Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T22:42:19.393Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gregory VII and the Primacy of Archbishop Gebuin of Lyons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Peter R. McKeon
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of History, University of Illinois Circle Campus

Extract

In the history of the pontificate of Gregory VII, the figure of archbishop Gebiun of Lyons is mysterious, and his very presence shadow-like, while his position as primate seems at first glance anomalous. The policy of the pope, from the start of his rule, had been dominated by motives of ecclesiastical centralization and by the notion of a hierarchy ruled directly on all levels by the pope himself or by administrators in constant contact with the papacy. Thus, he had regularized and extended the scope of the Roman Council, and had asserted the privileged position of the papal legate throughout the western church.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1969

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. On Gebuin, in addition to the articles and other citations mentioned in the notes following, see Sausay, A. du, Martyrologium gallicanum (Paris, 1637), pp. 367368Google Scholar; Histoire litteraire de la France, VIII (Paris, 1747), 104108Google Scholar; Pericaud, M. A., “Notice sur S. Jubin, archevêque de Lyon,” Archives historiques et statistiques du départment du Rhóne, IV (1826), 3643Google Scholar; Biographie universalle, ed. M. Michaud, VI (Paris, 1856), 103Google Scholar; Acta sanctorum, ed. J. Bollandus et al., third edition, IV Mai 19 (Paris, 1866), 293294.Google Scholar

2. Cf. Fliche, A., La réforme grégorienne et la reoonquête chrétienne (1057–1123) (Paris, 1946Google Scholar; Histoire de l'église, VIII), 63 ff.Google Scholar

3. During the pontificate of Gregory, nine councils were held by the pope in Rome alone, as compared to six under Alexander II. Except for the year 1077, at least one Roman council was held each year from 1074 until the invasions of the 1080's. See Hefele, C. J.Leclercq, H., Histoire des conciles, IV 2 (Paris, 1911)Google Scholar, and V1 (Paris, 1912), passim.

4. See, for example, “Dictatus papae,” no. 4 (Gregory VII, Registrum [Reg.], ed. Caspar, E. [Monumenta Germaniae historica, epistolae selectae, II (Hannover, 19201923)], II. 55a)Google Scholar.

5. Thus, Sayles, G. O., The Medieval Foundation of England (London, 1947), pp. 260 ff.Google Scholar

6. Cf. Cambridge Medieval History, V (Cambridge, 1926), chs. II and IIIGoogle Scholar; La réforme grégorienne et la reconquête chrétienne, pp. 130 ff.

7. Ibid., ch. IV, parts one and two.

8. Thus, Lemarignier, J. -F. et al. , Histoire des institutions françaises au moyen age, III Institutions ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1962), pp. 89 ff.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., pp. 98–99.

10. This attendance can be easily seen in the conciliar records preserved in the Registrum, passim.

11. See especially Schieffer, T., Die päpstlichen Legaten in Frankreich vom Vertrage von Meersen (870) bis sum Schisma von 1130 (Berlin, 1935), ch. 31.Google Scholar

12. Reg. VI. 34; pp. 47–49.

13. Cf. Rony, A., “Saint Jubin arehévêque de Lyon et la primatie Lyonnaise,” Revue d'histoire de l'église de France, XV (1929), at 409 ffGoogle Scholar; de Marca, P., Dissertationes selectae ecclesiasticae tractatum de concordia sacerdotii et imperium illustrantes, IV (Naples, 1771), 9162Google Scholar; Bouquet, M. et al. , Receuil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (Paris, 17281904)Google Scholar (Bouquet), X1V, 667: Appenda epistolarum aliquot de primatu Lugdunensi ecclesiae concesso a Gregorio papa VII.

14. Fliche, A., “La primatie des Gaules depuis l'époque carolingienne jusqu'a la fin de la querelle des investitures (876–1121),” Revue historique, CLXXIII (1934), at 335 ff.Google Scholar Cf. also Fliche, A., La réforme grégorienne. II Gregoire VII (Louvain, 1925), 229 ff.Google Scholar; Dictionnaire de droit canonique, VII (Paris, 1965), 214215.Google Scholar

15. Thus, Rony, op. cit., pp. 421–424.

16. Reg. VI. 34; p. 449.

17. Reg. VI. 35; p. 452.

18. Rony, op. cit., at pp. 429–430, differentiates the substance of the two bulls, and sees in the second only an appeal to the metropolitans to honor Gebuin.

19. Cf. Fliche, A., La réforme grégorienne et la reconquét chrétienne, pp. 85 ff.Google Scholar; Rony, A., “La politique française de Grégoire VII. Conflit entre le pape et son légat,” Revue des questiones historiques, CIX (1928), 534.Google Scholar

20. Reg. V. 17.

21. Fliche, A., Le régne de Philippe ler, rei de France (1060–1108) (Paris, 1912), p. 416.Google Scholar Hugh of Die, Epstoiae, no seven, in Migne, J. P., Patroiogia Latina (Paris, 18441855) (PL), CLVII, 509511.Google Scholar

22. Manasses, I of Rheims, , Epiistola, in Bouquet, XIV, 611.Google Scholar On Manasses, see Williams, J. R., “Archbishop Manasses I of Rheims and pope Gregory VII,” American Historical Review, LIV (1949), 804824.Google Scholar

23. Reg. VI. 2.

24. Hugh of Die, Epistolae, no. six, in Epistolae ad Gregorium VII (PL, CXLVII), 744755.Google Scholar On the date, see my forthcoming article, “The Legatine Council under Pope Gregory VII.”

25. Manasses I of Rheims, Epistola, in Briefsammlungen der Zeit Heinrichs IV (Weimar, 1950Google Scholar; MGH Briefe der Deutschen Kaiserzeit, V), no. 107.Google Scholar

26. According to Hugh of Flavigny, who notes the archbishop's absence. Chronicon (MGH Scriptores, VIII), 422.Google Scholar

27. Hugh of Die, Epistolae, no. seven.

28. Hugh, of Flavigny, , Chronicon, pp. 415416.Google Scholar

29. Hugh of Die, Epistolae, no. six.

30. Hugh, of Flavigny, , Chronicon, p. 416.Google Scholar

31. Op. cit., p. 418. See P. R. McKeon, “The Legatine Council under Pope Gregory VII.”

32. Martin, J. B., Conoiles et bullaire du diocèse de Lyon (Lyons, 1905), p. 79.Google Scholar

33. Bouquet, XIV, 672–673.

34. Bouquet, XIV, 671–672.

35. Reg. VI. 24, 25.

36. Bouquet, XIV, 669–670.

37. Bouquet, XIV, 670–671.

38. Bouquet, XIV, 671.

39. Bouquet, XIV, 669.

40. Chronicon Sancti Maxentii Pictavensis, edd. Marchegay, P. and Mabillon, B., in Chroniques des églises d'Anjou (Paris, 1869), pp. 406407.Google Scholar

41. Thus, in reference to the council of Toulouse, Bouquet, XIV, 49.

42. Fliehe, A., Le règne de Philippe Ier, p. 313.Google Scholar

43. Reg. VII. 12. Manasses justified his refusal in a long letter written to Hugh of Die; Bouquet, XIV, 781–786. Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon, p. 422, on the deposition.

44. Reg. VII. 20 confirms the sentence. See J. B. Williams, op. cit., p. 820, on Macasses' flight.

45. Unless the reference in Reg. IX. 29a, to the “archipresul Lugdunensis,” is a mention of Gebuin, which seems doubtful.

46. Gallia christiana, IV (Paris, 1728), 90Google Scholar; Nouvelle biographie générale, ed. H. Hoeffer, XXVII (Paris, 1861), 124.Google Scholar

47. Cf. Rony, A., “Un procés canonique entre deux saints: St. Jubin, archevêque de Lyon et St. Hugues, abbé de Cluny,” Revue Mabillon, XVIII (1928), 177185.Google Scholar Also, Letonnier, G., L'abbaye exempts de Cluny et le Saint-Siège (Paris, 1923)Google Scholar; Archives de la France monastique (XII), 96101Google Scholar; Huyghebaert, N., “Un légat de Gregorie VII en France: Warmond do Vienne,” Revue d'histoire ecolésiastique, XL (1944-1945), 187200.Google Scholar

48. Gregory VII, Epistoiae collectae (ed. Jaffé, P., in Monumenta Gregoriana [Berlin, 1865Google Scholar; Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, II]), no. 32.Google Scholar

49. Bouquet, XIV, 49; Miccoli, G., Pietre Igneo. Studi sull' etd Gregoriana (Rome, 1960Google Scholar; Studs storici, 40–41), pp. 124 ff.

50. Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon, p. 460; Obituaires de ia province de Lyon, I (edd. Guigne, G. and Laurent, J., in Receuil des historiens des Gaule, et de la France, Obituaires, V [Paris, 1912]), 73.Google Scholar

51. Reg. IX. 18; Hugh, of Flavigny, , Chronicon, p. 460.Google Scholar

52. Bouquet, XIV, 715–716.