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BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: REVIEW OF THE IPS CALLIGRAPHUS GROUP

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Gerald N. Lanier ,
Stephen A. Teale  and
Juan A. Pajares
Gerald N. Lanier
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA 13210
Stephen A. Teale
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA 13210
Juan A. Pajares
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA 13210
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Abstract

The recognition of four taxa within the calligraphus species group of the genus Ips DeGeer is supported by breeding experiments, karyology, morphology, ecology, and distributions. Ips calligraphus calligraphus (Germar) occurs in the eastern United States and adjacent parts of Canada. Ips c. ponderosae (Swaine) occurs in the range of Pinus ponderosa in the Black Hills, eastern Rocky Mountains, and in the northern Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Ips c. interstitialis (Eichhoff) occurs in the Caribbean Archipelago but the homogeneity of populations on the islands of Hispaniola and Jamaica and the true type locality are uncertain. Ips apache Lanier infests various pines (excluding pinyon pines) at lower altitudes from southeastern Arizona through Mexico. Populations south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Caribbean pines on the east coast of Central America are provisionally considered to be I. apache. Pairings of female I. calligraphus subspecies with male I. apache were infertile. Reciprocal pairing produced rare, sterile hybrids. Fertility of I. calligraphus subspecies was normal when I. c. calligraphus was the female but reduced when the female was either I. c. ponderosae or I. c. interstitialis. All members of the group had 15 pairs of autosomes plus a sex bivalent (2n = 32) that assumed a “parachute” configuration to give a male meiotic formula of 15 AA + Xyp. Second meiosis chromosomes of I. apache lack some of the heterochromatic arms present in I. calligraphus. Meiotic divisions of rare interspecific hybrids (I. apache ♀ × I. calligraphus s. lato ♂) had numerous autosomal rearrangements, a possible translocation, and oversized (probably tetraploid) spermatozoa. Meiosis was mostly normal in intersubspecific hybrids, but the presence of occasional anaphase bridges or nonmigrating chromosomes and alignment of pachytene homologs revealed inversions and other possible rearrangements. Univariate and multivariate analyses of pars stridens strial width, pronotal width, and male genitalia revealed significant differences among all four taxa.

Résumé

La validité de quatre taxons au sein du groupe calligraphus chez le genre Ips DeGeer est corroborée par les résultats d’expériences d’élevage et par la caryologie, la morphologie, l’écologie et la biogéographie des taxons. Ips calligraphus calligraphus (Germar) vit dans l’est des États-Unis et dans les régions canadiennes adjacentes. La répartition d’Ips c. pondorosae (Swaine) suit celle de Pinus ponderosa, dans les Black Hills, dans l’est des montagnes Rocheuses et dans le nord de la Sierra Madre Oriental au Mexique. Ips. c. interstitialis (Eichhoff) vit dans les Caraïbes, mais l’homogénéité des populations de l’île Hispaniola et de la Jamaïque de même que la localité type demeurent incertaines. Ips apache Lanier infeste divers pins (à l’exception des pins pignons) aux altitudes faibles, du sud-est de l’Arizona au sud du Mexique. Les populations qui vivent au sud de l’isthme de Tehuantepec dans les pins des Caraïbes sur la côte est de l’Amérique centrale sont considérées comme appartenant à l’espèce I. apache jusqu’à nouvel ordre. Les tentatives de croisements entre des femelles des différentes sous-espèces d’I. calligraphus et des mâles d’I. apache ont échoué. Les croisements réciproques ont produit de rares hybrides stériles. Chez l’espèce I. calligraphus, la fertilité était normale dans les cas où les femelles étaient des I. c. calligraphus, mais réduite lorsque les femelles étaient des I. c. ponderosae ou des I. c. interstitialis. Tous les membres du groupe ont 15 paires d’autosomes plus un bivalent sexuel (2n = 32) qui affecte la forme d’un “parachute”, ce qui donne une formule meiotique mâle de 15AA + Xyp. Les chromosomes de la seconde méiose d’I. apache sont dépourvus de certains bras hétérochromatiques présents chez I. calligraphus. Les divisions meiotiques de quelques rares hybrides interspécifiques (♀ I. apache × ♂ I. calligraphus s. lato) ont donné lieu à de nombreux réarrangements autosomiaux, probablement aussi à une translocation, et ont résulté en des spermatozoïdes géants (probablement tétraploïdes). La méiose était à peu près normale chez tous les hybrides intersubspécifiques, mais la présence de quelques ponts chromatidiens ou de chromosomes non migrateurs et l’alignement d’homologues pachytènes ont mis en lumière l’existence d’inversions et peut-être aussi d’autres formes de réarrangements. Des analyses unidimensionnelles et multidimensionnelles de la largeur des stries de la pars stridens, de la largeur du pronotum et de l’aspect des pièces génitales mâles a révélé l’existence de différences significatives entre les quatre taxons.

[Traduit par la rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 123 , Issue 5 , October 1991 , pp. 1103 - 1124
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1991

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