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Temperature modulation of photoperiodism and the timing of late-season changes in life history for an aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2012

M.A.H. Smith ,
P.A. MacKay  and
R.J. Lamb
M.A.H. Smith*
Affiliation:
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2M9
P.A. MacKay
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2N2
R.J. Lamb
Affiliation:
Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3T 2M9
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: marjorie.smith@agr.gc.ca).
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Abstract

Where winters are severe, aphids reproduce parthenogenetically and viviparously in summer, switch to sexual reproduction in late summer, and produce winter-hardy eggs by the end of the season. The role of day length and temperature in initiating seasonal changes from parthenogenetic to sexual reproduction by pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are described and the selection pressures that affect the timing of this transition are investigated. Over four seasons, a pea aphid clone was sampled from field cages through late summer in southern Manitoba, Canada, and reared in the laboratory to determine the phenotypes of progeny produced as the season progressed. The timing of transitions from one phenotype to another under natural day length and temperature, and the critical day lengths that caused the transitions, coincided with expectations from laboratory studies of photoperiodic responses. Males and mating females appeared later when the weather in August was warm than when it was cool. The timing of seasonal changes was adapted to minimize the physiological time to the end of the season, which maximized the number of asexual summer generations. Ambient temperature modulated the response to day length and fine-tuned the timing of sexual reproduction to adapt for annual variation in autumn weather.

Résumé

Dans les endroits où les hivers sont rudes, les pucerons se reproduisent par parthénogenèse et viviparité en été, changent pour la reproduction sexuelle en fin d'été et produisent des œufs résistants à l'hiver vers la fin de la saison. Nous décrivons les rôles de la photopériode et de la température dans l'initiation du passage de la reproduction parthénogénétique à la reproduction sexuée chez le puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera : Aphididae), et étudions les pressions de sélection qui affectent le calendrier de cette transition. Nous avons prélevé des échantillons pendant quatre saisons dans un clone de pucerons du pois dans des cages en nature jusque tard en été dans le sud du Manitoba, Canada; nous en avons fait des élevages en laboratoire pour déterminer les phénotypes des rejetons produits à mesure que la saison avançait. Le calendrier des transitions d'un phénotype à l'autre dans les conditions naturelles de photopériode et de température et les photopériodes critiques qui provoquent ces transitions s'accordent bien avec les prévisions obtenues à partir des réactions à la photopériode en laboratoire. Les mâles et les femelles copulatrices apparaissent plus tard lorsque le mois d'août est chaud que lorsqu'il est frais. Le calendrier des changements saisonniers est adapté pour minimiser le temps physiologique jusqu'à la fin de la saison, ce qui permet un maximum de générations asexuées d'été. La température ambiante contrôle la réaction à la photopériode et ajuste avec précision le calendrier de la reproduction sexuelle pour l'adapter à la variation annuelle des conditions climatiques de l'automne.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 143 , Issue 1 , February 2011 , pp. 56 - 71
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2011

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