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Diel patterns of emergence and reproductive behaviour in the invasive swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2019

Elisabeth A. Hodgdon ,
Rebecca H. Hallett ,
Chase A. Stratton  and
Yolanda H. Chen
Elisabeth A. Hodgdon*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, United States of America
Rebecca H. Hallett
Affiliation:
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Chase A. Stratton
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, United States of America
Yolanda H. Chen*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, United States of America
*
1Corresponding authors (e-mail: elisabeth.hodgdon@gmail.com; e-mail: yolanda.chen@uvm.edu).
1Corresponding authors (e-mail: elisabeth.hodgdon@gmail.com; e-mail: yolanda.chen@uvm.edu).
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Abstract

Swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer); Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a serious invasive pest of Brassica Linnaeus (Brassicaceae) oilseed and vegetable crops in Canada and the United States of America. Pheromone mating disruption is a promising new tactic for managing this difficult pest, but research is needed to determine how pheromone delivery can be optimised. With an understanding of swede midge diel mating patterns, pest managers could limit pheromone release to periods when midges are sexually active. We conducted a series of 24-hour trials to test whether swede midge exhibit diel periodicity of emergence, female calling, and male capture in pheromone traps. We found that females began releasing pheromones almost immediately following emergence within the first five hours after dawn. In the field, we found that males were most active from dawn until late morning, indicating that midges mate primarily during the first five hours of photophase. Low levels of reproductive activity during midday and nighttime hours present opportunities to turn off dispensers and reduce the cost of pheromone inputs in a swede midge mating disruption system.

Résumé

La cécidomyie du chou-fleur (Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer); Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) est un ravageur envahissant des oléagineux et des légumes du genre Brassica Linnaeus (Brassicaceae) au Canada et aux États-Unis d’Amérique. La confusion sexuelle par phéromones est une nouvelle tactique prometteuse pour lutter contre ce ravageur difficile à gérer, mais plus de recherche est encore nécessaire pour optimiser la méthode de diffusion des phéromones. Avec une meilleure connaissance des schémas d’accouplement diurnes de la cécidomyie du chou-fleur, les personnes responsables de la lutte contre ce ravageur pourraient restreindre la distribution de phéromones aux périodes où la cécidomyie du chou-fleur est sexuellement active. Nous avons donc fait une série d’expériences de 24 heures pour déterminer si la cécidomyie du chou-fleur démontre des schémas diurnes d’émergence, de l’appel des femelles, et de la capture des mâles dans les pièges de phéromones. Nous avons constaté que les femelles commencent à émettre des phéromones presque immédiatement après leur émergence, durant les premières heures suivant l’aube. Dans les champs, nous avons constaté que les mâles sont le plus actif de l’aube jusqu’à la fin du matin, en indiquant ainsi que la cécidomyie du chou-fleur s’accouple pendent les cinq premières heures de la photophase. Les faibles niveaux d’activité sexuelle durant le milieu de la journée et pendant la nuit offrent des occasions d’éteindre les diffuseurs programmables et pour réduire les coûts des intrants de phéromones dans un système de la confusion sexuelle de la cécidomyie du chou-fleur.

Type
Behaviour and Ecology
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 151 , Issue 4 , August 2019 , pp. 510 - 520
Copyright
© Entomological Society of Canada 2019 

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Footnotes

Subject editor: Suzanne Blatt

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