^{page xxiii note 9} Arg., 7.

^{page xxiii note 10} II 19; cf. Poetae Latini Minores, ed. A. Baehrens, iv. 156, and Vitae Vergilianae, ed. I. Brummer, P. 31.

^{page xxiv note 1} See Brummer, op. cit., p. 43 : ‘ (Virgilius) nouissime scripsit Aeneida in honorem Caesaris, ut uirtutes Aeneae, ex cuius genere cupiebat esse, suo carmine ornaret.’ The Encomiast perhaps had a manuscript of Virgil with introductory matter, including a life of the poet.

^{page xxiv note 2} III, 5 ; cf. below, p. xxxiv.

^{page xxiv note 3} Ample Biblical example of most of these constructions are given by Kaulen, F., Handbuch zur Vulgata (Mainz, 1870Google Scholar ; 2nd ed., Freiburg-in-Breisgau, 1904) ; Roensch, H., Itala und Vulgata (Marburg and Leipzig, 1869Google Scholar ; 2nd ed., Marburg, 1875) ; Plater, W. E. and White, H. J., A Grammar of the Vulgate (Oxford, 1926)Google Scholar. In the present work, I use the term Classical Latin to include all writers later than Terence and earlier than Apuleius, and, when it is necessary to distinguish Late Latin from Medieval Latin, the line between them is regarded as falling about A.D. 600.

^{page xxv note 1} This seems the most natural way to take the passage, rather than to regard the absolute clause as referring to the flight of the enemy in the battle described in the previous sentence; cf. Vulg., Num. xiii. 1, ‘ profectusque est populus de Haseroth, fixis tentoriis in deserto Pharan ’.

^{page xxv note 2} The construction is, of course, frequent in verse in the classical period.

^{page xxv note 3} Cf. Kaulen, op. tit., 1st ed., p. 141.

^{page xxv note 4} Cf. Suet., Claud. 40 : inducta teste in senatu.

^{page xxv note 5} On the common late use of ubi with the subjunctive, see Stolz-Schmalz, p. 767.

^{page xxv note 6} Recorded by Baxter in the eighth century, but only with the perfect indicative ; this sense of dum is, however, found with the subjunctive from Tertiillian onwards, see Stolz-Schmalz, p. 744.

^{page xxvi note 1} Concessive and causal dum with the subjunctive is again a late Latin construction, not found before Tertullian, see Stolz-Schmalz, loc. cit.

^{page xxvi note 2} Except in 2 Cor. iv. 16, where licet takes the indie, in the best manuscripts, though not in the received text.

^{page xxvi note 3} Examples in Lewis and Short, and Kaulen, op. cit., 1st ed., p. 211 ; history of the usage in Stolz-Schmalz, p. 770; see also Baxter for occurrences in insular Latin; the usage is also frequent in medieval continental Latin.

^{page xxvi note 4} Note the indicative for classical subjunctive ; cf. Stolz-Schmalz, p. 713.

^{page xxvi note 5} Cf. below, p. xlvi. The Encomiast's use of utpote before verbs is unusual, but his use of it before nouns and adjectives is to be paralleled from the works of most of his contemporaries, and, of the classical writers, instances are frequent in Horace (see Lewis and Short). Some medieval writers (e.g., Ruotger and Folquin) use utputa in the same way.

^{page xxvi note 6} See E. Skard, Mdlet i Historia Norwegiae (Oslo, 1930), p. 11.

^{page xxvii note 1} This construction is very frequent in the Vulgate. It is not unknown in the classical period : e.g., Aen. ii. 538–9, nati … cernere letum fedsti ; cf. Stolz-Schmalz, p. 584.

^{page xxvii note 2} This construction is not common in the Vulgate.: cf., however, 2 Mach. xiv. 27, iubere … Machabaeum … mittere Antiocham. In such sentences, the Encomiast also uses the construction, usual in the Vulgate, of iubeo with ace. and inf. pass. : e.g., 1, 3, iussit suam patefieri uoluntatem ; III, 4, iussit naues … repelli.

^{page xxvii note 3} William of Jumièges, vii. 11, ‘ in sua fide suscepit’.

^{page xxviii note 1} This unsound method is applied by Skard to the Historia Norvegiae (op. cit., p. 67).

^{page xxviii note 2} See N.E.D., s.v. way, sb.¹, p. 201, col. 1 ; it may be observed that the expression is of quite remarkable frequence in the Encomiast's period ; see, e.g., Odilo, Epitaphium Adalheidae, 6; Sig. Gem., Vita Deoderici, 3 ; Adalbert, Vita Heinrici, 3 ; Adalbold, Vita Heinrici, 29.

^{page xxix note 1} See N.E.D., s.v. secret, a. and sb., p. 357, col. 3 ; the phrase occurs in the Vita S. Bertini metrica prima, 360–1, in the Vita Oswaldi (Raine, Historians of the Church of York, i, 405), and frequently in the early Christian poets; cf. Erembold, in cordis mei secreto.

^{page xxix note 2} Two of the Saxon Chronicles, ii. 217.

^{page xxxi note 1} The influence of Virgil and Lucan are here mingled, see below, p. xxxii.

^{page xxxii note 1} Enc. has infensae, which we may retain or emend to agree with Lucan. Gertz foolishly alters to intensae.

^{page xxxii note 2} See below, p. xxxix.

^{page xxxiii note 1} This expression is, however, much used in Medieval Latin, e.g., Dudo, ed. Duchesne, p. 80 ; Odilo, Epitaphium Adalheidae, 21 ; John of Wallingford, ed. Gale, p. 548.

^{page xxxiii note 2} The thought in the Encomium is not quite clear ; why should Knutr fear that his heir would be angry, if he were parsimonious (de eius parcitate indignaretur) ? Did the Encomiast take the Horatian indignoque … heredi as ‘ for an angry heir ’ ?

^{page xxxiii note 3} Examples of such phrases are : I, 1, secundum Deum et seculum; II, 7, iunxit quieti sempiternae ; II, 7, educens e corpore (cf. II, 14) ; II, 14, in celesti solio (also in Dudo, ed. Duchesne, p. 91) ; II, 17, diuinadispensation ; II, 21, sanctorum … suffragia; II, 21, supernadementia; II, 23, transiit ad Dominum ; II, 23, coronandus in parte dextera (also twice in Vita Oswaldi, in Raine, Historians of the Church of York, i. 412, 443) ; II, 23, Domino auctore omnium ; II, 23, diuinae dispositioni ; II, 24, in aeterna requie ; III, 1, apostolica autoritate ; III, 4, Dei inimicis ; III, 5, divina miseratio; III, 7, gratia superni respectus (also Folquin, Vita Folquini, 4) ; III, 9, Dei nutu ; III, 11, renascentibus in Christo ; III, 13, diuini muneris gratia. Here may also be mentioned the common expressions, I, 5, naturae persoluit debita, and II, 24, requiescat in pace.

^{page xxxiv note 1} See Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert, ed. B. Colgrave (Cambridge, 1940), p. 310.

^{page xxxv note 1} See below, p. xxxix.

^{page xxxv note 2} N.C., i. 148.

^{page xxxv note 3} The following similarities of expression between the Encomiast and Dudo may be mentioned. (I quote Dudo by Duchesne's pagination owing to the rarity of Lair's edition in England.) Enc. I, 1, ueridica … relatione—Dudo, p. 129, ueridicae relationis (but the expression is not unusual: see, e.g., Vita S. Cunegundis, 6); Enc’ I, 1, cogitationum aestus — Dudo, p. 71, cogitatione aestuans ; Enc. Ill, 5, satis supraque—Dudo, p. 121, supraque satis. A selection of phrases which are common to Dudo and the Encomiast, but which occur frequently in their contemporaries also, will be mentioned in the Linguistic Notes.

^{page xxxv note 4} E.g., the battles in Dudo, pp. 70 and 94 (the leaving of the fallen enemy unburied is a frequent element in Dudo's battles) ; the description of Gunnor, pp. 152–3; the obsequies of Richard the Fearless, pp. 157–8.

^{page xxxvi note 1} The confusion referred to is certainly early, for it underlies Nesenduna, the form found in Domesday Book for Ashingdon : see the various early forms of the name collected by P. H. Reaney, in The Place-names of Essex, pp. 176–7 ; cf. the early forms for Ashdon, id., pp. 502–3 ; on the question at which of the two places the battle was fought, see M. Ashdown, English and Norse Documents, pp. 298–9.

^{page xxxvi note 2} Luick, Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache, p. 489 ; Mansion, J., Oud-Gentsche Naamkunde (' s-Gravenhage, 1924), pp. 220 and 282CrossRefGoogle Scholar. MS. P has, for L's Aesceneduno, the corrupt form Kescesdume. The medial -es- of this form is to be regarded as a purely scribal error, due to the presence of -es- in the preceding syllable. In view of the gloss fraxinorum, the form of P cannot be regarded as suggesting that the original form of the Encomium was Aescesduno.

^{page xxxvi note 3} Manitius takes this view : reference above, p. xix.

^{page xxxvi note 4} See various names in Alf- in Mansion, op. cit., p. 298.

^{page xxxvi note 5} Cf. Mansion, op. cit., p. 255.

^{page xxxvi note 6} See Napier and Stevenson, Crawford Collection, p. 150, n. 2.

^{page xxxvi note 7} Although the forms used for orway both in O.E. and early Anglo-Latin are usually without the dental, the form Norpweg(as) occurs in the Cottonian MS. of the O.E. Orosius (ed. H. Sweet, E.E.T.S., p. 19), and again in MS. F of the Chronicle, entry for 1028, so the evidence for both the existence of the form and its late survival is reasonably good. It is, of course, possible that the Encomiast heard a form with no dental, and that his -d- is due to the same interest in etymology which appears in his glosses.

^{page xxxvii note 1} See Napier and Stevenson, op. cit., p. 143.

^{page xxxvii note 2} The -a- of the first syllable of Hardecnut is not necessarily Norse or Flemish : this name usually retains -a- in O.E. documents, though the native -ea- is sometimes substituted for it: see the forms in Plummer's index, Two of the Saxon Chronicles, ii. 391. While Harold is a normal O.E. form, it would also be the form which the Scandinavian name would take in Flemish of the period : see Mansion, op. cit., p. 154.

^{page xxxvii note 3} Mansion, op. cit., pp. 282 and 292.

^{page xxxvii note 4} Ibid., pp. 136 and 138.

^{page xxxvii note 5} See Stevenson's edition of Asser, p. 44. I quote the relevant words from Asser, for comparison with the Encomiast's account: ‘ Dicunt etiam, quod in omni bello ubi praecederet idem signum, si victoriam adepturi essent, appareret in medio signi quasi corvus vivens volitans : sin vero vincendi in futuro fuissent, penderet directe nihil movens’.

^{page xxxix note 1} In his edition of Asser, p. xcii; Stevenson is, however, misleading when he says that Dudo is imbued with Hesperic influence. The prose of Dudo is neither obscure in syntax nor affected in vocabulary.

^{page xl note 1} Erembold, like the Encomiast, explains the etymology of the name Athala.

^{page xl note 2} Cf. above, p. xxiii.

^{page xl note 3} When the Old English Chronicle is quoted without the mention of a manuscript, this implies that MSS. C, D and E, the main authorities for the annals dealing with the eleventh century, are in substantial agreement.

^{page xl note 4} The variation of Y and I, which occurs in the first syllable, is of no significance in the eleventh century. The Queen's name is fully discussed below, Appendix I.

^{page xl note 5} Florence of Worcester is the only exception : he uses Ælfgiju (in various modified forms) and Emma indifferently (cf. below, p. 56).

^{page xl note 6} He ruled 943–96, having succeeded as a child.