Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T01:12:43.340Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genesis of smectite in siliciclastics and pyroclastics of the Eocene İslambeyli Formation in the Lalapaşa region, NW Thrace, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

B. Ekіncі Şans ,
F. Esenlі ,
S. Kadir  and
W.C. Elliott
B. Ekіncі Şans*
Affiliation:
İstanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Maslak TR-34469 İstanbul, Turkey
F. Esenlі
Affiliation:
İstanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Maslak TR-34469 İstanbul, Turkey
S. Kadir
Affiliation:
Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR-26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
W.C. Elliott
Affiliation:
Georgia State University, Department of Geosciences, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
*
E-mail:, bekinci@itu.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Eocene İslambeyli Formation in the Lalapaşa region (NW Thrace, Turkey) consists predominantly of siliciclastic clayey clastics at the bottom and of claystone, tuff and tuffaceous claystone/ sandstone/limestone in the middle and uppermost parts of this formation. Some tuff-tuffaceous beds of the middle–upper parts of the formation are economically viable bentonite depoits. The İslambeyli Formation exhibits vertical variations in the mineralogy, elemental compositions, and smectite-forming processes. Smectite was formed by weathering and diagenetic processes in the fluvial-shore environments in the lower part and by diagenetic alteration in a shallow-marine environment in the middle–upper parts of the formation. Ca-smectite flakes were formed by two processes: direct precipitation; and by means of a dissolution-precipitation mechanism from feldspar and mica. Dissolution-precipitation was most prevalent in the siliciclastic lower part of the formation. The amounts of Al, Fe, Mg and Ca required to form smectite and accessory illite were supplied mainly from the alteration of feldspars, mica and glass shards. The origin of smectite can also be explained by the inferred solution compositions given the parent phases in this formation, and the devitrification of glass shards in pyroclastic-rich middle–upper parts of the formation. In the upper beds, the observed decrease of K and Fe in the smectite structure coincided with both the increase in the amount of smectite and the increase in solution pH suggesting that precipitation of smectite developed over a prolonged period and under arid conditions.

Keywords

geochemistrymineralogypyroclasticssiliciclasticssmectiteThrace BasinTurkey
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , September 2015 , pp. 459 - 483
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdioglu, E. & Arslan, M. (2005) Mineralogy, geochem¬istry and genesis of bentonites of the Ordu area, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals, 40, 131–151.Google Scholar
Akbulut, A. (1996) Bentonite. MTA Publication, 32, Ankara, Turkey, 80 pp. (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Arslan, M., Abdioglu, E. & Kadir, S. (2010) Mineralogy, geochemistry and origin of bentonite in Upper Cretaceous pyroclastic units of the Tirebolu area, Giresun, Northeast Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 120–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauluz, B., Peacor, D.R. & Elliott, W.C. (2000a) Coexisting altered glass, Fe-Ni oxides, and spherules at the K-T boundary, Stevns Klint, Denmark. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauluz, B., Peacor, D.R. & Lopez J.M.G. (2000b) Transmission electron microscopy study of illitization in pelites from the Iberian Range, Spain: Layer-by-layer replacement? Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 374–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boynton, W.V. (1984) Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. Pp. 63-114 in: Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (P. Henderson, editor). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Braide, S.P. & Huff, W.D. (1986) Clay mineral variation in Tertiary sediments from the eastern Flank of the Niger Delta. Clay Minerals, 21, 211–224.Google Scholar
Caballero, E., Jimenez de Cisneros, C., Huertas, F.J., Huertas, F., Pozzuoli, A. & Linares, J. (2005) Bentonites from Cabo de Gata, Almeria Spain; a mineralogical and geochemical overview. Clay Minerals, 40, 463–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caglayan, M.A. & Yurtsever, A. (1998) Burgaz-A3, Edirne-B2 and, B., Burgaz-A4 and Kırklareli-B4, Kırklareli-B5 and, B., Kırklareli-C6 Maps: 1/100,000 Scaled Geological Maps of Turkey. MTA Publication, 20-21-22–23, Ankara (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Chamley, H. (1989) Clay Sedimentology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 623 pp.Google Scholar
Christidis, G.E. (1998) Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and a rhyolite to bentonite, in the islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 379–399.Google Scholar
Christidis, G.E. (2001) Formation and growth of smectites in bentonites: A case study from Kimolos Island, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 204—215.Google Scholar
Christidis, G. & Dunham, A.C. (1997) Compositional variations in smectites. Part II: Alteration of acidic precursors. A case study from Milos Island, Greece. Clay Minerals, 32, 253–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E. & Huff, W.D. (2009) Geological aspects and genesis of bentonites. Elements, 5, 93–98.Google Scholar
Christidis, G. & Scott, P.W. (1997) The origin and control of colour of white bentonites from the Aegean islands of Milos and Kimolos, Greece. Mineralium Deposita, 32, 271–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G., Scott, P.W. & Marcopoulos T (1995) Origin of the bentonite deposits of Eastern Milos and Kimolos, Greece: geological, mineralogical and geochemical evidence. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 63–77.Google Scholar
Chung, F.H. (1975) Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures I.I. simultaneous determination of a set of reference intensities. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 8, 17—19.Google Scholar
Condie, K.C. (1993) Chemical composition and evolution of the Upper Continental Crust, Contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology, 104, 1–37.Google Scholar
Cox, K.G., Bell, J.D. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1979) The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. George, Allen and Unwin, London, 450 pp.Google Scholar
Ddani, M., Meunier, A., Zahraoui, M., Beaufort, D., El Wartiti, M., Fontaine, C., Boukili, B. & El Mahi, B. (2005) Clay mineralogy and chemical composition of bentonites from the Gourougou volcanic massif, Northeast Morocco. Clays and Clay Minerals, 53, 250–267.Google Scholar
De Baar, H.J.W., Bacon, M.P., Brewer, P.G. & Bruland, K.W. (1985) Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 1943–1959.Google Scholar
Ece, Ö.I., Ekinci, B., Schroeder, P.A., Crowe, D. & Esenli, F. (2013) Origin of the Düvertepe kaolin-alunite depos¬its in Simav Graben, Turkey: Timing and styles of hydrothermal mineralization. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 255, 57—78.Google Scholar
Elliott, W.C. (1993) Origin of the M. smectite at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 442-452.Google Scholar
Elliott, W.C., Edenfield, A.M., Wampler, J.M. & Matisoff, G. (1999) Kinetics of the smectite to illite transform¬ation at Carro Negro, New Mexico. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 286–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esenli, F., Uz, B., Eren, R.H., Çoban, F., Manav, H., Yavuz, O. & Kumbasar, I. (1997) Alteration products of pyro-clastic rocks in Thrace, Turkey. Pp. 713—716 in: Proceedings of the 4th Biennial SGA Meeting-Mineral Deposits (H. Papunen, editor), Turku. Finland.Google Scholar
Esenli, F., Uz, B., SunerF., Esenli, V., Ece Ö.I. & Kumbasar, I. (2005) Zeolitization of tuffaceous rocks in the Kesan region, Thrace, Turkey. Geologia Croatica, 58, 151–161.Google Scholar
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt H.W & Young, G.M. (1995) Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications in weathering conditions and provenance. Geology, 23, 921–924.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E. & Güven, N. (1978) Bentonites, Geology, Mineralogy, Properties and Uses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 13–137.Google Scholar
Güven, N. (1988) Smectites. Pp. 497–559 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (S.W Bailey, editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haskin, M.A. & Haskin, L.A. (1966) Rare earths in European shales: a redetermination. Science, 154, 507–509.Google Scholar
Honty, M., Clauer, N. & Šucha V (2008) Rare-earth elemental systematics of mixed-layered illite-smectite from sedimentary and hydrothermal environments of the Western Carpathians (Slovakia). Chemical Geology, 249, 167–190.Google Scholar
İçöz, S. & Tiirkmenoglu, A. (1997) The mineralogic, petrographic and geochemical investigation of Eocene-Oligocene clastics, Kesan, Thrace. Pp. 37-48 in: Proceedings of the National Clay Symposium (I. Ece, editor), Kütahya, Turkey (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Irvine, T.N. & Baragar W.R.A. (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523—548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juteau, T., Bingöl, F., Noack, Y & Whitechurch, H. (1978) 38. Preliminary results: Mineralogy and geochemistry of alteration products in leg 45 basement samples. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, XLV, 613–645. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Kadir, S. (2007) Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of smectite in Pliocene volcaniclastic rocks of the Doganbey Formation, Beysehir basin, Konya, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 402–422.Google Scholar
Kadir, S., Önen-Hall, P., Aydın, S.N., Yakicier, C., Akarsu, N. & Tuncer, M. (2008) Environmental effect and genetic influence: a regional cancer predisposition survey in the Zonguldak region of Northwest Turkey. Environmental Geology, 54, 391—409.Google Scholar
Kadir, S., Külah, T., Eren, M. Onalgil, N. & Gürel, A. (2014) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Güzelyurt alunite-bearing kaolinite deposit within the Late Miocene Gördeles ignimbrite, central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 62, 477–499.Google Scholar
Kadir, S., Aydogan, M.S., Elitok Ö. & Helvacı C. (2015) Composition and genesis of the nickel-chrome-bearing nontronite and montmorillonite in lateritized ultramafic rocks in the Muratdagi region (Usak, western Anatolia), Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 63, 163–184.Google Scholar
Kasar, S. (1987) Geology of the Edirne-Kırklareli-Saray (North Thrace). Proceedings of the 7th Petroleum Congress of Turkey, Ankara, Pp. 281—291 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Keskin, C. (1966) Pınarhisar resif karmagigi mikrofasiyes incelemesi. İstanbul University Review B-31, 3—4, 109–146.(in Turkish).Google Scholar
Külah, T., Kadir, S., Gürel, A., Eren, M. & Önalgil, N. (2014) Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of mudstones in the Upper Miocene Mustafapasa member of the Ürgüp Formation in the Cappadocia region, central Anatolia, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 62, 267–285.Google Scholar
Less, G., Özcan, E. & Okay, A.I. (2011) Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Middle Eocene to Lower Oligocene shallow-marine units in the northern and eastern parts of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 793–845.Google Scholar
Maravelis, A. & Zelilidis, A. (2010) Petrography and geochemistry of the late Eocene-early Oligocene submarine funs and shelf deposits on Lemnos Island, NE Greece. Implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Geological Journal, 45, 412—433.Google Scholar
Maynard, J.B., Valloni, R. & Yu, H. (1982) Composition of modern deep sea sands from arc-related basins (J.K. Leggett, editor). Pp. 551-561 in: Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins Special Publications, 10, Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel D.K & Hanson, G.N. (1993) Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance and tectonics. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 284, 21—40.Google Scholar
McLennan, S.M. (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 2, 1021–0000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, A. (2005) Clays. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 472 pp.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. & Reynolds, R.C. Jr. (1997) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford University Press, New York, 378 pp.Google Scholar
Münch, P., Duplay, J. & Cocheme, J. (1996) Alteration of silicic vitric tuffs interbedded in volcanoclastic deposits of the Southern Basin and Range Province, Mexico. Evidences for Hydrothermal Reactions. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 49–67.Google Scholar
Natal'in, B.A., Sunal, G., Satır, M. & Toraman, E. (2012) Tectonics of the Stradja Massif, NW Turkey: History of a long-lived arc at the northern margin of Palaeo-Tethys. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 755–798.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W., Mackovics, G. & Price, R.C. (1980) Chemical processes affecting alkalis and alkaline Earth during continental weathering. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1659—1666.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W. & Young, G.M. (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motion inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299, 715–717.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W. & Young, G.M. (1984) Prediction of some weathering trend of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic consideration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 1523—1534.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W. & Young, G.M. (1989) Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles. Journal of Geology, 97, 129–147.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., McLennan, S.M. & Keyas, R.R. (1996) Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments with impli¬cation for provenance studies. Journal of Geology, 104, 525–542.Google Scholar
Okay, A.I. & Tüysüz, O. (1999) Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. Pp. 475—515 in: The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen (B. Durand, L. Jolivet, F. Horvath & M. Serane, editors). Special Publications, 156, Geological Society, London.Google Scholar
Osborn, S.G., Duffield, L.T., Elliott, W.C., Wampler, J.M., Elmore, R.D. & Engel, M.H. (2014) The timing of diagenesis and thermal maturation of the Cretaceous Marias River shale, disturbed belt, Montana. Clays and Clay Minerals, 62, 112–125.Google Scholar
Peccerillo, A. & Taylor, S.R. (1976) Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, 63–81.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. (1980) Interstratified clay minerals. Pp. 229–303 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification (G.W. Brindley & G. Brown, editors). Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Roser, B.P. & Korsch, R.J. (1986) Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone—mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O/Na2O ratio. Journal of Geology, 94, 635–650.Google Scholar
Roser, B.P. & Korsch, R.J. (1988) Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function analysis of major-element data. Chemical Geology, 67, 119–139.Google Scholar
Setti, M., Marinoni, L. & Lopez-Galindo, A. (2004) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics (major, minor, trace elements and, R.E. of detrital and authigenic clay minerals in a Cenozoic sequence from Ross Sea, Antarctica. Clay Minerals, 39, 405–421.Google Scholar
Shand, S.J. (1943) Eruptive Rocks; Their Genesis,Composition, Classification, and Their Relation toOre-Deposits with a Chapter on Meteorite. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, 444 pp.Google Scholar
Siyako, M. (2006) The Lithostratigraphic Units in ThraceRegion. MTA Publication, Stratigraphy Committee, Serie-2, Ankara, 70 pp. (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Summa, L.L. & Verosub, K.L. (1992) Trace element mobility during early diagenesis of volcanic ash: applications to stratigraphic correlation. QuaternaryInternational, 13-14, 149–157.Google Scholar
Surdam, R.C., Boese, S.W. & Grossey, L.J. (1984) The chemistry of secondary porosity. Pp. 127-150 in: Clastic Diagenesis (D.A. McDonald & R.C. Surdam, editors). American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 37, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.Google Scholar
§engor, A.M.C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.Google Scholar
State Planning Organization (2001) Eighth Five-Year Development Plan (2001-2005). Report of Sub- Group-IV, Working Group on Minerals, T.R. PrimeMinistry, State Planning Organization (SPO)Publications, Ankara, Turkey, 64 pp.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.R. & McLennan, S.M. (1985) The ContinentalCrust: its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Carlton, 312 pp.Google Scholar
Taylor, S.R. & McLennan, S.M. (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Reviews inGeophysics, 33, 241–265.Google Scholar
Tetiker, S., Yalçın H. & BozkayaÖ. (2009) Diagenesis and low grade metamorphism of Karakaya Complex units in the N. Anatolia. Yerbilimleri, 30, 193–212.(in Turkish).Google Scholar
Tributh, H. & Lagaly G. (1986) Aufbereitung und Identifizierung von Boden- und Lagerstättentonen. GIT Fachzeitschrift für das Laboratorium,Kolloidshemie, 30, 524–529.Google Scholar
Turgut, S., Siyako, M. & Dilki, A. (1983) The geology of Thrace Basin and hydrocarbon resources. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 4, 35–46.(in Turkish).Google Scholar
Umut, M., Kurt, Z. & İmik, M. (1983) Geology of the Tekirdag-Silivri (Istanbul)-Pınarhisar (Kırklareli) area and surroundings. MTA Report No. 7349, Ankara (unpublished).Google Scholar
Umut, M., İmik, M., Kurt, Z., Özcan, I., Ate§ M., Karabryikoglu, M. & Saraç G. (1984) Geology of the Edirne-Kırklareli-Lüleburgaz (Kırklareli)- Uzunköprü (Edirne) area and surroundings. MTA Report No. 7604, Ankara (unpublished).Google Scholar
Vitali, F., Blanc, G., Larqué P., Duplay, J. & Morvan, G. (1999) Thermal diagenesis of clay minerals within volcanogenic material from the Tonga convergent margin. Marine Geology, 157, 105–125.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. (1989) Clays, Muds, and Shales. Developments in Sedimentology, 44, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 819 pp.Google Scholar
Yalçın, H. & Gümüser, G. (2000) Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Late Cretaceous ben-tonite deposits of the Kelkit Valley Region, northern Turkey. Clay Minerals, 35, 807–825.Google Scholar
Yanık, G., Esenli, F., Uz, V., Esenli, V., Uz, B. & Külah, T. (2010) Ceramic properties of kaolinized tuffaceous rocks in Kesan region, Thrace, NW Turkey. Applied Clay Science, 48, 499–505.Google Scholar
Yeniyol, M. (1987) The geology, mineralogy and genesis of the Enez (Edirne) bentonite. Pp. 123-137 in: Proceedings Book 3. National Clay Symposium (A. Tiirkmenoglu & O. Akıman, editors). Ankara.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, Y. Tiiysiiz, O., Yigitbag, E., Gene §.C. & §engor A.M.C. (1997) Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. Pp. 183-226 in: Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region (A.G. Robinson, editor). AAPG Memoir, 68, Ankara.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, Y & Polat, A. (1998) Geology and evolution of the Thrace volcanism, Turkey. Acta Vulcanologica, 10, 293–303.Google Scholar
Ziegler, K (2006) Clay minerals of the Permian Rotliegend Group in the North Sea and adjacent areas. Clay Minerals, 41, 355–393.Google Scholar
Zielinski, R.A. (1982) The mobility of uranium of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: a case study in the Troublesome Formation, Colorado, U.S.A. Chemical Geology, 35, 185–204.Google Scholar