Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T00:22:09.232Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cation Exchange Capacity of Layer Silicates and Palagonitized Glass in Mafic Volcanic Rocks: A Comparative Study of Bulk Extraction and In Situ Techniques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

P. Schiffman  and
R. J. Southard
P. Schiffman
Affiliation:
Dept of Geology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
R. J. Southard
Affiliation:
Dept of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The cation exchange capacities (CEC) and extractable cations in smectite, corrensite and palagonitized glass from hydrothermally-altered pillow lavas and hyaloclastite breccias were measured by both bulk wet chemical and in situ microanalytical techniques. Smectite has CEC's between 60 and 120 meq/100 g, palagonitized glass between 30 and 60 meq/100 g, and corrensite approximately 35 meq/100 g as determined by the in situ CsCl-exchange method. These experiments generally verify that Cs exchanges for those cations that are presumed (from the stoichiometry implied by microprobe analyses) to occupy interlayer sites in sheet silicates. Results of conventional CEC determinations are consistent with those determined by the in situ experiments: the individual microanalytical values for smectite and palagonitized glass bracket the bulk CEC values. The in situ experiments imply that Mg is the major extractable cation in smectite, Ca in corrensite, and both Mg and Ca in the palagonitized glass. We speculate that discrepancies between the equivalents of extractable cations predicted from elemental analysis and the equivalents of Cs sorbed may be due to the presence of charge-balancing protons that are not detected by the microprobe analyses. The sum of equivalents of cations extracted by NH4-acetate is about the same as the CEC determined by both the in situ and the bulk methods. Cation proportions indicated by NH4-acetate extractions from bulk samples are also generally consistent with the in situ results for all elements except Mg, which is a minor leachate of the NH4-acetate extractions in all the samples. To explain this discrepancy, we propose that 1) Mg may occupy structural sites within palagonitized glass, which inhibit its extraction by NH4 or Cs, and/or 2) there is a significant quantity of smectite, unsampled by the electron microprobe analyses, which contains insignificant interlayer Mg.

Keywords

Cation Exchange CapacityCorrensiteElectron microprobe analysisExtractable cationsPalagoniteSmectite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 44 , Issue 5 , October 1996 , pp. 624 - 634
Copyright
Copyright © 1996, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Bailey, S.W.. 1982. Nomenclature for regular interstratifications. Am Mineral 67: 394–398.Google Scholar
Baldar, N.A. and Whittig, L.D.. 1968. Occurrence and synthesis of soil zeolites. Soil Sci Soc Am J 32: 235–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkgaut, V., Singer, A. and Stahr, K.. 1994. Palagonite reconsidered: paracrystalline illite-smectites from regoliths on basic pyroclastics. Clays Clay Miner 42: 582–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilgrami, S.A. and Howie, R.A.. 1960. The mineralogy and petrology of a rodingite dyke, Hindubaugh, Pakistan. Am Mineral 45: 791–801.Google Scholar
Dimroth, E. and Lichtblau, A.P.. 1979. Metamorphic evolution of Archean hyaloclastites, Noranda area, Quebec, Canada. Part I: Comparison of Archean and Cenezoic sea-floor metamorphism. Can J Earth Sci 16: 1315–1340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furnes, H.. 1984. Chemical changes during progressive sub-aerial palagonitization of a subglacial olivine tholeiite hyaloclastite: A microprobe study. Chem Geol 43: 271–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, D.C., Morris, R.V., Ming, D.W., Lauer, H.V. Jr. and Yang, S.R.. 1993. Mineralogy of three slightly palagonitized basaltic tephra samples from the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. J Geophys Res 98: 3401–3411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, R.L. and Iijima, A.. 1968. Petrology of palagonitic tuffs of the Koko Craters, Oahu, Hawaii. Contributions Mineral Petrol 17: 141–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillier, S. and Clayton, T.. 1992. Cation exchange ‘staining’ of clay minerals in thin-section for electron microscopy. Clay Miner 27: 379–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.L.. 1979. Soil chemical analysis-Advanced course, 2nd. ed. Madison, WI: M.L. Jackson. 895 p.Google Scholar
Jakobsson, S.P. and Moore, J.G.. 1986. Hydrothermal minerals and alteration rates at Surtsey volcano, Iceland. Geol Soc Am Bull 97: 648–659.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jercinovic, M.J., Keil, K., Smith, M.R. and Schmitt, R.A.. 1990. Alteration of basaltic glasses from north-central British Columbia, Canada. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54: 2679–2696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinter, E.B. and Diamond, S.. 1966. A new method for preparation and treatment of oriented-aggregate specimens of soil clays for x-ray diffraction analysis. Soil Sci 81: 111–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petit, J.-C., Della Mea, G., Dran, J.-C., Magonthier, M.-C., Mando, P.A. and Paccagnella, A.. 1990. Hydrated-layer formation during dissolution of complex silicate glasses and minerals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54: 1941–1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffman, P. and Fridleifsson, G.O.. 1991. The smectite to chlorite transition in drillhole NJ-15, Nesjavellir geothermal field, Iceland: XRD, BSE, and electron microporbe investigations. J Metamor Geol 9: 679–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffman, P. and Staudigel, H.. 1995. The smectite to chlorite transition in a fossil seamount hydrothermal system: the Basement Complex of La Palma, Canary Islands. J Metamor Geol 13: 487–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffman, P. and Staudigel, H.. 1994. Hydrothermal alteration of a seamount complex on La Palma, Canary Islands: Implications for metamorphism in accreted terranes. Geology 22: 151–154.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, A.. 1974. Mineralogy of palagonitic material from the Golan Heights, Israel. Clays Clay Miner 22: 231–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soil Survey Staff. 1992. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual: Soil Survey Investigations Report 42, V. 2.0. USDA-Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, NE. 400 p.Google Scholar
Southard, R.J.. 1995. Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.Google Scholar
Staudigel, H.. 1981. Der basale Komplex von La Palma. Submarine vulkanische prozesse, Petrologie, Geochemie und sekundare prozesse im herausgehobenen, submarinen Teil einer ozeanischen Insel [Ph.D. thesis]. Bochum, Germany: Ruhr University. 357 p.Google Scholar
Staudigel, H. and Hart, S.R.. 1983. Alteration of basaltic glass: mechanisms and significance for the oceanic crust-seawater budget. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47: 337–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudigel, H. and Schmincke, H.-U.. 1984. The Pliocene Seamount series of La Palma/Canary Islands. J Geophys Res 89: 11915–11215.Google Scholar
Thorseth, I.H., Furnes, H. and Tumyr, O.. 1995. Textural and chemical effects of bacterial activity on basaltic glass: an experimental approach. Chem Geol 119: 139–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorseth, I.H., Furnes, H. and Tumyr, O.. 1991. A textural and chemical study of Icelandic palagonite of varied composition and its bearing on the mechanism of glass-palagonite transformation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55: 731–749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittig, L.D. and Allardice, W.R.. 1986. X-ray diffraction techniques. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: Physical and mineralogic methods, Agronomy Monograph no. 9. American Society of Agronomy—Soil Science of America. p 331–362.Google Scholar
Zhou, Z. and Fyfe, W.S.. 1989. Palagonitization of basaltic glass from DSDP Site 335, Leg 37: Textures, chemical composition, and mechanism of formation. Am Mineral 74: 1045–1053.Google Scholar
Zhou, Z., Fyfe, W.S., Tazaki, K. and van der Gaast, S.J.. 1992. The structural characteristics of palagonite from DSDP Site 335. Can Mineral 30: 75–81.Google Scholar