Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T08:52:07.874Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

In situ synthesis of zeolites by geopolymerization with NaOH/KOH mixed solution and their potential application for Cd(II) immobilization in paddy soil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2021

Di Wu ,
Yi Huang ,
Guqing Xiao ,
Xuan Li ,
Xia Yao ,
Zixuan Deng  and
Rui Tan
Di Wu
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
Yi Huang*
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
Guqing Xiao
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
Xuan Li
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
Xia Yao
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
Zixuan Deng
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
Rui Tan
Affiliation:
School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang 413002, China
*
*E-mail: jeremyme@163.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Geopolymers can be transformed into zeolites under certain synthesis conditions. However, zeolite formation is not frequently reported in KOH-activated geopolymers. This study attempted to explore zeolite synthesis through geopolymerization for a curing time of 24 h using mixed NaOH/KOH alkaline solution as an activator, and then applying the geopolymer-supported zeolites to immobilize Cd(II) in paddy soil. The K2O/M2O–H2O/SiO2 and K2O/M2O–OH–/SiO2 binary zeolite crystallization phase diagrams were obtained. Zeolite A, faujasite and sodalite formed at lower K2O/M2O molar ratios (0–0.2), ferrierite formation was favoured at a K2O/M2O molar ratio of 0.2–0.4 and zeolite K-I and zeolite F-K (both K-zeolites) were observed at a K2O/M2O molar ratio of 0.6. The geopolymer-supported zeolites had micropores and mesopores and specific surface area values of 44.2–74.8 m2 g–1. The material displayed a considerable Cd(II) immobilization efficiency (55.6–58.7% at 4–6 wt.% addition of zeolite).

Keywords

available potassiumCd(II) immobilizationgeopolymerin situ zeolite synthesisNaOH/KOH mixed alkaline solution
Type
Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 56 , Issue 2 , June 2021 , pp. 156 - 167
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Lawrence Warr

References

Amanullah, M., Ping, W., Li, R.H. & Zhang, Z.Q. (2015) Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using amendments: a review. Pedosphere, 25, 555–568.Google Scholar
Ansari Mahabadi, A., Hajabbasi, M.A., Khademi, H. & Kazemian, H. (2007) Soil cadmium stabilization using an Iranian natural zeolite. Geoderma, 137, 388–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariharan, A., Viswanathan, B. & Nandhakumar, V. (2017) Nitrogen doped graphene as potential material for hydrogen storage. Graphene, 6, 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASTR (2017) Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 46 pp.Google Scholar
Autef, A., Joussein, E., Poulesquen, A., Gasgnier, G., Pronier, S., Sobrados, I. et al. (2013) Influence of metakaolin purities on potassium geopolymer formulation: the existence of several networks. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 48, 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchwald, A., Zellmann, H.D. & Kaps, C. (2011) Condensation of aluminosilicate gels model system for geopolymer binders. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 357, 1376–1382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidovits, J. (1991) Geopolymers: inorganic polymeric new materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 1633–1656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidovits, J. (ed.) (2008) Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications. Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin, France, 58 pp.Google Scholar
de Moraes Pinheiro, S.M., Font, A., Soriano, L., Tashima, M.M., Monzó, J., Borrachero, M.V. & Payá, J. (2018) Olive-stone biomass ash (OBA): an alternative alkaline source for the blast furnace slag activation. Construction and Building Materials, 178, 327–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, J.X., Li, J. & Lu, Z.Y. (2015) One-step facile synthesis of bulk zeolite A through metakaolin-based geopolymer gel. Journal of Porous Materials, 22, 1519–1526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Palomo, A. & van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007a) Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 2917–2933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duxson, P., Mallicoat, S.W., Lukey, G.C., Kriven, W.M. & van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007b) The effect of alkali and Si/Al ratio on the development of mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers. Colloids and Surfaces A, 292, 8–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Hafid, K. & Hajjaji, M. (2015) Effects of the experimental factors on the microstructure and the properties of cured alkali-activated heated clay. Applied Clay Science, 116–117, 202–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esaifan, M., Warr, L.N., Grathoff, G., Meyer, T., Schafmeister, M.T., Kruth, A. & Testrich, H. (2019) Synthesis of hydroxy-sodalite/cancrinite zeolites from calcite-bearing kaolin for the removal of heavy metal ions in aqueous media. Minerals, 9, 484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, C.Q., Ye, H.L., Zhu, K.Q., Fang, D.M. & Zhou, J.B. (2020) Alkali cation effects on chloride binding of alkali-activated fly ash and metakaolin geopolymers. Cement and Concrete Composites, 104, 103721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, Y.Y., Tang, Q., Cui, X.M., He, Y. & Zhang, J. (2014) Preparation of large-sized analcime single crystals using the geopolymer-gels-conversion (GGC) method. Materials Letters, 13, 515–518.Google Scholar
Hamid, Y., Tang, L., Hussain, B., Usman, M., Gurajala, H.K., Rashid, M.S. et al. (2020) Efficiency of lime, biochar, Fe containing biochar and composite amendments for Cd and Pb immobilization in a co-contaminated alluvial soil. Environmental Pollution, 257, 113609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasegawa, P.M., Bressan, R.A. & Pardo, J.M. (2020) The dawn of plant salt tolerance genetics. Trends in Plant Science, 5, 317–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Y., Cui, X.M., Liu, X.D., Wang, Y.P., Zhang, J. & Liu, K. (2013) Preparation of self-supporting NaA zeolite membranes using geopolymers. Journal of Membrance Science, 447, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, N., Bernsmeier, D., Grathoff, G.H. & Warr, L.N. (2017) The influence of alkali activator type, curing temperature and gibbsite on the geopolymerization of an interstratified illite–smectite rich clay from Friedland. Applied Clay Science, 135, 386–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y., Han, M.F. & Yi, R.M. (2012) Microstructure and properties of fly ash-based geopolymeric material with 5A zeolite as a filler. Construction and Building Materials, 33, 84–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, B.F., Shao, S.H., Ni, H., Fu, Z.Y., Hu, L.S., Zhou, Y. et al. (2020) Current status, spatial features, health risks, and potential driving factors of soil heavy metal pollution in China at province level. Environmental Pollution, 266, 114961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isobe, M., Moteki, T., Tanahashi, S., Kimura, R., Kamimura, Y., Itabashi, K. & Okubo, T. (2012) Plate-like precursors formed in crystallization process of ferrierite from (Na, K)-aluminosilicate system. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 158, 204–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, J.C., van der Gaag, F.J. & van Bekkum, H. (1984) Identification of ZSM-type and other 5-ring containing zeolites by i.r. spectroscopy. Zeolites, 8, 369–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Król, M., Rózek, P., & Roźek, P. (2018) The effect of calcination temperature on metakaolin structure for the synthesis of zeolites. Clay Minerals, 53, 657–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, N.K., Khalid, H.R. & Lee, H.K. (2016) Synthesis of mesoporous geopolymers containing zeolite phases by a hydrothermal treatment. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 229, 22–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liguori, B., Aprea, P., Roviello, G. & Ferone, C. (2019) Self-supporting zeolites by geopolymer gel conversion (GGC). Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 286, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y., Yan, C.J., Zhang, Z.H., Wang, H.Q., Zhou, S. & Zhou, W. (2016) A comparative study on fly ash, geopolymer and faujasite block for Pb removal from aqueous solution. Fuel, 185, 181–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, B.B., He, Z.L., Liu, R.L., Monrenegro, A.C., Ellis, M., Li, Q.F. & Baligar, V.C. (2021) Comparative effectiveness of activated dolomite phosphate rock and biochar for immobilizing cadmium and lead in soils. Chemosphere, 266, 129202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Najafi-Ghiri, M. (2014) Effects of zeolite and vermicompost applications on potassium release from calcareous soils. Soil and Water Research, 9, 31–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, C., Alengaram, U.J., Wong, L.S., Mo, K.H., Jumaat, M.Z. & Ramesh, S. (2018) A review on microstructural study and compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, paste and concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 186, 851–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padilla, J., Guzman, A., Molina, D. & Poveda-Jaramillo, J.C. (2020) Structural transformation of kaolin as an active matrix for the in situ synthesis of zeolite Y. Clay Minerals, 55, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C. & van Deventer, J.S.J. (2005) Do geopolymers actually contain nanocrystalline zeolites? A reexamination of existing results. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 3075–3085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasaki, S.A., Zhang, B.X., Guarecuco, R., Tiju, T. & Yang, M.H. (2019) Geopolymer for use in heavy metals adsorption, and advanced oxidative processes: a critical review. Journal of Cleaner Products, 213, 42–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, B.Z., Wu, Y., Deng, D.P., Tang, X.F. & Li, H.T. (2020) Effect of multiple factors on the adsorption of Cd in an alluvial soil from Xiba, China. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 232, 103605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rózek, P., Król, M. & Mozgawa, W. (2018) Spectroscopic studies of fly ash-based geopolymers. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 198, 283–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rózek, P., Król, M. & Mozgawa, W. (2019) Geopolymer-zeolite composites: a review. Journal of Cleaner Products, 230, 557–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semenzin, E., Critto, A., Carlon, C., Rutgers, M. & Marcomini, A. (2007) Development of a site-specific ecological risk assessment for contaminated sites: part II. A multi-criteria based system for the selection of bioavailability assessment tools. Science of the Total Environment, 379, 34–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semenzin, E., Szatanik-Kloc, A., Jarosz, R., Bajda, T. & Mierzwa-Hersztek, M. (2021) Contemporary applications of natural and synthetic zeolites from fly ash in agriculture and environmental protection. Journal of Cleaner Products, 311, 127461.Google Scholar
Shaha, S.C., Abul Kashem, M. & Osman, T.K. (2012) Effect of lime and farmyard manure on the concentration of cadmium in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). ISRN Agronomy, 2012, 719432.Google Scholar
Shahmoradi, S., Mohmmad, M.A. & Hajabbasi, A. (2020) Efficiency of Fe-zeolite and Fe-bentonite on co-stabilization of As, Cd and Pb in contaminated soil. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 8, 45–49.Google Scholar
Shaqour, F., Ismeik, M. & Esaifan, M. (2017) Alkali activation of natural clay using a Ca(OH)2/Na2CO3 alkaline mixture. Clay Minerals, 52 , 485–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, J.D. (1977) Identification and characterization of zeolites synthesized in the K2O–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system. Molecular Sieves – II, 3, 30–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, W.Y., Shao, H.B., Li, H., Shao, M.A. & Du, S. (2009) Progress in the remediation of hazardous heavy metal-polluted soils by natural zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, Y., Wakihara, T., Itabashi, K., Ogura, M.T. & Okubo, (2009) Cooperative effect of sodium and potassium cations on synthesis of ferrierite. Topics in Catalysis, 52, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeda, H., Hashimoto, S. & Iwata, T. (2012) Fabrication of bulk materials with zeolite from coal fly ash. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 14, 403–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, Q., Ge, Y.Y. & Wang, K.T. (2015) Preparation of porous P-type zeolite spheres with suspension solidification method. Materials Letters, 161, 558–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, Q., He, Y. & Wang, Y.P. (2016) Study on synthesis and characterization of ZSM-20 zeolites from metakaolin-based geopolymers. Applied Clay Science, 129, 102–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temuujin, J., Minjigma, A. & Rickard, W. (2009) Preparation of metakaolin based geopolymer coatings on metal substrates as thermal barriers. Applied Clay Science, 46, 265–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Deventer, J.S.J., Provis, J.L. & Duxson, P. (2007) Reaction mechanisms in the geopolymeric conversion of inorganic waste to useful products. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139, 587–598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, L.W., Li, X.R., Tsang, D.C.W., Jin, F. & Hou, D.Y. (2020) Green remediation of Cd and Hg contaminated soil using humic acid modified montmorillonite: immobilization performance under accelerated ageing conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 387, 122005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, S.F., Awala, H., Vincente, A., Retoux, R., Ling, T.C., Mintova, S. et al. (2017) K-F zeolite nanocrystals synthesized from organic-template-free precursor mixture. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 249, 105–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, S., Wang, L., Xu, Y.M., Lin, D.S., Sun, Y.B. & Zhen, S.N. (2020) Performance and mechanisms of immobilization remediation for Cd contaminated water and soil by hydroxy ferric combined acid-base modified sepiolite (HyFe/ABsep). Science of the Total Environment, 740, 140009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, C.B., Zhao, J.W., Yang, W.J., He, L., Wei, W.X., Tan, X. et al. (2020) Evaluation of biochar pyrolyzed from kitchen waste, corn straw, and peanut hulls on immobilization of Pb and Cd in contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 261, 114113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yao, Z.T., Li, H.Y., Xia, M.S., Ye, Y. & Zhang, L. (2009) Hydrothermal synthesis of sodalite from coal fly ash and its property characterization. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 19, 366–371.Google Scholar
Zhang, H.Y., Zhao, Y.C. & Liu, C.Q. (2007) A study on physicochemical characteristics of fly ash from MSW incineration. Shanghai Environmental Science, 26, 2–7.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.J., Sheng, L., Wang, C.Y. & Xu, D.L. (2012) Microstructural and strength evolutions of geopolymer composite reinforced by resin exposed to elevated temperature. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 358, 620–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, H., Shao, J.A., Zhang, S.H., Zhang, X. & Chen, H.P. (2020) Effect of phosphorus-modified biochars on immobilization of Cu (II), Cd (II), and As (V) in paddy soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 390, 121349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, H., Huang, X., Liu, F., Hu, X., Zhao, X., Wang, L. et al. (2020) A two-year field study of using a new material for remediation of cadmium contaminated paddy soil. Environmental Pollution, 263, 114614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, X.Z., Xu, J.M., Zhao, A.Z. & Ji, G.L. (2003) Effect of ionic strength and pH on interaction between Cu2+ and variable charge soils. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 40, 845–851.Google Scholar
Zhu, J.K. (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 6, 66–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zwingmann, N., Mackinnon, I. & Gilkes, R.J. (2011) Use of a zeolite synthesized from alkali treated kaolin as a K fertiliser: glasshouse experiments on leaching and uptake of K by wheat plants in sandy soil. Applied Clay Science, 53, 684–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar