Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T11:04:19.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparative Study of the Mobility of Major and Trace Elements During Alteration of an Andesite and a Rhyolite to Bentonite, in the Islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

George E. Christidis
George E. Christidis*
Affiliation:
Technical University of Crete, Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Kounoupidiana, 73100 Chania, Crete, Greece
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Progressive alteration by seawater of an andesite in the Aegean Island of Milos and an ignimbrite in the Aegean Island of Kimolos, Greece, formed bentonites with or without zeolites. Both profiles are dominated by migration of alkalis and uptake of Mg, Fe and H2O, while Al and Ti are immobile. The relative removal of alkalis controls the formation of either smectite or zeolites. The behavior of Ca and Si depends on the chemistry of the parent rock. In the rhyolitic profile, alteration is controlled by gain of Mg, Fe2+ and Ca and loss of Na, K and Si, while in the andesitic profile by gain of Mg and Fe2+ and loss of Na, K and Ca. In both profiles, significant uptake of SO4- was not observed. Moreover Zr, Nb, V and Ni are immobile and have been enriched residually, while Sr, Rb and Y are lost in both profiles. Thorium is immobile in the rhyolitic profile but is leached in the andesitic profile. Also, the rare earth elements (REE) display fractionation in both profiles; the degree of fractionation increases with the degree of alteration to bentonite. Fractionation of the REE in both profiles and mobility of Th in the andesitic profile are related to the existence of monazite (rhyolitic profile) and apatite (andesite profile). The REE and Th appear to partition into phosphates rather than smectite.

The mobility of Y coupled with the immobility of Nb increases the Nb: Y ratio with advancing alteration, rendering discrimination diagrams that use this ratio to determine the nature of the protoliths misleading. Mass balance calculations showed that in the smectite-rich zones the water: rock (WR) ratio might be as high as 13:1 in both profiles, while in the zeolite-bearing zones it is about 5.5:1. Such WR ratios explain the observed extensive mass transfer and suggest that the pore fluid chemistry might overprint the chemical characteristics of the parent rocks controlling smectite and bentonite chemistry.

Keywords

AlterationAndesiteBentoniteElement MobilizationMordenitePhosphatesREE FractionationResidual EnrichmentRhyoliteSmectiteWater:Rock Ratio
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 46 , Issue 4 , August 1998 , pp. 379 - 399
Copyright
Copyright © 1998, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Altaner, S.P. and Grim, R.E., 1990 Mineralogy, chemistry and diagenesis of tuffs in the Sucker Creek Formation (Miocene), Eastern Oregon Clays Clay Miner 38 561–572 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banfield, J.F. and Eggleton, R.A., 1989 Apatite replacement and rare earth mobilization, fractionation and fixation during weathering Clays Clay Miner 38 77–89 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bau, M., 1991 Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium Chem Geol 93 93–230 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90115-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, H. and Oliver, G.J., 1976 Development of fluxes for the analysis of ceramic materials by X-ray Spectrometry Analyst 101 101–807 10.1039/an9760100803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boles, J.R. and Surdam, R.C., 1979 Diagenesis of volcanogenic sediments in a Tertiary saline lake, Wagon Red Formation Am J Sci 279 832–853 10.2475/ajs.279.7.832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookins, D.G., Lipin, B.R. and McKay, G.A., 1989 Aqueous geochemistry of rare-earth elements Rev Mineral 21, Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements. Mineral Soc Am. 201–225 10.1515/9781501509032-011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantrell, K.J. and Byrne, R.H., 1987 Rare earth element complexation by carbonate and oxalate ions Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51 51–606 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90072-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cas, R.A.F. and Wright, J.V., 1988 Volcanic successions. Modern and ancient London Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Christidis, G. and Dunham, A.C., 1993 Compositional variations in smectites: Part I. Alteration of intermediate volcanic rocks. A case study from Milos Island, Greece Clay Miner 28 28–273 10.1180/claymin.1993.028.2.07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G. and Dunham, A.C., 1997 Compositional variations in smectites: Part II. Alteration of acidic precursors. A case study from Milos Island, Greece Clay Miner 32 253–270 10.1180/claymin.1997.032.2.07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G. Scott, P.W. and Marcopoulos, T., 1995 Origin of the bentonite deposits of Eastern Milos, Aegean, Greece. Geological, mineralogical and geochemical evidence Clays Clay Miner 43 63–77 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G. and Scott, P.W., 1997 The origin and control of colour of white bentonites from the Aegean Islands of Milos and Kimolos, Greece Mineral Deposita 32 271–279 10.1007/s001260050092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deer, W.A. Howie, R.A. and Zussmann, J., 1962 Rock forming minerals 5 339–346.Google Scholar
Dibble, W.E. Jr and Tiller, W., 1981 Kinetic model of zeolite para-genesis in tuffaceous sediments Clays Clay Miner 29 29–330 10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duddy, I.R., 1980 Redistribution and fractionation of rare earth and other elements in a weathering profile Chem Geol 30 30–381 10.1016/0009-2541(80)90102-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, W.C., 1993 Origin of the Mg-smectite at the Cretaceous/Teriary (K/T) boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark Clays Clay Miner 41 442–452 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fyticas, M., 1977 Geological and geothermal study of Milos Island [Ph.D. thesis] Thessaloniki, Greece Univ of Thessaloniki.Google Scholar
Fyticas, M. Innocenti, F. Kolios, N. Manetti, P. Mazzuoli, R. Poli, G. Rita, F. and Villari, L., 1986 Volcanology and petrology of volcanic products from the island of Milos and neighbouring islets J Volcanol Geotherm Res 28 28–317.Google Scholar
Fyticas, M. and Vougioukalakis, G., 1993 Volcanic structure and evolution of Kimolos and Polyegos (Milos Island group) Bull Geol Soc Greece 28 28–237.Google Scholar
Garrels, R.M. and Christ, C.L., 1965 Solutions minerals and equilibria San Francisco Freeman Cooper. 172–267.Google Scholar
Gresens, R.L., 1967 Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism Chem Geol 2 2–65 10.1016/0009-2541(67)90004-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grim, R.E. and Guven, N., 1978 Bentonites New York Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hay, R.L. and Mumpton, F.A., 1977 Geology of zeolites in sedimentary rocks Rev Mineral 4, Natural zeolites. Mineral Soc Am. 53–64 10.1515/9781501508585-007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, R.L. and Guldman, S.G., 1987 Diagenetic alteration of silicic ash in Searles lake, California Clays Clay Miner 35 449–457 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, P., 1990 Inorganic geochemistry Oxford Pergamon Pr. 278–303.Google Scholar
Henderson, J.H. Jackson, M.L. Syers, J.K. Clayton, R.N. and Rex, R.W., 1971 Cristobalite authigenic origin in relation to montmorillonite and quartz origin in bentonites Clays Clay Miner 19 19–238 10.1346/CCMN.1971.0190404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, P.C., 1966 Phase equilibria of some minerals in the K2O-Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere Am J Sci 264 264–309 10.2475/ajs.264.4.289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iijima, A., 1980 Geology of natural zeolites and zeolitic rocks Proc 5th Int Conf on Zeolites 103–118.Google Scholar
Land, L.S. Mack, L.E. Milliken, K.L. and Lynch, F.L., 1997 Burial diagenesis of argillaceous sediment, south Texas Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin: A reexamination Bull Geol Soc Am 109 2–15 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0002:BDOASS>2.3.CO;2.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, W.H., 1988 Rare earth element mobility at constant inter-REE ratios in the alteration zone at the Phelps Dodge massive sulphide deposit, Matagami, Quebec Mineral Deposita 23 231–238 10.1007/BF00206399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariano, A.N., Lipin, B.R. and McKay, G.A., 1989 Economic geology of rare earth minerals Rev Mineral 21, Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements. Mineral Soc Am. 309–337 10.1515/9781501509032-014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariner, R.H. and Surdam, R.A., 1970 Alkalinity and formation of zeolites in saline alkaline lakes Science 170 170–980 10.1126/science.170.3961.977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milodowski, A.E. Hurst, A. and Miles, D.L., 1989 The authigenesis of phosphate minerals in some Norwegian hydrocarbon reservoirs: Evidence for the mobility and redistribution of rare earth elements (REE) and Th during sandstone diagenesis Water-rock interaction WRI-6 Rotterdam Balkema 491–494.Google Scholar
Milodowski, A.E. and Zalasiewicz, J.A., 1991 Redistribution of rare earth elements during diagenesis of turbidite/hemipelagite mudrock sequences of Llandovery age from central Wales Developments in sedimentary provenance studies. Geol Soc Spec Publ 57 101–124 10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.057.01.10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mottl, M.J. and Holland, H.D., 1978 Chemical exchange during hydrothermal alteration of basalt by seawater. I. Experimental results for major and minor components of seawater Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42 42–1115 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90107-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumpton, F.A. and Mumpton, F.A., 1977 Utilization of natural zeolites Rev Mineral 4, Natural zeolites. Mineral Soc Am. 177–204 10.1515/9781501508585-013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noh, H.J. and Boles, J.R., 1989 Diagenetic alteration of perlite in the Guryongpo area, Republic of Korea Clays Clay Miner 37 47–58 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, K.T. Marsh, N.G. and Dickie, B., 1993 Data report: Inorganic major, trace, and rare earth element analyses of the muds and mudstones from site 808 Proc Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 131 427–432.Google Scholar
Prudencio, M.I. Gouveia, M. S. and Braga, M.A., 1995 REE distribution in present day and ancient surface environments of basaltic rocks (Central Portugal) Clay Miner 30 30–248 10.1180/claymin.1995.030.3.07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senkayi, A.L. Dixon, J.B. Hossner, L.R. Abder-Ruhman, M. and Fanning, D.S., 1984 Mineralogy and genetic relationships of tonstein, bentonite and lignitic strata in the Eocene Yegna Formation of East-Central Texas Clays Clay Miner 32 259–271 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyfried, W.E. Jr and Mottl, M.J., 1982 Hydrothermal alteration of basalt by seawater under seawater-dominated conditions Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46 46–1002 10.1016/0016-7037(82)90054-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, R.A. and Gude, A.J. III. 1968. Distribution and genesis of authigenic silicate minerals in tuffs of Pleistocene lake Tecopa, Inyo County, California. US Geol Survey Prof Paper 597. 38 p.Google Scholar
Sheppard, R.A. and Gude, A.J. III. 1973. Zeolites and associated authigenic silicate minerals in tuffaceous rocks of the Big Sandy Formation, Mohave County, Arizona. US Geol Survey Prof Paper 830. 36 p.Google Scholar
Shiraki, R. Sakai, H. Endoh, M. and Kishia, N., 1987 Experimental studies on rhyolite- and andesite-seawater interactions at 300°C and 1000 bars Geochemical J 21 21–148 10.2343/geochemj.21.139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiraki, R. and Iiyama, T., 1990 Na-K ion exchange reaction between rhyolitic glass and (Na,K)Cl aqueous solution under hydrothermal conditions Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 54–2931 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90110-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spears, D.A. and Kanaris-Sotiriou, R., 1979 A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins Sedimentology 26 26–425 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00917.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steefel, C.I. and van Cappellen, P., 1990 A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction: The role of nucleation, precursors and Ostwald ripening Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 2657–2677 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90003-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surdam, R.C. and Mumpton, F.A., 1977 Zeolites in closed hydrological systems Rev Mineral 4, Natural zeolites. Mineral Soc Am. 65–91 10.1515/9781501508585-008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sverjensky, D.A., 1984 Europium redox equilibria in aqueous solution Earth Planet Sci Lett 67 67–78 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90039-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M.W. and Surdam, R.C., 1981 Zeolite reactions in the tuffaceous sediments at Teels Marsh, Nevada Clays Clay Miner 29 341–352 10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, J.N. Buckley, F. and Barker, J., 1981 The simultaneous determination of the REE’s in rocks using ICP source spectrometry Chem Geol 33 33–153 10.1016/0009-2541(81)90091-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A.F. and Claasen, H.C., 1980 Kinetic model for the short-term dissolution of a rhyolitic glass Chem Geol 28 28–109 10.1016/0009-2541(80)90038-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A.F., 1983 Surface chemistry and dissolution kinetics of glassy rocks at 25°C Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47 47–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintsch, R.P. and Kvale, C.M., 1994 Differential mobility of elements in burial diagenesis of siliciclastic rocks J Sed Res A64 349–361.Google Scholar
Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A., 1977 Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements Chem Geol 20 20–343 10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, S.A., 1990 The aqueous geochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium. 1. Review of available low-temperature data for inorganic complexes and the inorganic REE speciation of natural waters Chem Geol 82 82–186 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90080-Q.Google Scholar
Wood, S.A., 1990 The aqueous geochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium. 2. Theoretical predictions of speciation in hydrothermal solutions at 350°C at saturation water vapour pressure Chem Geol 88 88–125 10.1016/0009-2541(90)90106-H.Google Scholar
Zielinski, R.A., 1982 The mobility of uranium and other elements during alteration of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: A case study in the troublesome formation, Colorado, USA Chem Geol 35 185–204 10.1016/0009-2541(82)90001-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar