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La lutte contre les moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae): diversité des approches et application du contrôle biologique

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 October 2014

T. Bawin ,
F. Seye ,
S. Boukraa ,
J.-Y. Zimmer ,
F. Delvigne  and
F. Francis
T. Bawin*
Affiliation:
Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique
F. Seye
Affiliation:
Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique Laboratoire de biologie de la reproduction, Faculté de Science et Technologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, B-5005, Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
S. Boukraa
Affiliation:
Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique
J.-Y. Zimmer
Affiliation:
Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique
F. Delvigne
Affiliation:
Bio-industries/CWBI, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique
F. Francis
Affiliation:
Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgique
*
1 Tél.: +32 81 622283; Fax: +32 81 622312; E-mail: entomologie.gembloux@ulg.ac.be
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Résumé

Plusieurs espèces de moustiques (Diptera: Culicidae) sont des vecteurs de zoonoses d’incidence médicale et vétérinaire considérables. Une modification de la distribution géographique de ces vecteurs majoritairement engendrée par des facteurs anthropiques est actuellement accompagnée de (ré-)émergences de maladies infectieuses en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Depuis l’avènement des insecticides de synthèse lors de la seconde guerre mondiale, les moustiques font l’objet de recherches de plus en plus étendues et approfondies. Dans une vision de lutte intégrée, les moyens de lutte anti-vectorielle se répartissent aujourd’hui selon quatre axes principaux: (1) la gestion environnementale et le contrôle physique, (2) le contrôle chimique, (3) le contrôle génétique, et (4) le contrôle biologique par le biais d’entomophages et de micro-organismes entomopathogènes. Dans ce contexte, ces derniers ont un potentiel intéressant car ils possèdent la capacité d’infecter et de tuer l’hôte avec une sélectivité plus ou moins prononcée. Cet article se propose de resituer le contrôle biologique parmi les autres techniques dans la lutte anti-vectorielle contre les moustiques, et de faire état des potentialités et des perspectives offertes par les bactéries, virus et champignons entomopathogènes. Leur utilisation sous forme de biopesticides est enfin discutée.

Abstract

Many mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species are zoonotic vectors responsible for numerous infectious diseases of medical and veterinary importance. Currently, changes in the vectors’ geographical distribution induced chiefly by anthropogenic factors are accompanied by emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in Europe and North America. Since the advent of synthetic insecticides during the Second World War, mosquitoes are the object of considerably expanded and deepened research. In an integrated pest management context, means of control are now mainly classified as: (1) environmental management and physical control, (2) chemical control, (3) genetic control, and (4) biological control by means of entomophagous predators and entomopathogenic microorganisms. In this context, these last have significant potential because of their ability to infect and kill their host with more or less targeted selectivity. This article proposes to emphasize biological control among other techniques in mosquito control, and to assess the potential and the opportunities offered by entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. Finally, their use as biopesticides is discussed.

Type
Insect Management – REVIEW
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 147 , Issue 4 , August 2015 , pp. 476 - 500
Copyright
© Entomological Society of Canada 2014 

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Footnotes

Subject Editor: Kateryn Rochon

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