The study of lattice-ordered groups (l-groups) in recent years has yielded several publications concerning the lattice of all convex l-subgroups (denoted by Γ(G)). As for example, in [3], Conrad has shown a direct connection between one possible structure of Γ(G) as a lattice and certain finite conditions on the elements of the group G. In the process of developing variations of this approach, there has been imposed several different conditions on G and Γ(G). For instance, it was proposed by Conrad that if all the minimal prime subgroups have non-zero polars, then the group elements would all be finite-valued. In this paper we show that in general this is not true.

An elation of a design is an automorphism γ of fixing some block X pointwise and some point x on X blockwise. Luneburg [4] and I [2] have proved results which state that a design admitting many dations and having additional properties must be the design of points and hyperplanes of a finite desarguesian projective space. In this note, additional results of this type will be proved and applied to yield a generalization of a previous result on Jordan groups [3]. The proofs were suggested by a result of Hering on dations of finite projective planes [1, pp. 122, 190].

Recently, in collaboration with Martin [10] and Sundaresan [11], I obtained a characterization of certain classes of non-linear functionals defined on spaces of measurable functions (see also [12]). The functionals in question had the form

(1.1)

with a continuous “kernel” φ: R → R,or

(1.2)

with a separately continuous kernel φ: R2 → R. There are direct applications of this work to the theory of generalized random processes in probability (see [8]) and to the theory of fading memory in continuum mechanics [3]. However, the main motivation for these studies was an interest in possible application to the functional analytic study of non-linear differential equations. From the standpoint of this latter application it would also be desirable to characterize the broader class of functionals having the form

(1.3)

where the kernel φ: R × T → R satisfies “Carathéodory conditions”.

Indices of normal spaces with countable basis for equivariant mappings have been investigated by Bourgin [4; 6] and by Wu [11; 12] in the case where the transformation groups are of prime order p. One of us has extended the concept to the case where the transformation group is a cyclic group of order pt and discussed its applications to the Kakutani Theorem (see [10]). In this paper we will define the Jp-index of a normal space with countable basis in the case where the transformation group is a cyclic group of order n, where n is divisible by p. We will decide, by means of the spectral sequence technique of Borel [1; 2], the Jp-index of SO(n) where n is an odd integer divisible by p. The method used in this paper can be applied to find the Jp-index of a classical group G whose cohomology ring over Jp has a system of universally transgressive generators of odd degrees.

To each representation ρ on a transitive permutation group P of the group G = π(S – k) of an (ordered and oriented) link k = k1 ∪ k2 ∪ … ∪ kμ in the oriented 3-sphere S there is associated an oriented open 3-manifold M = Mρ(k), the covering space of S – k that belongs to ρ. The points 01, 02, … that lie over the base point o may be indexed in such a way that the elements g of G into which the paths from oi to oj project are represented by the permutations gρ of the form , and this property characterizes M. Of course M does not depend on the actual indices assigned to the points o1, o2, … but only on the equivalence class of ρ, where two representations ρ of G onto P and ρ′ of G onto P′ are equivalent when there is an inner automorphism θ of some symmetric group in which both P and P′ are contained which is such that ρ′ = θρ.

Given an arbitrary associative ring R we consider the ring R[x] of polynomials over R in the commutative indeterminate x. For each radical property S we define the function S* which assigns to each ring R the ideal

of R. It is shown that the property SA (that a ring R be equal to S*(R)) is a radical property. If S is semiprime, then SA is semiprime also. If S is a special radical, then SA is a special radical. SA is always contained in S. A necessary and sufficient condition that S and SA coincide is given.

The results are generalized in the last section to include extensions of R other than R[x], One such extension is the semigroup ring R[A], where A is a semigroup with an identity adjoined.

In [9], indices for equivariant mappings have been denned in the case that the transformation groups are cyclic. Thus a question will naturally arise as to the generalization of [4, Theorem 2] or [8, § IV, Theorem 2.8]. In this paper we will generalize the above result when the transformation groups are of order paqb, p, q are odd prime numbers. The method used here can be used directly for more general cyclic groups, say, of order n = p1α1 … pmαm. However, the results are too complicated to be of interest.

Two basic unsolved problems of lattice theory are (1) the characterization of sublattices of free lattices and (2) the characterization of projective lattices. A solution to an important case of the first problem has been provided by Galvin and Jónsson [3], who characterize distributive sublattices of free lattices. In this paper, we solve the same case of the second problem by characterizing distributive projective lattices (Theorem 4.1). An interesting corollary is the verification for distributive lattices of the conjecture that a, finite lattice is projective if and only if it is a sublattice of a free lattice.

1. The Cesàro methods for ordinary [9, p. 17; 6, p. 96] and for absolute [9, p. 25] summation of infinite series can be generalized by the Riesz methods [7, p. 21; 12; 9, p. 52; 6, p. 86; 5, p. 2] and by “the generalized Cesàro methods“ introduced by Burkill [4] and Borwein and Russell [3]. (Also cf. [2]; for another generalization, see [8].) These generalizations raise the question as to their equivalence.

We shall consider series

(1)

with complex terms an. Throughout, we will assume that

(2)

and we call (1) Riesz summable to a sum s relative to the type λ = (λn) and to the order κ, or summable (R, λ, κ) to s briefly, if the Riesz means

(of the partial sums of (1)) tend to s as x → ∞.

All rings considered here are commutative containing at least two elements, but may not have identity. A ring R is said to be selfinjective if R as an R-module is injective. A ring R is said to be pre-selfinjective if every proper homomorphic image of R is self-injective [9]. Study of pre-self-injective rings was initiated by Levy [10], who established a characterization of Noetherian pre-self-injective rings with identity in terms of other well-known types of rings. Recently Klatt and Levy [9] have characterized all pre-self-injective rings with identity. In this paper we are mainly interested in Noetherian rings. For the sake of convenience we shall call a pre-self-injective ring an (I)-ring. A ring R will be said to be a (PMI)-ring if for each proper prime ideal P with P2 ≠ 0, the ring R/P2 is self-injective. Clearly, an (I)-ring is a (PMI)-ring.

In this paper we study the following problem originally proposed by Walsh (8). To determine the class of functions f(x) continuous in a given n-dimensional region R and having the property that the value of f(x) be equal to the average of f(x) over the vertices of all sufficiently small regular polytopes similar to a given one, which are centred at x. This problem has been studied by several mathematicians (1; 6; 8) and has been completely solved except for the four-dimensional regular polytopes {3, 4, 3}, {3, 3, 5}, {5, 3, 3} (see 3, p. 129, for the meaning of these symbols) and the n-dimensional cube. In each case, the class of functions is identical with a class of harmonic polynomials which can be specified. In § 2, we solve the problem for the four-dimensional figures, thus leaving the problem open only for the n-dimensional cube.

For every ( differentiable) bundle E over a manifold M, Jk(E) denotes the set of all k-jets of local (differentiable) sections of the bundle E. Jk(E) is a bundle over M such that if X is a section of E, then

is a (differentiable) section of Jk(E). If E is a vector bundle, Jk(E) is a vector bundle and we have the canonical exact sequence of vector bundles

where Sk(T*) is the symmetric Whitney tensor product of the cotangent vector bundle T* of M. and π is the canonical morphism which associates to each k-jet of section its jet of inferior order.

1. We will use the terminology of part I [9], including the general assumptions of [9, § 1]. In that paper we had proved that |R, λ, κ| = |C, λ, κ| in case that κ is an integer. Now, we turn to non-integral orders κ.

As to ordinary summation, the following inclusion relations (in the customary sense; see [9, end of § 1]) for non-integral κ have been established so far. (Since we are comparing Riesz methods of the same type λ and order κ only, (R, λ, κ) is written (R), etc., for the moment.) (R) ⊆ (C) is a result by Borwein and Russell [2]. (C) ⊆ (R) was proved by Jurkat [3] in the case 0 < κ < 1, and, after Borwein [1], it holds in the case 1 < κ < 2 if

(1)

(2)

(i.e. decreases in the wide sense).

The problem of counting partial subgraphs (or patterns, for short) in a given graph has been approached by several mathematicians from various points of view (see, e.g., [1; 3; 5; 13-15; 17-23; 26-29]; applications may also be found in [2; 8; 9; 16]). Specific algorithms have been presented and almost all of them are essentially based upon a careful analysis of the graph under consideration. In these cases, we say that a direct approach has been followed. Unfortunately, when large graphs are considered, all direct counting methods require rather cumbersome computations. For this reason, during the last few years many efforts have been made in finding suitable indirect counting methods. First, Biondi [5] faced the problem of counting cycles in non-oriented graphs by inspection of the complementary graph. More recently, a number of papers [1; 3; 21; 22; 28] have been concerned with counting trees in classes of non-oriented graphs having complementary graphs with special structural properties. However, to the best of our knowledge, no general indirect counting method is available in the literature.

Let G be a locally compact group and M(G) the space of finite regular Borel measures on G. If μ and v are in M(G), their convolution is defined by

Thus, if f is a continuous bounded function on G,

μ is central if μ(Ex) = μ(xE) for all x ∈ G and all measurable sets E. μ is idempotent if μ * μ = μ.

The idempotent measures for abelian groups have been classified by Cohen [1]. In this paper we will show that for a certain class of compact groups, containing the unitary groups, the central idempotents can be characterized. The method consists of showing that, in these cases, the central idempotents arise from idempotents on abelian groups and applying Cohen's result.

In this note we continue the study, initiated in [1], of the class S*(α) of functions

(1.1)

that are analytic and univalent in the unit disc U and satisfy the condition

(1.2)

S*(1) is the frequently studied class of univalent star-like functions. For each α, S*(α) is a subclass of the class K(α) of close-to-convex functions of order α introduced by Pommerenke [4]. Properties of the class S*(α) proved useful in studying the coefficient behaviour of bounded univalent functions that are analytic and map U onto a convex domain [1]. In this note we investigate the problem of determining

but we are able to give only a partial solution.

A map f : M → N is topologically equivalent tog: X → Y if there exist homeomorphisms α: M → X and β: N → Y such that βfα–1 = g. At x ∊ M, f is locally topologically equivalent to g if, for every neighbourhood W ⊂ M of x, there exist neighbourhoods U ⊂ W of x and V of f(x) such that f|U: U → V is topologically equivalent to g.

1.1. Definition. Given a map f: M → N and x ∊ M, let F be the component of f–1(f(x)) containing x. The singular set Af is defined as follows: x ∊ M – Af if and only if there are neighbourhoods U of F and V of f(x) such that f| U: U → F is topologically equivalent to the product projection map of V × F onto V.

In this paper all rings considered have identity and are commutative, and all modules are finitely generated. We shall make liberal use of the definitions and notation established in [6; 7].

Towber observed in [9] that a local Outer Product ring (OP-ring) must have v-dimension ≦ 2, and so a local OP-ring is either regular of global dimension ≦ 2 or it has infinite global dimension. Since the global dimension of a noetherian ring is the supremum of the global dimensions of its localizations, we immediately obtain the following result.

THEOREM 1.1. The global dimension of a noetherian OP-ring is either∞ or ≦ 2.

In recent years considerable attention has been focused on non-linear hyperbolic differential equations with the object of establishing the existence of global solutions. It is our aim here to establish the existence of weak solutions of boundary value problems for non-linear equations of the form

(1-1)

where d is a real constant called the damping coefficient, u(t) is a vector-valued function defined on a subinterval of the real line into a space of complex-valued functions u(x) defined on a bounded domain Ω in the real Euclidean space EN of N dimensions, ut(t) ≡ du(t)/dt, and A(t) is the family of partial differential operators of order 2m (m = 1, 2, …) on Ω given in generalized divergence form by

(1-2)

with

Mennicke (2) has given a class of three-generator, three-relation finite groups. In this paper we present a further class of three-generator, threerelation groups which we show are finite.

The groups presented are defined as:

with α|γ| ≠ 1, β|γ| ≠ 1, γ ≠ 0.

We prove the following result.

THEOREM 1. Each of the groups presented is a finite soluble group.

We state the following theorem proved by Macdonald (1).

THEOREM 2. G1(α, β, 1) is a finite nilpotent group.

1. In this section we make some elementary remarks.