Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T18:31:23.088Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Interrelationships of Physical and Chemical Properties of Kaolinites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

W. M. Bundy ,
W. D. Johns  and
H. H. Murray
W. M. Bundy
Affiliation:
Georgia Kaolin Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey
W. D. Johns
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
H. H. Murray
Affiliation:
Georgia Kaolin Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Rank-correlation coefficients are utilized to show relationships between physical and chemical properties of Georgia and English kaolins. Montmorillonite impurity in the Cretaceous kaolins shows high level correlations with magnesium, iron, silica-alumina ratio, CEC, water sorption, surface area, sediment volume, and Brookfield viscosity. Cation exchange capacity of these kaolins is believed to be related primarily to montmorillonite impurity. Low shear viscosity measurements show a strong correlation to properties indicative of montmorillonite. Correlations with viscosity are believed to be related primarily to surface area and particle packing. Packing volume exerts a dominant effect on high shear rheology. Differences in particle shape are not of sufficient magnitude to show a significant effect on rheology. A strong inverse relationship of vanadium with high shear viscosity indicates that the wetting effect of vanadium organic complexes or adsorption of (VO4)−3 tetrahedra at gibbsite edge faces may be mechanisms for viscosity reduction. Brightness and whiteness are related to titanium and iron-bearing impurities as well as the amount of particles having optimum diameters for light scattering. Well-crystallized kaolinites are believed to have been derived primarily from feldspar. Muscovite alteration may be retarded where well-crystallized kaolinites occur. To account for the inverse relation of vanadium with crystallinity, it is suggested that complex vanadium ions may act as growth poisons.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 14 , February 1966 , pp. 331 - 346
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 1966

References

Barnett, C. E. (1949) Physics and chemistry of pigments: Ind. Eng. Chem. 41, 272–9.10.1021/ie50470a015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, T. F. (1964) Geology and mineralogy of the sedimentary kaolins of the southeastern United States—a review: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 12th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 177–94.Google Scholar
Breger, I. A. (1963) Organic Geochemistry: Pergamon Press, New York, 658 pp.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. W. and Robinson, K. (1946) Randomness in structures of kaolinitic clay minerals: Trans. Faraday Soc. 42V, 198–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundy, W. M. and Conley, R. F. (1962) French Patent, 1287683.Google Scholar
Bundy, W. M., Johns, W. D. and Murray, H. H. (1965) Physico-chemical properties of kaolinite and relationship to paper coating quality: To be published in Tappi.Google Scholar
Conlby, R. F. (1965) Personal communication.Google Scholar
Conley, R. F., Golding, H. F. and Taranto, M. W. (1964) Improvement of iron bleaching in clays through Potentiometrie control of sodium dithionite addition: Ind. Eng. Chem. 3, 183–8.Google Scholar
Diamond, S. and Kinter, E. B. (1956) Surface areas of clay minerals as derived from measurements of glycerol retention: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 5th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 334–347.Google Scholar
Duke, J. B. (1960) U.S. Patent 2, 920, 832.Google Scholar
Dunning, H. N., Moore, J. W. and Denekas, M. O. (1953) Interfacial activities and porphyrin contents of petroleum extracts: Ind. Eng. Chem. 45, 1759–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exley, C. S. (1964) Some factors bearing on the natural synthesis of clays in the granites of south-west England: Clay Min. Bull. 5, 411–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene-Kelly, R. (1962) Charge densities and heats of immersion of some clay minerals: Clay Min. Bull. 5, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagemeyer, R. W. (1960) The effect of pigment combination and solids concentration on particle packing and coated paper characteristics, I: Relationship of particle shape to particle packing: Tappi 43, 277–88.Google Scholar
Hinckley, D. N. (1961) Mineralogical and chemical variations in the kaolin deposits of the Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina: Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 194 pp.Google Scholar
Hinckley, D. N. and Bates, T. F. (1960a) Evaluation of the amount and distribution of montmorillonite in some Georgia and South Carolina kaolins: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 8th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 18–21.10.1016/B978-0-08-009351-2.50009-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinckley, D. N. and Bates, T. F. (1960b) An X-ray fluorescence method for the quantitative determination of small amounts of montmorillonite in kaolin clays: Amer. Min. 45, 239–41.Google Scholar
Johns, W. D. and Murray, H. H. (1959) Empirical crystallinity index for kaolinite: Prog. Abstr. Geol. Soc. Amer. Vol. 70, pt 2, Dec 1959 pp. 1624.Google Scholar
Jonas, E. S. (1960) Mineralogy of the micaceous clay minerals: Internat. Geol. Congress, XXI Session, Norden, 7–16.Google Scholar
Jonas, E. C. (1964) Petrology of the Dry Branch, Georgia, kaolin deposits: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 13th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, 199–205.Google Scholar
Keeling, P. S. (1958) A simple aid to clay mineral identification: Clay Min. Bull. 3, 271–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, J. N. (1963) Sodium tri(poly)phosphates in the kaolinite-water system: Presented at the rheologieal properties of ceramic suspensions symposium, 65th Amer. Ceram. Soc. meeting, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Lyons, S. C. (1958) Clay: Tappi, Monograph series no. 20, pp. 57–115.Google Scholar
Michaels, A. S. (1958a) Rheological properties of aqueous clay suspensions: Ceramic Fabrication Processes, Technology Press of Mass. Inst. Tech., pp. 23–31.Google Scholar
Michaels, A. S. (1958b) Deflocculation of kaolinite by alkali polyphosphates: Ind. Eng. Chem. 50, 951–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millman, N. (1964) Some factors that influence the viscosity of paper coating compositions: Tappi 47, 168A–74A.Google Scholar
Murray, H. H. (1954) Structural variations of some kaolinites in relation to dehydrated halloysite: Amer. Min., 39, 97–108.Google Scholar
Murray, H. H. and Lyons, S. C. (1956) Correlation of paper-coating quality with degree of crystal perfection of kaolinite: Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.—Natl. Res. Council Pub. 456, pp. 31–40.Google Scholar
Murray, H. H. and Lyons, S. C. (1960) Further correlation of kaolinite crystallinity with chemical and physical properties: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 8th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormsby, W. C. and Marcus, J. H. (1964) Rheological properties of kaolins of varying degrees of crystallinity: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 12th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 207–8.Google Scholar
Ormsby, W. C., Shartsis, J. M. and Woodside, K. H. (1962) Exchange behavior of kaolins of varying degrees of crystallinity: Jour. Amer. Cer. Soc. 45, 361–6.Google Scholar
Phoenix, R. C. (1963) The rheology of kaolinite-water suspensions at high solids concentrations: Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers—The State University, 120 pp.Google Scholar
Rankama, K. and Sahama, Th. G. (1950) Geochemistry: Univ. Chicago Press , 912 pp.Google Scholar
Robertson, R. H. S., Brindley, G. W. and Mackensie, R. C. (1954) Mineralogy of kaolin clays from Tanganyika: Amer. Min. 39, 118–38.Google Scholar
Sand, L. B. (1956) On the genesis of residual kaolins: Amer. Min. 41, 28–40.Google Scholar
Sears, G. W. (1958) The effect of poisons on crystal growth: Growth and Perfection of Crystals, John Wiley, pp. 441–5.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. K. and Samson, H. R. (1954) Flocculation of kaolinite due to the attraction of oppositely charged crystal faces: Disc. Faraday Soc. 51, 135–45.Google Scholar
Sumner, M. E. (1963) Effect of iron oxides on positive and negative charges in clays and soils: Clay Min. Bull. 5, 218–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swanson, J. W. and Hemstock, G. A. (1956) Mineral species in coating clays and their relationship to flow properties at high solids content: Tappi 39, 30–35.Google Scholar
Van Wazer, J. R. and Besmertnuk, E. (1950) The action of phosphates on kaolin suspensions, Jour. Phys. Colloid Chem. 54, 89–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volk, W. (1956) Industrial statistics: Chem. Eng. 63, p. 9. 165-190.Google Scholar
Warkentin, V. P. and Yong, R. N. (1962) Shear strength of montmorillonite and kaolinite related to interparticle forces: Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 4th Conf., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 210–8.Google Scholar
Weiser, H. B. (1935) Inorganic Colloid Chemistry, II, The hydrous oxides and hydroxides: John Wiley, New York, p. 262.Google Scholar
Weyl, W. A. and Ormsby, W. S. (1960) Atomistic approach to the rheology of sand- water and of clay-water mixtures: in Rheology, 3, edited by Frederick R. Eirich, Academic Press, New York, pp. 249–95.Google Scholar
Woodside, R. H. and Obmsby, W. C. (1960) Surface area determination of kaolinite using glycerol adsorption: Jour. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 43, 671–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, L. A. (1955) Variations in viscosity of clay-water suspensions of Georgia kaolins: Clays and Clay Minerals, Natl. Acad. Sci.—Natl. Res. Council Pub 395, pp. 246–59.Google Scholar