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² See https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history. For detailed discussions of the term Central Europe, as well as Mitteleuropa, see Meyer, Henry Cord, Mitteleuropa in German Thought and Action, 1815–1945 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1955)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rider, Jacques Le, Mitteleuropa. Auf den Spuren eines Begriffes (Vienna: Deuticke, 1994)Google Scholar; Judt, Tony, “The Rediscovery of Central Europe,” in Eastern Europe—Central Europe—Europe, ed. Graubard, Stephen Richards (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 23–58Google Scholar; Bugge, Peter, “The Use of the Middle: Mitteleuropa vs. Střední Evropa,” European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire 6, no. 1 (1999): 15–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Křen, Jan, Dvě století střední Evropy (Prague: Argo, 2005)Google Scholar.

³ These parameters, along with the emergence of distinct fields of inquiry, help to explain why “the percentage of articles [published in Central European History] devoted to Austria, the Habsburg lands (including the successor states of the empire), as well as Switzerland decreased from almost 15 percent between 1968 and 1987 to less than 6 percent since 1990.” See Port, Andrew I., “Central European History since 1989: Historiographical Trends and Post-Wende ‘Turns,’” CEH 48, no. 2 (2015): 238–48Google Scholar (quote on p. 244). Port's article provides a superb overview of the various methodological “turns” that have defined German history, and history more broadly, in the past decades. My focus, however, is on the predominant research questions; this excludes, of course, discussion of a vast number of innovative, insightful works in our fields.

⁴ Nagy, Zsolt, Great Expectations and Interwar Realities: Hungarian Cultural Diplomacy, 1918–1941 (Budapest: Central European University [CEU] Press, 2017), 134CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ Seton-Watson played a key role in the founding of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, and also cofounded the Slavonic Review. See Betts, R. B., “Robert William Seton-Watson, 1879–1951,” The Slavonic and East European Review 30, no. 74 (1951): 252–55Google Scholar. Masaryk and other leaders of successor states also supported publishing efforts in Great Britain, the United States, and France, and, beyond that, complimented the efforts of Seton-Watson and others. See Orzoff, Andrea, Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰ For an overview of the literature, see Deak, John, “The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War,” Journal of Modern History 86, no. 2 (2014): 336–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ For an overview, see Judson, Pieter M., “‘Where Our Commonality Is Necessary …’: Rethinking the End of the Habsburg Monarchy,” Austrian History Yearbook (AHY) 48 (2017): 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Healy, Maureen, Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; Kučera, Rudolf, Rationed Life: Science, Everyday Life, and Working-Class Politics in the Bohemian Lands, 1914–1918 (New York: Berghahn, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² For an overview of the emergence of nationalism studies after World War II, see Eley, Geoff and Suny, Ronald Gregor, “Introduction: From the Moment of Social History to the Work of Cultural Representation,” in Becoming National: A Reader, ed. Eley, Geoff and Gregor, Ronald Suny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996): 3–38Google Scholar.

¹³ Kohn, Hans, The Idea of Nationalism (New York: MacMillan, 1944)Google Scholar; Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983)Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Karl Deutsch, another significant contributor to postwar nationalism studies, also grew up within Prague's German-Jewish milieu. See Wein, Martin, History of the Jews of Bohemian Lands (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 3–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷ Zahra, Tara, Kidnapped Souls: National Indifference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands, 1900–1948 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; idem, “Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis,” Slavic Review 69, no. 1 (2010): 93–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Bahm, Karl F., “Beyond the Bourgeoisie: Rethinking Nation, Culture, and Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Central Europe,” AHY 29 (1998): 19–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glassheim, Eagle, Noble Nationalists: The Transformation of the Bohemian Aristocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Judson, Pieter, Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontier of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006)Google Scholar; Nemes, Robert, “Obstacles to Nationalization on the Hungarian-Romanian Language Frontier,” AHY 43 (2012): 28–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ballinger, Pamela, “History's ‘Illegibles’: National Indeterminacy in Istria,” AHY 33 (2012): 116–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an example of “national indifference” beyond the monarchy, see Bjork, James E., Neither German nor Pole: Catholicism and National Indifference in a Central European Borderland (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁰ See also King, Jeremy, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cohen, Gary B., “Nationalist Politics and the Dynamics of State and Civil Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1867-1914,” CEH 40, no. 2 (2007): 241–78Google Scholar; Cole, Laurence, Military Culture and Popular Patriotism in Late Imperial Austria (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an alternative interpretation of the relationship between nationalism and the monarchy, see Beneš, Jakub S., Workers and Nationalism: Czech and German Social Democracy in Habsburg Austria, 1890–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar. One of the first calls for Habsburg historians to take inspiration from recent work on Imperial Germany to probe the relationship between the administrative state and political movements appeared in the pages of CEH: Boyer, John, “Some Reflections on the Problem of Austria, Germany, and Mitteleuropa,” CEH 22, no. 3/4 (1989): 301–16Google Scholar.

²¹ On the origins and persistence of these assumptions, see Wolff, Larry, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994)Google Scholar.

²² Pucci, Molly, “Translating the State: Czechoslovakia's Search for the Soviet Model of the Secret Police, 1945–52,” Kritika 18, no. 2 (2017): 317–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Connelly, John, Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education, 1945–1956 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000)Google Scholar.

²³ Gross, Jan, “Social Consequences of War: Preliminaries to the Study of Imposition of Communist Regimes in East Central Europe,” East European Politics and Societies 3, no. 2 (1989): 198–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kenney, Padraic, Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945–1950 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997)Google Scholar; Bokovoy, Melissa K., Peasants and Communists: Politics and Ideology in the Yugoslav Countryside, 1941–1953 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998)Google Scholar; Abrams, Bradley F., The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Communism (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004)Google Scholar; Pittaway, Mark, The Workers’ State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Socialist Hungary, 1944–1958 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McDermott, Kevin, Communist Czechoslovakia, 1945–89: A Political and Social History (London: Palgrave, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁵ Feinberg, Melissa, Curtain of Lies: The Battle over Truth in Stalinist Eastern Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Williams, Kieran, The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Spurný, Matĕj, Most do budoucnosti. Laboratoř socialistické modernity na severu Čech (Prague: Karolinum, 2016)Google Scholar; Šuk, Jiří, Veřejné záchodky ze zlata. Konflikt mezi komunistickým utopismem a ekonomickou racionalitou v předsrpnovém Československu (Prague: Prostor, 2016)Google Scholar; Pullman, Michal, Konec experimentu. Přestavba a pád komunismu v Československu (Prague: Scriptorium, 2011)Google Scholar; Sommer, Vítĕzslav, “Forecasting the Post-Socialist Future: Prognostika in Late Socialist Czechoslovakia, 1970–1989,” in The Struggle for the Long-Term in Transnational Science and Politics: Forging the Future, ed. Anderson, Jenny and Rindzevičiūtė, Eglė (London: Routledge, 2015), 144–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Krapfl, James, Revolution with a Human Face: Politics, Culture, and Community in Czechoslovakia, 1989–1992 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

²⁶ For an insightful overview, see Port, Andrew I., “The Banalities of East German Historiography,” in Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler, ed. Fulbrook, Mary and Port, Andrew I. (New York: Berghahn, 2013), 1–30Google Scholar.

²⁷ See, however, Connelly, Captive University; Anderson, Sheldon R., A Cold War in the Soviet Bloc: Polish-East German Relations, 1945–1962 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Zimmermann, Volker, Eine sozialistische Freundschaft im Wandel. Die Beziehungen zwischen der SBZ/DDR und der Tschechoslowakei (1945–1969) (Essen: Klartext, 2005)Google Scholar; Logemann, Daniel, Das polnische Fenster. Deutsch-polnische Kontakte im staatssozialistischen Alltag Leipzigs 1972—1989 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tompkins, David G., Composing the Party Line: Music and Politics in Early Cold War Poland and East Germany (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Kunakhovich, Kyrill, “Reconstruction as Revolution: Cultural Life in Post-WWII Kraków and Leipzig,” East European Politics and Societies 30, no. 3 (2016): 475–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ For innovative works on migration and the movement of peoples, see Zahra, Tara, The Great Departure: Mass Migration from Eastern Europe and the Making of the Free World (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2016)Google Scholar; Stauter-Halsted, Keely, “Sex at the Border: Trafficking as a Migration Problem in Partitioned Poland,” in Migration and Mobility in the Modern Age: Refugees, Travelers, and Traffickers in Europe and Eurasia, ed. Walke, Anika, Musekamp, Jan, and Svobodny, Nicole (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017), 164–87Google Scholar; Wingfield, Nancy M., “Destination: Alexandria, Buenos Aires, Constantinople; ‘White Slavers’ in Late Imperial Austria,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 20, no. 2 (2011): 291–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For creatively wrought works of comparative history, see Meng, Michael, Shattered Spaces: Encountering Jewish Ruins in Postwar Germany and Poland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bartha, Eszter, Alienating Labour: Workers on the Road from Socialism to Capitalism in East Germany and Hungary (New York: Berghahn, 2013)Google Scholar. For various iterations of borderland histories, see Blaive, Muriel and Molden, Berthold, Grenzfälle. Österreichische und tschechische Erfahrungen am Eisernen Vorhang (Weitra: Bibliothek der Provinz, 2009)Google Scholar; Murdock, Caitlin E., Changing Places: Society, Culture, and Territory in the Saxon-Bohemian Borderlands, 1870–1946 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sheffer, Edith, Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)Google Scholar; Mykhed, Oksana, “Not by Force Alone: Public Health and the Establishment of Russian Rule in the Russo-Polish Borderland, 1762–85,” in Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914, ed. Readman, Paul, Radding, Cynthia, and Bryant, Chad (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 123–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glassheim, Eagle, Cleansing the Czechoslovak Borderlands: Migration, Environment, and Health in the Former Sudetenland (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For thoughtful discussions of the “transnational turn,” see Osterhammel, Jürgen, “Transnationale Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Erweiterung oder Alternative?,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 27 (2001): 464–79Google Scholar; Conrad, Sebastian, “Doppelte Marginalisierung: Pläydoyer für eine transnationale Perspektive auf die deutsche Geschichte,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 28 (2002): 145–69Google Scholar; Ther, Philipp, “Beyond the Nation: The Relational Basis of a Comparative History of Germany and Europe,” CEH 36, no. 1 (2003): 45–74Google Scholar; Geyer, Michael, “Where Germans Dwell: Transnationalism in Theory and Practice,” German Studies Association Newsletter 31, no. 2 (2006): 29–37Google Scholar.

²⁹ Frieberg, Annika, “Transnational Spaces in National Places: Early Activists in Polish-West German Relations,” Nationalities Papers 38, no. 2 (2010): 213–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Julia Ault, “Protesting Pollution: Environmental Activism in East Germany and Poland, 1980–1990,” in Cold War Environmentalism in Capitalist and Communist Countries, ed. Astrid Mignon Kirchhof and John R. McNeill (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, forthcoming); also see the special issue “Crossing the Borders of Friendship: Mobility across Communist Borders,” edited by Keck-Szajbel, Mark and Stola, Dariusz, in East European Politics and Society 29, no. 1 (2015): 92–225CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁰ Chu, Winson, The German Minority in Interwar Poland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cornwall, Mark, The Devil's Wall: The Nationalist Youth Mission of Heinz Rutha (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lower, Wendy, Hitler's Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013)Google Scholar; Steinhart, Eric Conrad, The Holocaust and the Germanization of Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Zakić, Mirna, Ethnic Germans and National Socialism in Yugoslavia in World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³² See “Alphabetical List of Fellows and Scholars,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, at https://www.ushmm.org/research/competitive-academic-programs/fellows-and-scholars/fellows-and-scholars-by-name.

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³⁴ Dean, Martin, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Michlic, Joanna B. and Polonsky, Antony, eds., The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; Connelly, John, “Why the Poles Collaborated So Little—And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris,” Slavic Review 64, no. 4 (2005): 771–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Frommer, Benjamin, “Verfolgung durch die Presse: Wie Prager Büroberater und die tschechische Polizei die Juden des Protektorats Böhmen und Mähren isolieren halfen,” in Leben und Sterben im Schatten der Deportation. Der Alltag der jüdischen Bevölkerung im Großdeutschen Reich 1941–1945, ed. Bergen, Doris, Löw, Andrea, and Hájková, Anna (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2013), 137–50Google Scholar; Dumitru, Diana, The State, Antisemitism, and Collaboration in the Holocaust: The Borderlands of Romania and the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also “Polish Law Denies Reality of the Holocaust,” The Guardian, Feb. 5, 2018 (www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/05/polish-law-denies-reality-of-holocaust).

³⁵ See, e.g., Tec, Nechama, Defiance: The Bielski Partisans (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kassow, Samuel D., Who Will Write Our History? Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Oyneg Shabes Archive (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

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³⁷ A number of crucial nodes for intraregional cooperation have emerged since 1989, such as the Visegrad Fund, the Polish Center for Holocaust Research, the German Historical Institute Warsaw, the Center for Urban History of East-Central Europe in Lviv, the Imre Kertész Kolleg in Jena, and the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt/Oder.

³⁸ Čapková, Kateřina, Czechs, Germans, Jews? National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia (New York: Berghahn, 2012)Google Scholar; Frankl, Michal, “Prag ist nunmehr antisemitisch.” Tschechischer Antisemitismus am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin: Metropol, 2011)Google Scholar; Adamczyk-Garbowska, Monika and Polonsky, Antony, Contemporary Jewish Writing in Poland: An Anthology (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001)Google Scholar.

³⁹ Kopeček, Michal and Wciślik, Piotr, “Introduction: Towards an Intellectual History of Post-Socialism,” in Thinking Through Transition: Liberal Democracy, Authoritarian Pasts, and Intellectual History in East Central Europe After 1989, ed. Kopeček, Michal and Wciślik, Piotr (Budapest: CEU Press, 2015), 1–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Roubal, Petr, “Revolution by the Law: Transformation of the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly 1989–1990,” Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino / Contributions to Contemporary History 55, no. 3 (2015): 60–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁰ Here we might take inspiration from histories of twentieth-century Europe that have united both halves of the continent within narratives that pursue a common set of questions regarding the rise and fall of non-democratic ideologies, common efforts to recover from the destruction of World War II, or the various forms of modernization at play across the continent. See, e.g., Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1999)Google Scholar; Judt, Tony, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Kersaw, Ian, To Hell and Back, Europe 1914–1949 (New York: Viking, 2015)Google Scholar; Jarausch, Konrad Hugo, Out of Ashes: A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴⁴ Szporluk, Roman, Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar; Reill, Dominique Kirchner, Nationalists Who Feared the Nation: Adriatic Multi-Nationalism in Habsburg Dalmatia, Trieste, and Venice (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar. These innovations and experimentations, which often involved everyday practices, were not restricted, of course, to the intellectual classes. See, e.g., Nemes, Robert, The Once and Future Budapest (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Bryant, Chad, “Strolling the Romantic City: Gardens, Panoramas, and Middle-Class Elites in Early Nineteenth-Century Prague,” in Walking Histories, 1800–1914, ed. Bryant, Chad, Burns, Arthur, and Readman, Paul (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 57–86Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Spector, Scott, Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siècle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cohen, Gary B., “Cultural Crossings in Prague, 1900: Scenes from Late Imperial Austria,” AHY 45 (2014): 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Koeltzsch, Ines, Geteilte Kulturen. Eine Geschichte der tschechisch-jüdisch-deutschen Beziehungen in Prag (1918–1938) (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Case, Holly, “The ‘Social Question,’ 1820–1920,” Modern Intellectual History 13, no. 3 (2016): 747–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.