Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T02:38:35.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A critical reconsideration of biomedical and veterinary applications of natural zeolites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

C. Colella*
Affiliation:
Dipartimento d'Ingegneria dei Materiali e della Produzione, Università Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy

Abstract

Natural zeolites have traditionally been used as supplements in animal nutrition with positive effects in terms of either faster growth or reduced incidence of diseases and death. The discovery that natural zeolites may act as drugs or coadjutants in pharmaceutical preparations has greatly enlarged the field of their applications in many sectors of biology and medicine, opening unexpected horizons for either basic or applied research. This review updates the state of the art of research in this sector, focusing on clinoptilolite-rich materials, with two main purposes: (1) trying to rationalize this subject, which is extremely variable and heterogeneous, and (2) raising doubts about unsuitable uses of natural zeolites in the light of their known properties and expected behaviour.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamis, Z., Tártrai, E., Honma, K., Six, É & Unguáry, G. (2000) In vitro and in vivo tests for determination of the pathogenicity of quartz, diatomaceous earth, mordenite and clinoptilolite. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 44, 6774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexopoulos, C., Papaioannou, D.S., Fortomaris, P., Kyriakis, C.S., Tserveni-Goussi, A., Yannakopoulos, A. & Kyriakis, S.C. (2007) Experimental study on the effect of in-feed administration of a clinoptiloliterich tuff on certain biochemical and haematological parameters of growing and fattening pigs. Livestock Science, 111, 230241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, S., Grenthe, I., Jonsson, E. & Naucler, L. (1975) Verfahren zur Entfernung eines Giftstoffes aus der Dialyseflüssigkeit eines Umlauf-Dialysesystems. German Patent, No. DE2,512,212 Al.Google Scholar
Andronikashvili, T., Pagava, K., Kurashvili, T. & Eprikashvili, L. (2009) Possibility of application of natural zeolites for medicinal purposes. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 3, 158–67.Google Scholar
Anonymous (2003) Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. International Journal of Toxicology, 22(Suppl. 1), 37102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araki, H. & Ishino, H. (2009) Oil-based skin treatment composition. U.S. Patent, No. US2009/0269293 Al.Google Scholar
Armbruster, M. (2001) Clinoptilolite-heulandite: applications and basic research. Pp. 1327 in: Zeolites and Mesoporous Materials at the Dawn of the 21st Century (Galarneau, A., Di Renzo, F., Fajula, F. & Vedrine, J., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, No. 135. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Ash, S.R. (1986) Dialysis material and method for removing uremic substances. U.S. Patent, No. 4,581,141.Google Scholar
Baerlocher, Ch., McCusker, L.B. & Olson, D.H. (2007) Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, 156-157. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Barrer, R.M. (1978) Zeolites and Clay Minerals as Sorbents and Molecular Sieves, 24-27. Academic Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
Bartko, P., Seidel, H. & Kováç, (1995) Use of clinoptilolite- rich tuffs from Slovakia in animal production: A review. Pp. 467475 in: Natural Zeolites ‘93 — Occurrence, Properties, Use (Ming, D.W. & Mumpton, F.A., editors). International Committee on Natural Zeolites, Brockport, New York.Google Scholar
Bergero, D., Rumello, G., Sarra, C. & D'Angelo, A. (1997) Effect of natural clmoptilolite or phillipsite in the feeding of lactating dairy cows. Pp. 61–12 in: Natural Zeolites — Sofia ’95 (Kirov, G., Filizova, L. & Petrov, O., editors). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria.Google Scholar
Caputo, D. & Pepe, F. (2007) Experiments and data processing of ion exchange equilibria involving Italian natural zeolites: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 105, 222231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerri, G., de' Gennaro, M., Bonferoni, M.C. & Caramella, C. (2004) Zeolites in biomedical application: Znexchanged clinoptilolite-rich rock as active carrier for antibiotics in anti-acne topical therapy. Applied Clay Science, 27, 141150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chmielewská-Horváthová, E. & Lesný, J. (1992) Adsorption of cobalt on some natural zeolites occurring in CSFR. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, 166, 4153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colella, C. (1996) Ion exchange equilibria in zeolite minerals. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 554562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colella, C. (2002) Applications of natural zeolites. Pp. 11561189 (Vol. 2) in: Handbook of Porous Solids (Schuth, F., Sing, K.S.W. & Weitkamp, J., editors). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colella, C. (2007) Recent advances in natural zeolite applications based on external surface interaction with cations and molecules. Pp. 20632073 in: From Zeolites to Porous MOF Materials. The 40th Anniversary of International Zeolite Conference (Xu, R., Chen, J., Gao, Z. & Yan, W., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, no. 170, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colella, C. (2011) Zeolites: Natural. Pp. 11251128 (Vol. 2) in: Encyclopedia of Animal Science (Ullrey, D.E., Kirk Baer, C.; Pond, W.G., editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Conceptión-Rosabal, B., Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. & Simón Carballo, R. (1997) Development and featuring of the zeolitic active principle FZ: A glucose adsorbent. Zeolites, 19, 4750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceptión-Rosabal, B., Balmaceda-Era, J. & Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. (2000) Characterization of Fe2+-containing clmoptilolite and its interaction with saccharides. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 38, 161166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Gennaro, B., Colella, A., Cappelletti, P., Pansini, M., de’ Gennaro, B. & Colella, C. (2005) Effectiveness of clmoptilolite in removing toxic cations from water: a comparative study. Pp. 11531160 in: Molecular sieves: From basic research to industrial applications (Cejka, J., Zilkova, N. & Nachtigall, P., editors), Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, No. 158B, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
de Gennaro, B., Catalanotti, L., Bowman, R.S. & Colella, C. (2010) Anion exchange selectivity of surfactantmodified zeolites for environmental remediation. Pp. 7475 in: Book of Abstracts, Zeolite ’10, 8th International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties, and Utilization of Natural Zeolites (Petrov, O. & Tzvetanova, Y.K., editors), Sofia, Bulgaria.Google Scholar
de' Gennaro, M., Cerri, G., Caramella, C. & Bonferoni, M.C. (2002) Pharmaceutical zeolite-based composition containing zinc and erythromycin, to be used in the treatment of acne. W1PO Patent No. WO 02/100420 A2.Google Scholar
De La Rosa-Gómez, I., Olguín, M.T. & Alcántara, D. (2008) Bactericides of coliform microorganisms from wastewater using silver-elinoptilolite rich tuffs. Applied Clay Science, 40, 4553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dvorak, M. (1989) Ability of bentonite and natural zeolite to adsorb aflatoxin from liquid media. Veterinární Medicína, 34, 307316 (in Czech).Google ScholarPubMed
Dyer, A. (1988) An Introduction to Zeolite Molecular Sieves, 113-115. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Farías, T., Ruiz-Salvador, A.R. & Rivera, A. (2003) Interaction studies between drugs and a purified natural clmoptilolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 61, 117125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farias, T., Ruiz-Salvador, A.R., Velazco, L., de Menorval, L.C. & Rivera, A. (2009a) Preparation of natural zeolitic supports for potential biomedical applications. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 118, 322328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farias, T., de Menorval, L.C., Zajac, J. & Rivera, A. (2009b) Solubilization of drugs by cationic surfactants micelles: Conductivity and 1H NMR experiments. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 345, 5157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farias, T., de Menorval, L.C., Zajac, J. & Rivera, A. (2010) Adsolubilization of drugs onto natural clmoptilolite modified by adsorption of cationic surfactants. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76, 421426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grce, M. & Pavelić, K. (2005) Antiviral properties of clmoptilolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 79, 165169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, G.M. & Bowman, R.S. (1994) Sorption of chromate and other inorganic anions by organozeolite. Environmental Science & Technology, 28, 452458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, R.B., Kubena, L.F., Elissalde, M.H. & Phillips, T.D. (1993) Efficacy of zeolitic ore compounds on the toxicity of aflatoxin to growing broiler chickens. Avian Diseases, 37, 6773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernández, M.A., Rojas, F. & Lara, V.H. (2000) Nitrogen-sorption characterization of the microporous structure of clinoptilolite-type zeolites. Journal of Porous Materials, 7, 443454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hursey, F.X. & Dechene, F.J. (1989) Method of treating wounds. U.S. Patent, No. 4,822,349.Google Scholar
Hutcheson, D.P. (1984) Addition of clinoptilolite to the diets of feeder cattle. Pp. 189193 in: Zeo-Agriculture: Use of Natural Zeolite in Agriculture and Aquaculture (Pond, W.G. & Mumpton, F.A., editors) Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.Google Scholar
Inglezakis, V.J., Loizidou, M.D. & Grigoropoulou, H.P. (2002) Equilibrium and kinetic ion exchange studies of Pb2+, Cr3+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ on natural clinoptilolite. Water Research, 36, 2784–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivkovic, S., Deutsch, U., Silberbach, A., Walraph, E. & Mannel, M. (2004) Dietary supplementation with the tribomechanically activated zeolite clinoptilolite in immunodeficiency: Effects on the immune system. Advances in Therapy, 21, 135147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katić, M., Bosnjak B, Gall-Trošelj, K., Dikić, I. & Pavelić, K. (2006) A clinoptilolite effect on cell media and the consequent effects on tumor cell. in vitro. Frontiers in Bioscience, 11, 17221732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawahara, K., Tsuruda, K., Morishita, M. & Uchida, M. (2000) Antibacterial effect of silver-zeolite on oral bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Dental Materials, 16, 452455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirov, G.N. & Terziiski, G. (1997) Comparative study of clinoptilolite and zeolite A as microbial agents. Pp. 133141 in: Natural Zeolites - Sofia ’95 (Kirov, G., Filizova, L. & Petrov, O., editors). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria.Google Scholar
Kralj, M. & Pavelić, K. (2003) Medicine on a small scale. EMBO Reports, 4, 10081012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, A. & Rivera, A. (2006) Theoretical study of the interaction of surfactants and drugs with natural zeolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 91, 181186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lam, A., Sierra, L.R., Rojas, G., Rivera, A., Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. & Montero, L.A. (1998) Theoretical study of the physical adsorption of aspirin on natural clinoptilolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 23, 247252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lam, A., Rivera, A. & Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. (2001) Theoretical study of metronidrazole adsorption on clinoptilolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 49, 157162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leu, M. (2011) Activated Zeolite — Animal Feed Additive — Summary of Scientific Literature. http://www.zeolitanatural.com/docs/animalfeedreview.pdf.Google Scholar
Linares, C.F., Valenzuela, E., Ocanto, F., Pérez, V., Valbuena, O. & Goldwasser, M.R. (2008) K+ and Ca2+ modified Na-X zeolites as possible bile acids sequestrant. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 19, 20232028.Google ScholarPubMed
Llanio, R., González-Carbajal, M. & Rodríguez, G. (1993) Neutacid: un nuevo antiacido cubano. Presented at Gastro ’93, XXIII Pan American Congress of Digestive Disease, Buenos Aires , Argentina. Abstract in. Ada Gastroenterol. Latinoam., 23 (suppl. 1), 56 (in Spanish).Google Scholar
Maeda, K (1989) A coating material for medical care. European Patent, no. EP0298726.Google Scholar
Martín, A., de Ménorval, L.-C., Hernández, M. & Rivera, A. (2010) Natural zeolite in the anti-cancer therapy. Pp. 17501751 in: Extended Abstracts 1ZC-1MMS 2010 (Colella, C., Aprea, P., de Gennaro, B. & Liguori, B., editors). A. De Frede, Naples, Italy.Google Scholar
Martin-Kleiner, I., Flegar-Meštrić, , Zadro, R., Breljak, D., Stanović Janda, S., Stojković, R., Marušić, M., Radačić, M. & Boranić, M. (2001) The effect of the zeolite clinoptilolite on serum chemistry and hematopoiesis in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 39, 717727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumura, Y., Yoshikata, K., Kunisaki, S. & Tsuchido, T. (2003) Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 42784281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuura, T., Abe, Y., Sato, Y., Okamoto, K., Ueshige, M. & Akagawa, Y. (1997) Prolonged antimicrobial effect of tissue conditioners containing silver zeolite. Journal of Dentistry, 25, 373377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayura, K., Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., McKenzie, K.S., Sarr, A.B., Edwards, J.F., Naguib K & Phillips, T.D. (1998) Prevention of maternal and developmental toxicity in rats via dietary inclusion of common aflatoxin sorbents: potential for hidden risks. Toxicological Sciences, 41, 175182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohri, M., Seifi, H.A. & Maleki, M. (2008) Effects of short-term supplementation of clinoptilolite in colostrum and milk on the concentration of some serum minerals in neonatal dairy calves. Biological Trace Elements Research, 123, 116123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mumpton, F.A. (1978) Natural zeolites: A new industrial mineral commodity. Pp. 327 in: Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Use (Sand, L.B. & Mumpton, F.A., editors). Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y., USA.Google Scholar
Narin, G., Bulut Albayrak, Ç. & Ülkü, S. (2010) Antibacterial and bactericidal activity of nitric oxide-releasing natural zeolite. Applied Clay Science, 50, 560568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortatatli, M., Oğuz, H., Hatipoglu, F. & Karaman, M. (2005) Evaluation of pathological changes in broilers during chronic aflatoxin (50 and 100 p.p.b.) and clinoptilolite exposure. Research in Veterinary Science, 78, 6168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostomel, T.A., Shi, Q., Stoimenov, P.K & Stucky, G.D. (2007) Metal oxide surface charge mediated hemostasis. Langmuir, 23, 1123311238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrooumov, M. & Colella, C. (2010) Mineralogical characterization of the clinoptilolite tuffs in the Mexican Volcanic Belt, Southwestern Mexico. Pp. 204205 in: Abstracts, Zeolite 2010, 8th International Conference on the Occurrence, Properties, and Utilization of Natural Zeolites (Petrov, O. & Tzvetanova, Y.K., editors). Sofia, Bulgaria.Google Scholar
Özesmi, M., Patiruglu, T.E., Hillerdal, G. & Özesmi, C. (1985) Peritoneal mesothelioma and malignant linphoma in mice caused by fibrous zeolite. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42, 746749.Google Scholar
Pabalan, R.T. & Bertetti, F.P. (2001) Cation-exchange properties of natural zeolites. Pp. 551587 in: Natural Zeolites: Mineralogy, Occurrence, Properties, Applications (Bish, D.L. & Ming, D.W., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry, Mineralogical Society of America, 45, Washington, D.C., USA.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, D., Katsoulos, P.D., Panousis, N. & Karatzias, H. (2005) The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 84, 161170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patzer, J.F. II, Yao, S.J. & Wolfson, S.K. Jr. (1995) Zeolitic ammonium ion exchange for portable hemodialysis dialysate regeneration. American Society of Artificial Internal Organs Journal, 41, 221226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavelić, K. & Hadžija, M. (2003) Medical applications of zeolites. Pp. 11431174 in: Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology (Auerbach, S.M., Carrado, K.A. & Dutta, P.K., editors). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.Google Scholar
Pavelić, K., Subotić, B. & Colic, M. (2001a) Biomedical applications of zeolites. Paper 32-O-01 (CD-Rom) in: Zeolites and Mesoporous Materials at the dawn of the 21st century (Galarneau, A., Di Renzo, F., Fajula, F. & Vedrine, J., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, no. 135. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Pavelić, K., Hadzija, M., Bedrica, L., Pavelic, J., Dikic, I., Katić, M., Kralj, M., Bosnar, M.H., Kapitanovic, S., Poljak-Blaži, M., Krizanac, S., Stojkovic, R., Jurin, M., Subotić, B. & Colic, M. (2001b) Natural zeolite clinoptilolite: New adjuvant in anticancer therapy. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 78, 708720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavelić, K., Katić, M., Šverko, V., Marotti, T., Bošnjak, B., Balog, T., Stojkovic, R., Radacic, M., Colic, M. & Poljak-Blaži, M. (2002) Immunostimulatory effect of natural clinoptilolite as a possible mechanism of its antimetastatic ability. Journal of Cancer Research & Clinical Oncology, 128, 3744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perić, J., Trgo, M. & Curković, L. (1999) Monitoring of hydrolysis in natural zeolite-H2O systems by means of pH and electrical conductivity measurements. Pp. 761767 in: Porous Materials in Environmentally Friendly Processes (Kiricsi, I., Pál-Borbély, G., Nagy, J.B. & Karge, H.G., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, no. 125. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poljak-Blaži, M., Katić, M., Kralj, M., Žarkoviā, N., Marotti, T., Bošnjak, B., Šverko, V., Balog, T. & Pavelić, K. (2001) In vitro and in vivo effect of natural clinoptilolite on malignant tumours. Paper 32-P-09 (CD-Rom) in: Zeolites and Mesoporous Materials at the dawn of the 21st century (Galarneau, A., Di Renzo, F., Fajula, F. & Vedrine, J., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, no. 135. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Pond, W.G. (1984) Protection against acute ammonia toxicity by clinoptilolite in mature sheep. Nutrition Report International, 30, 9911002.Google Scholar
Pond, W.G. (1995) Zeolites in animal nutrition and health: A review. Pp. 449457 in: Natural Zeolites ‘93 — Occurrence, Properties, Use (Ming, D.W. & Mumpton, F.A., editors). International Committee on Natural Zeolites, Brockport, N.Y., USA.Google Scholar
Pond, W.G. & Mumpton, F.A. (editors) (1984) Zeo-Agriculture: Use of Natural Zeolites in Agriculture and Aquaculture, 123-218. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.Google Scholar
Quisenberry, J.H. (1968) The use of clay in poultry feed. Clays and Clay Minerals, 16, 267270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramu, J., Clark, K., Woode, G.N., Sarr, A.B. & Phillips, T.D. (1997) Adsorption of cholera and heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins by various adsorbents: An in vitro study. Journal of Food Protection, 60, 358362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhee, P., Brown, C., Martin, M., Salim, A., Plurad, D., Green, D., Chambers, L., Demetriades, D., Velmahos, G. & Alam, H. (2008) QuikClot use in trauma for hemorrhage control: Case series of 103 documented uses. The Journal of Trauma, 64, 10931099.Google ScholarPubMed
Rivera, A. & Farias, T. (2005) Clinoptilolite-surfactant composites as drug support: A new potential application. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 80, 337346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera, A., Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. & Altshuler, E. (1998) Characterization and neutralizing properties of a natural zeolite/Na2CO3 composite material. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 24, 5158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera, A., Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. & Altshuler, E. (2000) Time evolution of a natural clinoptilolite in aqueous medium: conductivity and pH experiments. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 40, 173179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera, A., Farias, T., Ruiz-Salvador, A.R. & de Ménorval, L.C. (2003) Preliminary characterization of drug support systems based on natural clinoptilolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 61, 249259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivera-Garza, M., Olguín, M.T., García-Sosa, I., Alcántara, D. & Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. (2000) Silver supported on natural Mexican zeolite as an antibacterial material. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 39, 431444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Fuentes, G. (2004) Characterization of ZZ a Zn2+ clinoptilolite. Pp. 30523058 in: Recent Advances in the Science and Technology of Zeolites and Related Materials, Proceedings of the 14th International Zeolite Conference (van Steen, E., Claeys, M. & Callanan, L.H., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, no. 154C. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Fuentes, G., Barrios, M.A., Iraizos, A., Perdomo, I. & Cedre, B. (1997) Enterex: Antidiarrheic drug based on purified natural clinoptilolite. Zeolites, 19, 441448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Fuentes, G., Rivera Denis, A., Barrios Álvarez, M. & Iraizoz Colarte, A. (2006) Antacid drug based on purified natural clinoptilolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 94, 200207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadeghi, A.A. & Shawrang, P. (2008) Effects of natural zeolite clinoptilolite on passive immunity and diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves. Livestock Science, 113, 307310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze-Makuch, D., Bowman, R.S., Pillai, S.D. & Guan, H. (2003) Evaluation of the effectiveness of surfactant modified zeolite and iron-oxide-coated sand for removing viruses and bacteria from ground water. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, 23(4), 68-75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze-Makuch, D., Bowman, R.S. & Pillai, S.D. (2007) Removal of biological pathogens using surfactantmodified zeolite. U.S. Patent, No. 7,311,839 B2.Google Scholar
Sherman, J.D. (1978) Ion-exchange separations with molecular sieve zeolites. A.I.Ch.E. Symposium Series, 74 (No. 179), 98116.Google Scholar
Simon, R., Fleitas, A., Pantaleón, O. & Alvarez, J. (1995a) Actión hipocolesterolemica de la Colestina en conejos normocolesterolémicos. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas, 14, 111115 (in Spanish).Google Scholar
Simón Carballo, R., Rodríguez-Fuentes, G., Urbina, C. & Fleitas, A. (2001) Study of the reaction of a Caclinoptilolite and human bile. Paper 32-O-03 (CDRom) in: Zeolites and Mesoporous Materials at the Dawn of the 21st Century (Galarneau, A., Di Renzo, F., Fajula, F. & Vedrine, J., editors). Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, No. 135. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Spotti, M., Fracchiolla, M.L., Arioli, F., Caloni, F. & Pompa, G. (2005) Aflatoxin B[l] binding to sorbents in bovine ruminal fluid. Veterinary Research Communications, 29, 507515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temel, A. & Gündoğdu, M.N. (1996) Zeolite occurrence and the erionite-mesothelioma relationship in Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey. Mineralium Deposita, 31, 539547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomaševic-Čanović, M., Dumić, M., Vucicević, O., Masić, Z., Zurovac-Kuzman, O. & Daković, A. (1997) Adsorption of mycotoxins on modified clinoptilolite. Pp. 127132. in: Natural Zeolites - Sofia ‘95 (Kirov, G., Filizova, L. & Petrov, O., editors). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria.Google Scholar
Tomašević-Čanovic, M., Daković, A., Rottinghaus, G., Matijašević, S. & Duričić, M. (2003) Surfactant modified zeolites — new efficient adsorbents for mycotoxins. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 61, 173180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Top, A. & Ulkii, S. (2004) Silver, zinc, and copper exchange in a Na-clinoptilolite and resulting effect on antibacterial activity. Applied Clay Science, 27, 1319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torii, K. (1974) Utilization of sedimentary zeolites in Japan. P. 49 in: Abstracts and Proceedings of a Seminar on the Occurrence, Origin, and Utilization of Sedimentary Zeolites in the Circum-Pacific Region (Mumpton, F.A., editor). U.S.—Japan Cooperative Science Program, Menlo Park California, USA.Google Scholar
Torii, K. (1978) Utilization of natural zeolites in Japan. Pp. 441450 in: Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Use (Sand, L.B. & Mumpton, F.A., editors). Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y., USA. Google Scholar
Torres Domínguez, A., Rodríguez-Fuentes, G., de Menorval, L.-C., León Fernández, O.S. & Casanova, M. (2010) Effects of natural zeolite modified with zinc (ZZ) on diabetes. Pp. 17761777 in: Extended Abstracts IZC-IMMS 2010 (Colella, C., Aprea, P., de Gennaro, B. & Liguori, B., editors). A. De Frede, Naples, Italy.Google Scholar
Vrzgula, L. & Seidel, H. (1989) Sorption characteristics of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in biological material in vitro. Veterinární Medicina, 34, 537–44 (in Slovak).Google ScholarPubMed
Waiora USA, Inc (2011) Zeolite Supplement - Supporting Documentation. http://www.zeoliteinfo.-com/NCD%20files/ZeoliteReport.pdf.Google Scholar
White, J.L. & Ohlrogge, A.J. (1974) Ion exchange materials to increase consumption of non protein nitrogen in ruminants. Canadian Patent, no. 939,186.Google Scholar
Žarković, N., Žarković, K., Kralj, M., Borović, S., Sabolović, S., Poljak-Blaži, M., Cipak, A. & Pavelić, K. (2003) Anticancer and antioxidative effects of micronized zeolite clinoptilolite. Anticancer Research, 23(2B), 15891595.Google ScholarPubMed