relece, p. 362. It occurs in Lydgate's Destr. of Thebes, in the narration of the burning of the bodies of the Greeks delivered by Theseus to their wives, for funeral rites,

^{page 429 note 2} The use of the obsolete form of the word remnant appears in the Craven Glossary, v. Remlin, and in Palmer's Devonshire Words, v. Remlet. It occurs in the inventory of effects of a merchant at Newcastle, in 1571, in whose shop were certain “yeardes of worssett in Remlauntes.” Durham Wills and Inv. Surtees Soc. vol. i. 362. So also in the Boke of Curtasye, amongst rules for behaviour at table ;

^{page 429 note 3} Compare Craven Dialect, v. Reamed. Ang.-Sax. Ream, Rem, cream. “Reme, quaccum.” Cath. ang.

^{page 430 note 1} Sensualis, MS. and p. “Censualis. i. officialis qui sensum (sic) exiyit provincialem.” Ortus.

^{page 430 note 2} The reading of the MS. may possibly be Rennwȳ'.

^{page 430 note 3} Bishop Kennett, in his Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, gives “Reer, raw, as, the meat is reer; a reer roasted egg. Kent. I had rather have meat a little reer than overdone.” Ang.-Sax. hrere, crudus. Forby and Major Moor notice the word as retained in East Anglia. It is not uncommonly used by old writers. Thus Andrew Boorde, in his Breviary of Health, of things that comfort the heart, says “maces and ginger, rere egges, and poched egges not hard, theyr yolkes be a cordiall,” and he recommends for Satyriasis to eat two or three “new layd egges rosted rere,” with powdered nettle seed. Langham, in his Garden of Health, frequently commends their use. “Reere, as an egge is, mol.” Palsg. See also Nares.

^{page 430 note 4} Obsonium is denned in the Ortus Vocabulorum to be “parvus cibus et delicatus qui post cenam contra somnum sumitvr.” The curious notice of the habits of his times, given by Harrison, in which he ascribes the introduction of reare suppers to “hardie Canutus,” is well known, and has been cited already in the note on Beuer, vol. i. p. 34. Horman observes, in his Vulgaria,-—“Rere suppers (comesatio) slee many men. He kepeth rere suppers tyll mydnyght. In this vitaylers shoppe there is sette to sale all conceyttis and pleasuiis for rere suppers and iunkettis and bankettis.” Palsgrave has—“Rere supper, bancquet. Rere banket, Ralias,” and Cotgrave renders “regoubillonner, To make a reare supper, steale an after supper; bancquet late anights.” See Nares, v. Rere-banquet, and Halliwell's Dictionary.

^{page 431 note 1} In Norfolk, to Ret still signifies to soak or macerate in water; and a pond for soaking hemp is called a Retting-pit. See Forby's account of the modes of retting. He conjectures that the derivation of the term may be from Ang.-Sax. rith, rivus. Sea weeds were formerly called Reets. Bishop Kennett has the following note,—“Reits, sea weed, of some called reits, of others wrack, and of the Thanet men wore,” &c. “Leppe, sea-grasse, sea-weed, reets.” Cotg. The term to Ret may be derived from the Flemish,—“het vlas Reeten, to hickle, bruise, or breake flax : een Reete, a hitchell with teeth to bruise flax.” Hexham's Netherdutch Dictionary. “Reten, Rouir du lin ou du chanvre.” Olinger.

^{page 431 note 2} In the curious poem “de Officiariis in curiis dominorum,” it is said,—

“Rewarde of meate, entremetz.” Palsg. See the account of Rewards in the Rule of the Household of the Princess Cecill, mother of Edw. IV. (Household Ordinances, *38.) and the Service to the Archbishop of York, in 1464, (Leland, Coll. vol. vi. p. 7.1 The dessert was thus called, it appears, in ancient festivities. “Impomentum est extremum ferculum quod ponitur in mensa, ut poma, nuces el pira.” Ortus.

^{page 432 note 1} “Riall of wyne, fome, hrouée,fleur.” Palsg. Compare the Norfolk provincialism, to Rile, to stir up liquor and make it turbid, by moving the sediment. The figurative application of the word, so often heard in America, appears from Forby to be purely East Anglian. See Bartlett's Americanisms, v. To Roil, and Rily, turbid.

^{page 432 note 2} “A ryb for lyne. To ryb lyne, costare, ex(costare),nebridare.” Cath. ang. Palsgrave has—“Ribbe for flaxe.” The cleaning or dressing of flax was termed ribbing, as in the version of Glanvile de Propriet. Rerum, attributed to Trevisa, lib. xvii. c. 97. Flax, it is stated, after being steeped and dried, is “bounde in praty nytches and boundels, and afterward knocked, beaten and brayed, and carfled, rodded and gnodded, ribbed and hekled, and at the last sponne.” Rippling flax, the North Country term, is possibly synonymous with ribbing. See Ray, N. Country Words, and Brockett, who adds,—“Su.-Got, repa lin, linum vellere, Teut. repen, stringere semen lini.” Bishop Kennett also notices it thus,—“To ripple flax, to wipe off the seed vessels, Bor. Rather to repple flax with a repple or stick, A. S. repel, baculus. Rippo, or repple, a long walking-staff carried by countrymen. Cheshire.” In an Inventory (taken at Northallerton ?) in 1499, are mentioned,—“a hekyll, j. d. a ryppyll came, iij. d.—a payr of wool cames, v. d.” Wills and Invent. Surtees Soc. vol. i. p. 104. See Rypelynge of flax, infra.

^{page 432 note 3} This part of the appliances of a spinner is doubtless what is now called in Norfolk “a Tripskin,—a piece of leather, worn on the right-hand side of the petticoat by spinners with the rock, on which the spindle plays and the yarn is pressed by the hand of the spinner.” Forby. “A rybbynge skyne, nebrida, pellicudia.” Cath. Ang. “Pellicudia, a rubbynge skynne.” Ortus. “Rybbe skynne” (no French word.) Palsg. See the curious list of articles pledged for ale to Elinour Rummyng :

^{page 433 note 1} Compare Cense, or incense, or rychelle, supra, vol. i. p. 66; and Schyppe, vesselle to put yn rychel, infra. “Rekels, incensum, olibanum.” Cath. ang. Incense was called in Anglo-Saxon Stor, (storium, the aromatic gum,) and Ricels, Recels. So also Ricels-fæt, thuribulum, and Ricels-buce, acerra, a pyx or box for incense.

^{page 433 note 2} Tyrwhitt, in his Glossary to Chaucer, gives the word “Reddour,” explained as strength, violence. It is the old French “Redour, reddur,—Roideur, fermete, dureté.” Roquef. In a curious poem on sacred subjects, xv. cent. Add. MS. 10,053, it occurs thus (p. 159)—

^{page 434 note 1} This word occurs in the Ms. between Ryggynge and Ryght. Hereafter will be found (under letter T)—Thinne clothe that is clepyd a Rylle. In the Ortus, Ralla is explained to be “a Raster clothe,” which appears to have been used in shaving. See Rastyr howse, supra, p. 424. Rylle is perhaps only another form of the word Rail, Ang.-Sax. rægl, hrægel, vestimentum. See Nares v. Raile. “Rayle for a womans necke, crevechief en quarttre doubles.” Palsg. Sherwood gives—“a woman's raile, Pignon,” and Cotgrave renders “un collet à peignoir,—a large raile which women put about their neckes when they comb themselves.”

^{page 434 note 2} In the Book of Christian Prayers, Lond. 1590, f. 38 vº. it is said,—“Giue vnto the shepheardes, whome thou hast vouchsafed to put in thy roomth, the gift of prophesie.” In a letter regarding the building of Abp. Whitgift's Hospital at Croydon, 1596, the writer states of certain trenches made in preparing foundation walls,—“We are now fillinge the voyde rometh therin.” Ducarel's Croydon, p. 155. See also Drayton, Polyolb. s. 6.

^{page 434 note 3} Ryyntynİ'. ms. The King's Coll. MS. has Ryncyn, and other readings are,— Ryynsyng, and Ryyncyn. Vincto may be an error for humecto. Palsgrave gives the verb to rynce a cup or clothes, “Raincer.”

^{page 434 note 4} Amulsio, Ms. See the note on Rybee, supra. Rippling flax is a term still in common use in North Britain. See Jamieson.

^{page 435 note 1} Junctus, ci, Ms. junceus, p.

^{page 435 note 2} Compare Coolder, supra, vol. I. p. 86. In the Wardrobe Account of Piers Courteys, Keeper of the Wardrobe 20 Edw. IV. 1480, occurs a payment to “John Carter, for cariage away of a grete loode of robeux, that was left in the strete after the reparacyone made uppon a hous apperteignyng unto the same Warderobe.” Harl. MS. 4780. In later times the word is written “rubbrysshe.” Thus Horman says, in his Vulgaria,—“Batt“ and great rubbrysshe serueth to fyl up in the myddell of the wall;” and Palsgrave gives “Robrisshe of stones, plastras, fourniture.” Forby gives Rubbage as the term used in East Anglia.

^{page 435 note 3} The terminal contraction may here have the power of ys,—stondyngys, the Roads, places where vessels stand or lie at anchor. The printed editions give—“Rode of shyppes stondynge.”

^{page 436 note 1} This may be derived from rotare; as also irregular soldiery were termed, in Low Latin, rularii or rotarii. Palsgrave gives the verb “I rowte—I assemble together in routes, or I styre aboute, je me arroute. I lyke nat this geare, that y^e commens begynneth to route on this facyon.” See Jamieson, v. Royt.

^{page 436 note 2} Rome, Ms.

^{page 436 note 3} The power of the terminal contraction is questionable, and may be er—as ia uer.

^{page 436 note 4} Ronnyn appears to signify congealed or run together,—Ang.-Sax. Gerunnen, coagulatus, as milk is coagulated by rennet, called in Gloucestershire running. See also Jamieson, v. To Rin, to become curdled, &c. As here used in reference to the knotted wood, of which masers were made, the term Ronnyn seems to describe the coagulated appearance of the mottled grain, not dissimilar to ropy curds. See the note on Masere, supra, p. 328. In the note on Dorō, p. 125, it has been suggested that the reading of the Ms. may be corrupt, and that the word should be Dogō. In the Winchester Ms. is found—“Doiō', Dogena.” This various reading had not been noticed, when the above mentioned note was printed. Dojoun, or dudgeon, appears to denote some kind of wood, used in like manner as the motley-grained material called Maser, but its precise nature has not been ascertained.

^{page 436 note 5} Riscosus, Ms.

^{page 436 note 6} Hall, relating the wiles practised by the Duke of Gloucester, says he persuaded the Queen that it was inexpedient to surround the young King Edward with a strong force, when he was brought to London for his coronation, for fear of reviving old variance of parties, “and thus should all the realme fal in a roare.” Horman says—“all the world was full of fere and in a roare (sollicitudinis complebatur).” “ Rore, trouble, trouble.” Palsg.

^{page 437 note 1} Emdromis and Emdroma, Ms. the reading in the Catholicon is as above given : the term signified a shaggy garment, used in the arena, δpóμῳ. Compare Faldynge, supra, p. 147.

^{page 437 note 2} Sarabarsa, Ms. The Winchester Ms. gives Sarabarra, UG. V. in Rua. “Sarabula, villate vestes.” Ortus. See Ducange.

^{page 438 note 1} “To rowne, susurrare. A rownere, susurro.” Cath. ang. In Pynson's “Boke to lerne French,” is the admonition,—“and loke thou rowne nat in nou eris—et garde toy d'escouter en nullez orailles.” Palsgrave gives the verbs to “rounde in connsaylle,” dire en secret, and to “rounde one in the eare,” suroreiller. In a sermon at Paul's Cross by R. Wimbledon, given by Fox, it is said,—“It is good that euerye ruler of cominalties that they be not lad by follyes ne by none other eare rowner.” Acts and Mon. Anno 1389. Ang.-Sax. Runian, mussitare.

^{page 438 note 2} Mr. Halliwell gives to “Rud, to rub, to polish, Devon,” overlooked by the West Country Glossarists.

^{page 439 note 1} A Ruffie or Roughie, according to Jamieson, signifies in Eskdale a torch used in fishing with the lister by night; probably, as he supposes, from the rough material of which it is formed. A wick clogged with tallow is termed a Ruffy. Roughie in N. Britain signifies also brushwood or heather. Funalia were torches formed of ropes twisted together and dipped in pitch.

^{page 439 note 2} “I ruffle clothe or sylke, I bring them out of their playne foldynge; je plionne, je froisse. See how this lawne is shruffylled.” (sic.) Palsg.

^{page 439 note 3} This word occurs amongst the verbs, in the Harl. MS. without any Latin equivalent.

^{page 439 note 4} This is placed amongst the verbs, after Rubbȳ, (as if written Ruckun). The word is used by Chaucer, (Nonnes Pr. Tale) speaking of the fox—“false morderour rucking in thy den.” So also in Conf. Am. 72. Forby gives “to ruck, to squat or shrink down.”

^{page 439 note 5} This word occurs in the Paston Letters, vol. iii. p. 44. “Ye chaunge was a rewly chaunge, for ye towne was undo þerby, and in ye werse by an c. li.”