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“The Lord does not wish the death of a sinner”: Investigating Selected Ordinary Glosses to Pope Gregory IX's Decretales (1234) on Heretics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2023
Abstract
This article provides a new perspective on the discussion of heresy from one of the most influential canonical-jurisprudential commentaries of the Middle Ages: Bernard of Parma's Glossa ordinaria to Pope Gregory IX's Decretales (commonly known as the Liber extra). Based on an analysis of Bernard's legal glosses, with special emphasis on his citation of Roman and canon law traditions, I argue that the often-overlooked Glossa ordinaria provides scholars a unique window into medieval conceptions of heresy, jurisprudence, and ecclesiastical-legal practice. This study demonstrates that this important mid-thirteenth-century legal-educational text not only reoriented the canonical definition of heretics toward an emphasis on sects rather than individuals, but, differing from the contemporary, often severe papal and conciliar rulings against heretics, also stressed the centrality of mercy and temperance in how heretics should be treated by the ecclesiastical court. The Glossa ordinaria, as this article discusses, might have served as an intellectual force that could have counter-balanced the overzealousness of emerging inquisitors in an age of intensifying repression of heretics.
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References
1 Texts of canons in this article are translated from Aemilius Friedberg, ed., Corpus Iuris Canonici. 2 vols. Leipzig, Germany: Bernhardt Tauchnitz, 1879–1881. Texts of glosses, unless specifically explained in the notes, are my own translations based on the earliest surviving manuscript of the Decretales with the Glossa ordinaria, that is, MS Florence, BML Plut. 3 sin. 9, dated 1239 [hereafter cited as F]. Later additions (on the textual development of the Glossa, see note 4), when appear, are enclosed by “+” and translated from selected manuscripts or the 1582 Editio Romana with explanations in the notes when necessary. Spacing, punctuations, and the shades marking legal allegations in the translations are editorial. Abbreviations for medieval legal texts follow the modern forms listed in Brundage, James A., Medieval Canon Law (London: Longman, 1995), 190–205Google Scholar. On F, see Martin Bertram, “Zur Entwicklung der Glossa Ordinaria des Bernardus Parmensis,” Kanonisten und ihre Texte (1234 bis Mitte 14. Jh.): 18 Aufsätze und 14 Exkurse (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2013), 525; and Martin Bertram, “Dekorierte Handschriften der Dekretalen Gregors IX. (Liber Extra) aus der Sicht der Text- und Handschriftenforschung,” Marburger Jahrbuch für Kunstwissenschaft 35 (2008): 33 and n27. Recently, Dr. Bertram has kindly pointed out to this author that whether the date 1239, provided by the scribe of the manuscript on fol. 200r, applies to the Glossa in the manuscript remains to be investigated, as the latter seems to have been copied by several hands, and therefore careful paleographical examinations are still needed to determine if they, or any of them, belong to the same scribe, Bergognonus.
2 For a recent bibliographical essay, see Robert Somerville and Bruce Clark Brasington, eds., Prefaces to Canon Law Books in Latin Christianity: Selected Translations, 500–1317, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2020), 209–215.
3 Rennie, Kriston R. and Taliadoros, Jason, “Why Study Medieval Canon Law?” History Compass 12, no. 2 (Feb. 2014): 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
4 For instance, Frédérique Cahu, Un témoin de la production du livre universitaire dans la France du XIIIe siècle : la collection des Décrétales de Grégoire IX, Bibliologia 35 (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2013).
5 In 1945, Stephan Kuttner and Beryl Smalley proposed an influential four-redaction hypothesis, using the citations of several dated papal decretals in the Glossa's manuscripts: “first redaction 1234–c. 1241; second 1243–1245; third 1245–c. 1253; final 1263–1266.” Kuttner, Stephan and Smalley, Beryl, “The ‘Glossa Ordinaria’ to the Gregorian Decretals,” The English Historical Review 60, no. 236 (1945): 101Google Scholar. See also Kuttner, Stephan, “Notes on the Glossa Ordinaria of Bernard of Parma,” Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 11 (1981): 86–93Google Scholar. For an important discussion of this hypothesis, see Bertram, “Zur Entwicklung der Glossa Ordinaria des Bernardus Parmensis,” 525–527.
6 Glos. ord. to X 1.6.28, dividatur. See Mauro Sarti and Mauro Fattorini, De claris archigymnasii bononiensis professoribus a saeculo XI usque ad saeculum XIV (Bononiae: Ex Typographia Laelii a Vulpe instituti scientiarum typographi, 1769–1772), vol. 1, 355–359; vol. 2, 118–131, 218.
7 Martin Bertram, Signaturenliste der Handschriften der Dekretalen Gregors IX. (Liber Extra). Neubearbeitung April 2014, Rom 2014 (Online-Publikationen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom [12]), http://www.dhi-roma.it/bertram_extrahss.html.
8 See Jane E. Sayers, Papal Judges Delegate in the Province of Canterbury, 1198–1254: A Study in Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and Administration (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), 114–118 and 296–301; J. Ferrer Ortiz, “Enrique de Susa (el Ostiense),” and E. Tejero, “Gofredo de Trani,” in Juristas universales, ed. Rafael Domingo (Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2004), vol. 1, 444–448 and 405–407; J. Lips, “Jacques ou Jacobus de Albertino ou D'Alberti,” in Dictionnaire de droit canonique (Paris: Librairie Letouzey, 1957), vol. 6, 77–78; A. de la Hera, “Sinibaldo Fieschi (Inocencio IV),” in Juristas universales, vol. 1, 430–434.
9 An overview of recent studies on medieval heresy can be found in Sackville, Lucy J., Heresy and Heretics in the Thirteenth Century: The Textual Representations (Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2011), 1–11Google Scholar.
10 Peters, Edward, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980), 103CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 See Roche, P., Chudoba, B., and Mcshane, E. D., “Heresy, History of.” in New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., vol. 6 (Detroit: Gale, 2003), 772–779Google Scholar; and de Nogent, Guibert, Guibert de Nogent: Histoire de sa vie (1053–1124), ed. Bourgin, Georges (Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1907), 213Google Scholar.
12 Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe, 167.
13 See Sackville, Lucy J., “The Church's Institutional Response to Heresy in the 13th Century,” in Prudlo, Donald, ed., A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions (Boston: Brill, 2019), 108–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
14 Ibid., 116–117.
15 See Kelly, Henry Ansgar, “The Fourth Lateran Ordo of Inquisition Adapted to the Prosecution of Heresy,” in Prudlo, Donald, ed., A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions (Boston: Brill, 2019), 83–84Google Scholar.
16 See, for instance, Vasil Bivolarov, Inquisitoren-Handbücher: Papsturkunden und juristische Gutachten aus dem 13. Jahrhundert mit Edition des Consilium von Guido Fulcodii (Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014).
17 For a recent historiographical survey of this debate, see Deborah Shulevitz, “Historiography of Heresy: The Debate Over ‘Catharism’ in Medieval Languedoc,” History Compass 17, no. 1 (2019): e12513.
18 Another important kind of judicial resource that should be studied is contemporary consultation texts that were circulated among the inquisitors. An recent compilation of these texts is Riccardo Parmeggiani, I consilia procedurali per l'Inquisizione medievale (1235–1330) (Bologna, Italy: Bononia University Press, 2011).
19 Caesarius of Heisterbach, The Dialogue on Miracles, vol. 1 (London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1929), 346.
20 This number drops to 108 if one counts only glosses from the earliest surviving manuscript (thus possibly representing the first recession) of the Glossa, F (see note 1).
21 Othmar Hageneder, Il sole e la luna: Papato, impero e regni nella teoria e nella prassi dei secoli XII e XIII (Milan, Italy: Vita e Pensiero, 2000), 69–130, provides a survey of high medieval canonists’ definitions of heresy.
22 Underlined texts in translations throughout this article are lemmata, that is, words or phrases that are commented upon by the Glossa.
23 X 5.7.1: “Dubius in fide infidelis est; nec eis omnino credendum est, qui fidem veritatis ignorant.”
24 Summa Theologica, II-II, Q. 11, Art. 1, contra.
25 Glos. ord. to X 5.7.1, in fide: “That is, in a subtle article. [See] C. de haeret. l. ult. in fi. [that is, Cod. 1.5.2.1].”
26 Bruce W. Frier et al., eds., The Codex of Justinian: A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text Based on a Translation by Justice Fred H. Blume (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 189.
27 See Ruggero Maceratini, “Innocenzo III, il Concilio Lateranense IV e lo status giuridico dell’eretico nella glossa ordinaria al Decreto di Graziano ed in quella di accursio al Codice di Giustiniano.” Vergentis. Revista de Investigación de la Cátedra Internacional conjunta Inocencio III 3, no. 1 (2016): 20–21.
28 It seems that Tancred, in turn, in composing his gloss consulted the Glossa Palatina on C. 24 q. 3 dict. post c. 25 by his teacher Laurentius Hispanus. See Hageneder, Il sole e la luna, 76 n25 for Laurentius's gloss.
29 For a brief discussion of definitions of heresy and heretics in Gratian's Decretum and later canonical sources, including a summary of Glos. ord. to X 5.7.3, every heretic (omnem haereticum), see Edward Peters, Inquisition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), 61–63.
30 “Vario modo dicitur haereticus. Uno modo quicumque est dubius in fide, infidelis est, ut extra. de haere. dubius. Secundo modo dicitur haereticus omnis simoniacus, ut i. q. i. quisquis. Tertio omnis praecisus ab ecclesia, secundum quod excommunicatus dicitur haereticus, ut iv. q. i. cap. ii. Quarto modo omnis qui male interpretatur sacram scripturam, ut infra. ead. haeresis. Quinto modo qui novam opinionem invenit, ut infra. ea. haereticus. Sexto modo qui vult auferre privilegium Romanae ecclesiae, ut xxii. dist. omnes. Septimo qui transgreditur praecepta sedis apostolicae, ut supra xix. d. nulli. Item quandoque large dicitur haereticus omnis, qui non tenet articulos fidei, et secundum hoc Iudaei et gentiles sunt haeretici, et secundum hoc non omnis haereticus est excommunicatus. Stricte sumitur haereticus omnis qui remotus est ab ecclesia, quia errat in fide: et secundum hoc omnis haereticus est excommunicatus, ut extra. de haere. ad abolendam et cap. excommunicamus.”
31 “Haereticus multis modis dicitur: ille dicitur haereticus, qui pervertit sacramenta Ecclesiae, ut symoniacus. i. q. i. eos qui per pecuniam. et vi. q. i. +cap. nos sequentes.+ §. sed licet. Item qui scindit se ab unitate Ecclesiae. vii. q. i. denique. Item omnis excommunicatus. iiii. q. i. quod autem hii. Item qui errat in expositione sacrae scripturae. xxiiii. q. iii. haeresis. Et item qui confingit novam sectam, vel confictam sequitur. xxiiii. q. iii. haereticus. Item qui aliter sentit de articulis fidei, quam Romana Ecclesia, xxiiii. q. i. hec est fides. et c. quoniam., vel qui male sentiunt de sacramentis Ecclesiae. infra. e. ad abolendam. in prin. +Tanc.+”
32 X 5.7.1.
33 C. 1 q. 1. c. 5.
34 C. 4 q. 1 c. 2.
35 C. 24 q. 3 c. 27.
36 C. 24 q. 3 c. 28.
37 Dist. 22 c. 1.
38 Dist. 19 c. 5.
39 X 5.7.9.
40 X 5.7.13/15, as both canons start with “excommunicamus.”
41 C. 1 q. 1 c. 21.
42 C. 6 q. 1 dict. post c. 19.
43 C. 7 q. 1 c. 9.
44 C. 4 q. 1 c. 2.
45 C. 24 q. 3 c. 27.
46 C. 24 q. 1 c. 14.
47 C. 24 q. 1 c. 25.
48 X 5.7.9.
49 On the transmission of this gloss from Tancred's Glossa to Bernard's Glossa, see Hageneder, Il sole e la luna, 72–73.
50 It should be noted that Gratian in C. 29 q. 1 dict. ante c. 1, which discusses different errors with respect to the concept of consent, also spoke of “hereticorum sectam.” However, this specific notion, as demonstrated here, was not incorporated in the Glossa ordinaria to the Decretum.
51 C. 24 q. 3 c. 28.
52 See Summa Theologica, II–II, Q. 11, Art. 1.
53 Henry Richards Luard, ed., Flores Historiarum, vol. 2 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1890), 392. This passage was also quoted in Matthew Paris, Matthæi Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, ed. Henry Richards Luard (London: Longman, 1872), vol. 5, 401. The translation here comes from Peters, Inquisition, 42.
54 X 5.7.8: “[S]ince in . . . Toulouse and its neighborhood, and in other places, the perversity of the heretics, whom some call Cathari, others Patarini, . . . .” Rev. H. J. Schroeder, O. P., trans., Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils: Text, Translation, and Commentary (London: B. Herder Book, 1937), 234.
55 X 5.7.15: “We excommunicate and anathematize all heretics, Cathars, Patarenes, the Poors of Lyons, Passagines, Joseppines, Arnaldists, Speronists, and others by whatever name they are recognized. . . .”
56 See Euan Cameron, Enchanted Europe: Superstition, Reason, & Religion, 1250–1750 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 8–9.
57 “Quinto qui nouam sectam fingit, vel confictam sequitur.” Henrici de Segusio cardinalis Hostiensis, In Quintum Decretalium librum Commentaria (Venetiis: Apud Iuntas, 1581), 35r.
58 X 5.7.2: “Qui alios, cum potest, ab errore non revocat, se ipsum errare demonstrat.”
59 C. 23 q. 4 c. 35.
60 C. 23 q. 4 c. 6.
61 X 5.7.12.
62 C. 23 q. 4 c. 24.
63 C. 22 q. 5 c. 8.
64 Dist. 93 c. 23.
65 X 4.11.7.
66 C. 2 q. 7 c. 47.
67 “Cum potest. . . . Sed nunquid istud pertinet ad omnes? Respondo: de crimine iam commisso soli praelati tenentur corripere. xxiiii. q. iiii. duo ista. et c. ita plane. A peccato autem committendo quilibet tenetur alium occulte corripere. infra e. cum ex iniuncto. et ar. xxiii. q. iiii. ipsa pietas. et xxii. q. v. hoc videtur. et xciii. di. diaconi. et supra de cog. spirituali. tua. et ii. q. vii. quapropter. . . . +Tanc.+”
68 See Somerville and Brasington, Prefaces, 95–99 and 113–132.
69 C. 23 q. 4 c. 35: “Duo ista nomina cum dicimus, homo peccator, non utique frustra dicuntur. Quia ergo peccator est corripe: et quia homo, miserere. . . . Huic officio omnis inuigilat disciplina, sicut cuique regenti apta et accommodata est, non solum episcopo regenti plebem suam, sed etiam . . . patri regenti prolem suam, iudici regenti provinciam suam, regi regenti gentem suam.”
70 C. 23 q. 4 c. 6: “Ita plane, sociatur, id est si mali aliquid cum eis conmittit, aut conmittentibus fauet. Si autem neutrum facit, nullo modo sociatur. Porro, si addat tertium, ut non sit in uindicando piger, sed uel corripiat iustus in misericordia et arguat, uel etiam, si eam personam gerit, et ratio conseruandae pacis admittit, et coram omnibus peccantes arguat, ut ceteri timeant, remoueatur etiam uel ab aliquo gradu honoris, uel ab ipsa conmunione sacramentorum, et hec omnia cum dilectione corrigendi, non cum odio persequendi faciat, plenissimum offitium non solum castissimae innocentiae, sed etiam diligentissimae seueritatis inpleuit. Ubi autem cetera inpediuntur, illa duo semper retenta incorruptum castumque custodiunt, ut nec faciat malum, nec approbet factum.”
71 X 5.7.6: “In eos, qui catholici non sunt, etiamsi consanguinei fuerint, episcopi vel presbyteri nihil conferant. Denique hoc, quod de episcopis et presbyteris dictum est, debet de reliquis clericis exaudiri.”
72 Dist. 86 c. 21.
73 De pen. D. 7 c. 1.
74 C. 32 q. 2 c. 11.
75 Dist. 42 c. 2.
76 C. 11 q. 3 c. 103.
77 “Causa pietatis forte posset ei dari ne pereat fame. lxxxvi. d. pasce fame. Quia adhuc posset converti ad fidem: quia de nemine desperandum est. de pen. d. vii. nemo. et xxxii. q. ii. ancillam. et ar. +Ber.+”
78 De pen. D. 7 c. 1: “Nemo desperandus est, dum in hoc corpore constitutus est, quia ‘nonnumquam quod diffidentia etatis differtur consilio maturiore perficitur.’”
79 Herbert Thorndike, The Theological Works of Herbert Thorndike (Oxford, UK: J. H. Parker, 1844), vol. 1, pt. 2, 566, footnote no. r.
80 See Uta-Renate Blumenthal, “The Collection of St Victor (= V), Paris: Liturgy, Canon Law, and Polemical Literature,” in Kathleen G. Cushing and Richard Gyug, eds., Ritual, Text, and Law: Studies in Medieval Canon Law and Liturgy Presented to Roger E. Reynolds (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004), 303.
81 On the issue of clerical exemption from secular jurisdiction, see Anne J. Duggan, “Clerical Exemption in Canon Law from Gratian to the Decretals,” Medieval Worlds 6 (2017): 78–100.
82 Dist. 45 c. 5.
83 “Sed videtur quod etiam compelli debeat servare fidem. xlv. di. de Iudaeis. Postquam est condempnatus haereticus, non compellitur. . . . +Ber.+”
84 It is important to note that this decretal has never been included into official decretal collections after the Decretales, thus never made its way into the Corpus iuris canonici.
85 See Henry Charles Lea, Superstition and Force, 4th ed. (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers, 1892), 417–418 and 423.
86 See Henry Ansgar Kelly, “Judicial Torture in Canon Law and Church Tribunals: From Gratian to Galileo,” The Catholic Historical Review 101, no. 4 (2015): 754–793.
87 “[T]he great canonistic commentators of the time . . . failed to confront the theoretical and practical problems raised by the prosecution of heresy and who failed to instruct the inquisitors.” Kelly, “Inquisition and the Prosecution of Heresy,” 451.
88 See Kenneth Pennington, “Torture and Fear: Enemies of Justice,” Rivista internazionale di diritto comune 19 (2008): 210.
89 Hermann U. Kantorowicz, Albertus Gandinus und das Strafrecht der Scholastik, vol. 2 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1926), 156.
90 X 5.40.27.
91 This part, enclosed by “+,” was only added in the post-1263 redaction of the Glossa represented by MS Munich, BSB, Clm 26301 (fol. 201v). On the chronology of the Glossa's thirteenth-century textual development, see note 4. In this and the following analyzed glosses (that is, Glos. ord. to X 5.7.9, hearing [audientia]), additions from later developments of the Glossa are important indicators of the evolvement of Bernard's judicial thinking regarding the treatment of heretics.
92 X 5.7.13/15.
93 “Laici enim per ecclesiam condempnandi sunt de haeresi, sed iudex saecularis illum punire debet, nec trahitur laicus curiae seculari, sed clericus solummodo. infra de verb. sig. novimus. Quia laicus semper est de foro seculari, sed in casu isto +sententia debet ferri per ecclesiam:+ executio solummodo fit per saecularem iudicem. Qualiter tales puniri debeant, dicetur infra e. excommunicamus. +Ber.+”
94 X 5.7.13: “Excommunicamus et anathematizamus omnem haeresim, extollentem se adversus hanc sanctam, orthodoxam et catholicam fidem, quam superius exposuimus, condempnantes haereticos universos. . . . Dampnati vero praesentibus saecularibus potestatibus aut eorum ballivis relinquantur animadversione debita puniendi, clericis prius a suis ordinibus degradatis.” X 5.7.15: “Excommunicamus et anathematizamus universos haereticos. . . . Dampnati vero per ecclesiam saeculari iudicio relinquantur, animadversione debita puniendi; clericis prius a suis ordinibus degradatis.”
95 Dist. 23 c. 1.
96 Cod. 1.1.8.35.
97 Cod. 1.5.4.6.
98 De pen. D. 3 c. 32.
99 Cf. Pope Innocent III's bull “Etsi Karissimus in Christo” from 1215: “[I]llo misericorditer inspirante qui non vult mortem peccatoris sed ut convertatur et vivat, tandem reversus ad cor.” C. R. Cheney and W. H. Semple, eds., Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III Concerning England (1198–1216) (London: T. Nelson, 1953), 212.
100 C. 26 q. 6 c. 13, this allegation appears in post-1243 redactions, see MS BAV, Vat. lat. 1365, fol. 554v, MS BAV, Vat. lat. 1383, fol. 215v, MS BAV, Borgh. 237, fol. 184v, and MS Munich, BSB, Clm 26301, fol. 201v.
101 This word only appears in F. Cf. Ezekiel 18:23.
102 X 5.7.15.
103 Texts within the pointed brackets have been added after 1243, as demonstrated on MS BAV, Vat. lat. 1365, fol. 554v.
104 X 5.7.15.
105 “Si. xxiii. d. in nomine Domini. Sed si volunt redire, nonne debent audiri et recipi: quia ecclesia non claudit gremium volentibus redire ad ipsam? C. de summa. Tri. inter claras. circa fi. Et delicti enim veniam penitentibus non negamus, dicit Imperator. C. e. t. Manichaeos. et de pen. d. iii. adhuc instant. Bene credo quod debet recipi, quia Dominis non vult mortem peccatoris, +etc. xxvi. q. vi. agnovimus.+ sed ut convertatur et vivat et in perpetuum carcerem detrudatur. infra e. c. penult. Sed audientia denegatur quo ad bona, vel si alias vellet se defendere. +<Tamen littera ista contradicit Tanc.>, hodie servandum est prout traditur. infra eod. c. penult. §. si qui. Ber.+” The part enclosed by “+” exists in post-1245 redactions.
106 See Jean Dunbabin, Captivity and Imprisonment in Medieval Europe (New York: Basingstoke, 2002), 144–158; and Guy Geltner, “Detrusio: Penal Cloistering in the Middle Ages,” Revue Bénédictine 118 (2008): 89–108.
107 See James B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 68–69.
108 X 5.9.5: “Ita, quod solummodo vita sibi misera reservetur, donec a suae praesumptionis nequitia resipiscant.”
109 Liber Augustalis I.I.2: “[I]n erroris concepti constantia perseverent, presentis nostre legis edicto damnatos mortem pati Patarenos decernimus quam affectant, ut vivi in conspectu Populi comburantur flammarum commissi judicio.” Huillard-Bréholles, Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi, vol. 4 (Paris: Henricus Plon, 1854), pt. 1, 7.
110 X 5.7.15: “Dampnati vero per ecclesiam saeculari iudicio relinquantur, animadversione debita puniendi, clericis prius a suis ordinibus degradatis. Si qui autem de praedictis, postquam fuerint deprehensi, redire noluerint ad agendam condignam penitentiam, in perpetuo carcere detrudantur.”
111 According to a contemporary chronicle written by a Cistercian monk, Aubry de Trois-Fontaines. See Aubry de Trois-Fontaines, Albrici monachi Triumfontium Chronicon, ed. P. Scheffer-Boichorst, in Georg Heinrich Pertz, ed. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, 23 (Hannoverae: Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani, 1874), 944.
112 See Marguerin de La Bigne, ed. Maxima bibliotheca veterum patrum et antiquorum scriptorum ecclesiasticorum, vol. 25 (Lugduni: Apud Anissonios, 1677), 556.
113 For the edited texts of these two documents, see Parmeggiani, I consilia procedurali per l'Inquisizione medievale, 6–8 and 15–22.
114 “. . . Si quis recepit aliquando Valdenses credens illos esse bonos homines, licet sciret quod ecclesia sequeretur [Parmeggiani's footnote here: “Evidentemente per persequeretur, come giustamente proposto nelle successive riedizioni.”] eos, et principes seculares igni traderent cremandos. . . .” Ibid., 7.
115 “Item si in inquisitione inveniatur aliquis hereticus vel insabbatatus vel credens fuisse sepultus in cimiterio, ossa ejus extumulentur et comburantur, si possint discerni.” Ibid., 19.
116 See gl. sponte recurrere (X 5.7.9), gl. audientia (X 5.7.9), and gl. potestatibus (X 5.7.13).
117 Gl. post mortem (X 5.7.5): “[E]nim speciale est in crimine haeresis, in detestationem criminis, ut post mortem possit accusari et excommunicari.”
118 “Nos inquisitores, etc., visis ac diligenter inspectis et attentis culpis ac demeritis talis superius notati, et defensionibus propositis pro eodem, et circumstantiis quas circa personas et dicta testium et alia considerari oportuit et attendi, adjunctis et assistentibus nobis talibus, etc., eumdem talem, etc., definitive pronunciando, judicamus hereticum decessisse atque ipsum et ipsius memoriam pari severitate dampnantes, ossa ejus, si ab aliis discerni poterunt, de ceméterio ecclesiastico exhumari simulque comburi decernimus in detestationem criminis tam nefandi.” Ad. Tardif and Fr. Balme, “Document pour l'histoire du ‘Processus per Inquisitionem’ et de l’‘Inquisitio Heretice Pravitatis,’” Nouvelle revue historique de droit français et étranger 7 (1883): 677.
119 “[D]eclaramus magistrum Arnaudum Morlana predictuum per bec que contra ipsum invenimus bereticum fuisse et in sectam hereticorum detestabilem decessisse, precipientes eius ossa de sacris cimiteriis si possint discerni ab aliis fidelium ossibus exhumari et comburi in detestationem criminis tam nephandi, eius memoriam in futuro perpetuo damnantes.” Jean Duvernoy, “Le registre DDD de l'inquisition de Carcassonne 1325–1327,” n.d., 75, http://jean.duvernoy.free.fr/text/pdf/DDD.pdf.
120 See Michael Barbezat, “The Fires of Hell and the Burning of Heretics in the Accounts of the Executions at Orleans in 1022,” Journal of Medieval History 40, no. 4 (2014): 399–420.
121 Joseph Blötzer, “Inquisition,” in The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 8 (New York: Robert Appleton, 1910), 30.
122 Gl. exhaeredatio (X 5.7.10): “Et hoc est expressum in constitutione Frederici, hac decret. quae olim erat in v compilatione eodem tit.”
123 “[I]llos qui post abjurationem erroris seu purgationem, deprehensi fuerint in abjuratam haeresim recidisse: saeculari judicio sine ulla penitus audientia relinquatis, animadversione debita puniendos.” Kurt-Victor Selge, ed. Texte zur Inquisition (Gütersloh, Germany: Mohn, 1967), 63.
124 See Célestin Douais, Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc, vol. 2 (Paris: Renouard, 1900), 8–10.