¹ Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie: Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, UNOHCHR, 17^th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/17/31, (2011), online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/A-HRC-17-31_AEV.pdf [UNGPs]

² Report of the Independent Expert on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment, John H. Knox: Mapping Report, UNOHCHR, 25^th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/25/53, (2014), online: United Nations Mandate on Human Rights and the Environment http://srenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-HRC-25-53-clean-final-version-1.doc [Knox, Mapping]; Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment: Framework principles on human rights and the environment, UNOHCHR, 37^th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/37/59, (2018), online: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/017/42/PDF/G1801742.pdf?OpenElement [Knox, Principles]. See also the work of the Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, online: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/ToxicWastes/Pages/SRToxicWastesIndex.aspx.

³ United Nations General Assembly, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 21 October 2015, UN DOC A/RES/70/1.Google Scholar United Nations Sustainable Development Platform, available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/summit (the 2030 Agenda).Google Scholar

⁴ Doorey, David, “Just Transitions Law: Putting Labour Law to Work on Climate Change” Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 30, no. 2 (2017): 201–203.Google Scholar See also Doorey, David J, “A transnational law of just transitions for climate change and labour,” in Research Handbook on Transnational Labour Law, ed. Blackett, Adelle and Trebilcock, Anne (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2015), 551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ Doorey, “Just Transitions Law,” 204, 213–220. But see Doorey, “Just Transitions Law,” 218, note 81 citing Wexler (2006) and other sources that suggest there is not agreement that environmental law is a distinct discipline.

⁶ Doorey, “Just Transitions Law,” 205, 220–222.

⁷ Ibid., 205. See, for example, s. 3 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which defines “environment” as: “the components of the Earth and includes:

1. (a)

   (a) air, land and water

2. (b)

   (b) all layers of the atmosphere

3. (c)

   (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; and

4. (d)

   (d) the interacting natural systems that include components referred to in paragraph (a) to (c).”

⁸ But see efforts by groups to bridge this divide: Jeremy Brecher and Brendan Smith, “Pipeline Climate Disaster: The Keystone XL Pipeline and Labor,” online: Labor Network for Sustainability http://www.labor4sustainability.org/articles/pipeline-climate-disaster-the-keystone-xl-pipeline-and-labor/

⁹ “What is the Global Compact,” United Nations Global Compact: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc

¹⁰ “The Ten Principles” United Nations Global Compact https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles. Principle 10 concerns anti-corruption.

¹¹ Ibid.

¹² “About” OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/about.htm

¹³ Ibid. Each adhering country also commits to creating a National Contact Point charged with promoting the Guidelines and resolving disputes.

¹⁴ OECD MNE Guidelines (2011) http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf

¹⁵ Ibid. paragraph 48.

¹⁶ Ibid. paragraph 60. Infra note 33.

¹⁷ International Finance Corporation (IFC), Social and Environmental Performance Standards (World Bank, 2012), online: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/115482804a0255db96fbffd1a5d13d27/PS_English_2012_Full-Document.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. However, the IFC Performance Standards have been critiqued for failing to fully align with business responsibilities for human rights. See Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises: “Human Rights Impact Assessments – Resolving Key Methodological Questions,” UN HRCOR, 4^th Sess, UN Doc A/HRC/4/74 (5 February 2007), paras 22, 25–26.

¹⁸ Seck, Sara L., “Emerging-Market Multinational Enterprises, Human Rights, and Sustainable Development: Lessons from the Canadian Experience,” Transnational Corporations 22 (2013) 73–100.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ibid. In addition, an independent Compliance Advisor Ombudsman responds to complaints from project-affected communities.

²⁰ Compare IFC Performance Standard 2 (Labor and Working Conditions) with IFC Performance Standard 3 (Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention) and IFC Performance Standard 6 (Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources), supra note 17.

²¹ IFC Performance Standard 4 (Community Health, Safety, and Security), supra note 17. See also International Finance Corporation, “Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines,” online: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

²² IFC Performance Standard 5 (Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement), supra note 17.

²³ Doorey, “Just Transitions Law,” 220.

²⁴ Trebilcock, Anne, “Using Development Approaches to Address the Challenge of the Informal Economy for Labour Law,” in Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law, ed. Davidov, Guy and Langille, Brian (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006), 63–86.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Ibid., 91–92.

²⁷ On the contested boundaries of labour law, see Davidov, Guy and Langille, Brian, ed., Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006).Google Scholar

²⁸ See Aagard, T., “Environmental Law as a Legal Field: An Inquiry in Legal Taxonomy” Cornell Law Review 95 (2010): 221;Google Scholar Ruhl, J. and Salzman, J., “Climate Change Meets the Law of Horse,” Duke Law Journal 62 (2013): 975;Google Scholar Tarlock, D., “Is There a There in Environmental Law?” Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 19 (2004): 21.Google Scholar

²⁹ See generally Alam, Shawkat, Atapattu, Sumudu, Carmen, G, Gonzalez, , and Razzaque, Jona, ed., International Environmental Law and the Global South (Cambridge University Press, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁰ International Labour Organization, International Labour Standards: Rules of the Game, 3^rd Revised edition, 2014, online: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---normes/documents/publication/wcms_318141.pdfGoogle Scholar

³¹ See for example Ruth Gordon, “Unsustainable Development,” in Alam et al., supra note 29, 50–73; Karin Mickelson, “The Stockholm Conference and the Creation of the South-North Divide in International Environmental Law and Policy,” in Alam et al., supra note 29, 109–129. See further Mickelson, Karin, “South, North, International Environmental Law, and International Environmental Lawyers,” Yearbook of International Environmental Law 11 (2000): 52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³² Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, in Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, UN Doc.A/CONF.48/14, 2 and Corr.1 (1972).

³³ Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UN Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I), 12 August 1992, Annex I.

³⁴ United Nations General Assembly, The Future We Want, Rio de Janeiro, 11 September 2011, UNGA 66^th Sess., UN Doc. A/RES/66/288, 3–10.

³⁵ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, supra note 3, 5 (para 12): “We reaffirm all the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, including, inter alia, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, as set out in principle 7 thereof.”

³⁶ Rio Declaration, supra note 33.

³⁷ See for example the Basel Convention (transboundary movements of hazardous wastes) and Rotterdam Convention (chemicals management), although the Stockholm Convention takes a slightly stricter approach for persistent organic pollutants (ban/reduction, with exceptions). See further the relationship between these three treaties, online: http://www.brsmeas.org/Decisionmaking/Overview/AboutSynergies/tabid/2614/language/en-US/Default.aspx

³⁸ See for example Gonzalez, Carmen G., “Environmental Justice, Human Rights, and the Global South” Santa Clara. Journal of International Law 13 (2015): 151.Google Scholar

³⁹ Mickelson, “South, North,” 62–66.

⁴⁰ Seck, Sara L., “Transnational Business and Environmental Harm: A TWAIL Analysis of Home State Obligations,” Trade, Law and Development 3 (2011): 192,Google Scholar citing Mickelson, ibid., 65.

⁴¹ Seck, Sara L., “Human Rights and Extractive Industries: Environmental Law and Standards,” Human Rights Law and the Extractive Industries, Paper No. 12, Page No. 12-1 – 12–42 (Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, 2016).Google Scholar

⁴² For example, standards such as respect for freedom of association are open to interpretation. The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for this insight. See further ILO, Rules of the Game, supra note 30, 28–30.

⁴³ For example, there is no agreed upon fixed “minimum wage” in international labour instruments, because it is recognized that countries are at vastly different levels of economic development. I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for this insight. See further ILO, Rules of the Game, supra note 30, 19.

⁴⁴ Trebilcock, Anne, “Due diligence on labour issues – Opportunities and limits of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights” in Blackett, Adelle and Trebilcock, Anne, Research Handbook on Transnational Labour Law (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2015), 93, and 97–98 citingGoogle Scholar Kolben, Kevin, “Labor Rights as Human Rights?” Virginia Journal of International Law 50 (2010): 484.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ UNGPs, supra note 1.

⁴⁶ See generally Deva, Surya and Bilchitz, David, ed., Human Rights Obligations of Business: Beyond the Corporate Responsibility to Respect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁷ United Nations Open-ended intergovernmental working group on transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights, online: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/WGTransCorp/Pages/IGWGOnTNC.aspx

⁴⁸ United Nations Working group on the issue of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights, online: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Business/Pages/WGHRandtransnationalcorporationsandotherbusiness.aspx

⁴⁹ Seck, Sara, “Business, Human Rights, and Canadian Mining Lawyers,” Canadian Business Law Journal 56 (2015): 208–237.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ UNGPs, supra note 1, Principle 11, Commentary.

⁵¹ Ibid., Principle 23 (a).

⁵² United Nations General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171;Google Scholar United Nations General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3;Google Scholar International Labour Organization (ILO), ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, June 1988.Google Scholar

⁵³ Compare, the work of the UN Environment Programme, with that of the ILO. See UNEP, “Why Does UNEP Matter?” online: https://www.unenvironment.org/about-un-environment/why-does-un-environment-matter

⁵⁴ Shin-ichi, AGO, “Whether to Adopt a Convention or a Recommendation – The Experience of International Labour Legislation,” in The Future of Business and Human Rights: Theoretical and Practical Considerations for a UN Treaty, ed. Černič, Jernej Letnar and Carrillo-Santarelli, Nicolás (Cambridge, UK: Intersentia, 2018), 253–272.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ UN HRC Resolution 19/10 Human Rights and the Environment, A/HRC/RES/19/10 (19 April 2012) (resolution appointing Knox to his mandate); Knox, Mapping, supra note 2, 6.

⁵⁶ UN HRC Resolution 19/10, ibid., para. 2(a); Knox, Mapping, ibid. See generally Seck, “Human Rights and Extractive Industries,” supra note 41.

⁵⁷ Knox, Mapping, supra note 2, 8 (para 27).

⁵⁸ Ibid., 8 (para 29). See further paras 30–35 (duties to assess environmental impacts and make information public); paras 36–40 (duties to facilitate public participation in environmental decision-making); and paras 41–43 (duty to provide access to legal remedies) (pages 9–12).

⁵⁹ Ibid., 11 (para 39), referring to the work of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders.

⁶⁰ Knox, Mapping, supra note 2, 12–13, paras. 79–84.

⁶¹ Ibid., 19–22.

⁶² Ibid., para 58. See further paras 58–61.

⁶³ Ibid, citing United Nations General Assembly, “Corporations and human rights: a survey of the scope and patterns of alleged corporate-related human rights abuse,” 23 May 2008, Human Rights Council, Addendum to the Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, UN DOC A/HRC/8/5/Add.2, para. 67.

⁶⁴ Knox, Mapping, supra note 2, para 59.

⁶⁵ Knox, Principles, supra note 2, Annex.

⁶⁶ Ibid., para 18.

⁶⁷ Ibid., Commentary to Principle 8, para 22.

⁶⁸ Ibid., Commentary to Principle 12, para 35.

⁶⁹ Grear, Anna, “The Vulnerable Living Order: Human Rights and the Environment in a Critical and Philosophical Perspective,” Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 2, no. 1 (2011): 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁷² Seck, Sara, “Reflections on Business, Human Rights, the Environment, and Climate Justice” (December 4, 2017), Dalhousie Environmental Law News blog, online: https://blogs.dal.ca/melaw/2017/12/04/reflections-on-business-human-rights-the-environment-and-climate-justice-december-4-2017/Google Scholar (reflecting on the 2017 UN Forum on Business and Human Rights).

⁷³ Dauvergne, Peter and Lister, Jane, “Big brand sustainability: Governance prospects and environmental limits,” Global Environmental Change 22 no. 1 (2012): 36–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar I am grateful to an anonymous reviewer for drawing my attention to the work of Dauvergne, LeBaron, and Lister.

⁷⁴ Ibid., 38.

⁷⁵ Ibid., 45.

⁷⁶ LeBaron, Genvieve and Lister, Jane, “Ethical Audits and the Supply Chains of Global Corporations” Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI), (2016) University of Sheffield. SPERI Global Political Economy Briefs (1), Report, 5, online: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/96303/1/Global-Brief-1-Ethical-Audits-and-the-Supply-Chains-of-Global-Corporations.pdf.Google Scholar

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⁷⁸ Ibid., 22–23.

⁷⁹ Yardley, Jim, “Bangladesh Pollution, Told in Colors and Smells,” New York Times, 14 July 2013: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/world/asia/bangladesh-pollution-told-in-colors-and-smells.htmlGoogle Scholar

⁸⁰ Ibid. (citing a top-ranked student at the school 2 miles from Rana Plaza).

⁸¹ Backer, supra note 77, 23–24.

⁸² Ibid., 24–25.

⁸³ Ibid., 25–26.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 27. See for example Chen, Michelle, “A Western Company Could Finally Be Held Accountable for the Rana Plaza Disaster,” The Nation, April 29, 2016, online: https://www.thenation.com/article/a-western-company-could-finally-be-held-accountable-for-the-rana-plaza-disaster/.Google Scholar

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⁸⁶ Ibid., 31–33. See Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, online: http://bangladeshaccord.org

⁸⁷ Ibid., 33–34.

⁸⁸ Ibid., 35–36.

⁸⁹ Ibid., 45.

⁹⁰ Ibid., 19–20, citing Walmart’s Standards for Suppliers Manual (April 2014).

⁹¹ See Climate Change Cell, DoE, MoEF, Climate Change, Gender and Vulnerable Groups in Bangladesh (Dhaka: 2009), online: http://lib.icimod.org/record/13786/files/4600.PDF; and more generally Seck, Sara L., “Revisiting Transnational Corporations and Extractive Industries: Climate Justice, Feminism, and State Sovereignty,” Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 26, no. 1 (2017): 384–413.Google Scholar

⁹² See for example Joanne Conaghan, “Gender and the Idea of Labour Law,” feminists@law 4, no. 1 (2014) (citing numerous scholars).

⁹³ Nedelsky, Jennifer, Law’s Relations: A Relational Theory of Self, Autonomy, and Law (Oxford University Press, 2011), 120.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Ibid., 121.

⁹⁵ Ibid., 117.

⁹⁶ Scott, Dayna Nadine, Haw, Jennie, and Lee, Robyn, “Wannabe Toxic-Free? From precautionary consumption to corporeal citizenship” Environmental Politics (2016), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2016.1232523Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Ibid., 331.

⁹⁸ Ibid.

⁹⁹ Ibid.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 334. See further Gabrielson, T. and Parady, K., “Corporeal citizenship: rethinking green citizenship through the body” Environmental Politics 19, no. 3 (2010): 374–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰² Ibid., 335.

¹⁰³ Ibid., 331–332 citing Alaimo, S. and Hekman, S., ed., Material feminisms (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), and others.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Scott, Haw, and Lee, 12, citing N. Tuana, “Viscous porosity: witnessing Katrina,” in Alaimo and Hekman.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid., 334.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid.

¹⁰⁷ UNICEF, Global Compact, and Save the Children, “The Children’s Rights and Business Principles,” online: https://www.unicef.org/csr/css/PRINCIPLES_23_02_12_FINAL_FOR_PRINTER.pdf. See also https://www.unicef.org/csr/theprinciples.html

¹⁰⁸ Children’s Rights and Business Principles, ibid., 11.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid., 3, 28–29.

¹¹⁰ UNICEF, CSR, “Global Supply Chains,” online: https://www.unicef.org/csr/global-supply-chains.html

¹¹¹ “Children’s Rights and Business Principles,” supra note 107, 11, 20–21.

¹¹² UNICEF, The Ready-Made Garment Sector and Children in Bangladesh (2015), 3, online: https://www.unicef.org/csr/files/CSR_BANGLADESH_RMG_REPORT.PDF

¹¹³ Ibid.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., 10–11.

¹¹⁵ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment, John Knox: children’s rights OHCHR 37th Sess UN Doc A/HRC/37/58 (2018), online: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/017/29/PDF/G1801729.pdf?OpenElement

¹¹⁶ OHCHR, “The Rights of the Child and Hazardous Substances and Wastes,” online: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/ToxicWastes/Pages/RightsoftheChildHazardousSubstancesWastes.aspx. See further Report of the Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes and substances, UN Doc A/HRC/33/41 (2 August 2016), online: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/169/26/PDF/G1616926.pdf?OpenElement

¹¹⁷ SDGs, supra note 3; United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, online: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/issues/MDG/Pages/The2030Agenda.aspx

¹¹⁸ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, supra note 3 (Preamble). On gender, see ibid., Goal 5.

¹¹⁹ Ibid. (Preamble).

¹²⁰ Ibid., para 9.

¹²¹ Ibid.

¹²² Ibid., para 10.

¹²³ Ibid., para 67.

¹²⁴ Ibid., Goal 8. See especially Goal 8.8.

¹²⁵ Ibid., Goal 16. See further Knox, John H., “Human Rights, Environmental Protection, and the Sustainable Development Goals,” Washington International Law Journal 24 (2015): 517Google Scholar (commenting on an earlier draft of the SDGs).

¹²⁶ See especially 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ibid., Goals 6 (water), 13 (climate change), 14 (marine resources), 15 (terrestrial ecosystems).

¹²⁷ Ibid., Goals 1 (poverty), 2 (hunger), 3 (health), 12 (consumption and production).

¹²⁸ UN Global Compact, Sustainable Development, online: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/our-work/sustainable-development

¹²⁹ Business, Human Rights and the Sustainable Development Goals: Forging a Coherent Vision and Strategy, A paper from Shift commissioned by the Business and Sustainable Development Commission (November 2016), 34–35.

¹³⁰ Hirtenstein, Anna, “Fast Fashion Goes Green with Mushrooms, Lumber Scraps, and Algae: Inditex and H&M are developing textiles to reduce the environmental cost of throwaway clothes,” Bloomberg (1 May 2018), online: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-01/fast-fashion-goes-green-with-mushrooms-lumber-scraps-and-algaeGoogle Scholar

¹³¹ Blackett, “Decolonizing Labour Law,” supra note 25, 93–94.

¹³² Natarajan, Usha and Khoday, Kishan, “Locating Nature: Making and Unmaking International Law,” Leiden Journal of International Law 27 (2014): 573–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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