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Response Surface Optimization for Activation of Bentonite Using Microwave Irradiation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Srdjan Petrović ,
Ljiljana Rožić ,
Zorica Vuković ,
Tatjana Novaković  and
Dragomir Stanisavljev
Srdjan Petrović*
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Ljiljana Rožić
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Zorica Vuković
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Tatjana Novaković
Affiliation:
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Dragomir Stanisavljev
Affiliation:
Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: srlepp@gmail.com
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Abstract

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Microwave irradiation as a means for heating bentonites during acid activation has been investigated in the past but it has never been optimized for industrial applications. The purpose of this study was to apply a factorial 23 experimental design to a Serbian bentonite in order to determine the influence of microwave heating on the acid-activation process. The effect of acid activation under microwave irradiation on the textural and structural properties of bentonite was studied as a model reaction. A mathematical, second-order response surface model (RSM) was developed with a central composite design that incorporated the relationships among various process parameters (time, acid concentration, and microwave heating power) and the selected process response of specific surface area of the bentonite. The ranges of values for the process parameters chosen were: time, 5–21 min; acid concentration, 2–7 M; and microwave heating power, 63–172 W. The effect of individual variables and their interaction effects on the textural and structural properties of the bentonite were determined. Statistical analysis showed that the duration of microwave irradiation was less significant than the other two factors. The model showed that increasing the time and acid concentration improved the textural properties of bentonites, resulting in increased specific surface area. This model is useful for setting an optimum value of the activation parameters for achieving the maximum specific surface area. An optimum specific surface area of 142 m2g−1 was achieved with an acid concentration of 5.2 M, activation time of 7.4 min, and microwave power of 117 W.

Keywords

BentoniteMicrowave IrradiationStatistical DesignSpecific Surface Area
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 60 , Issue 1 , February 2012 , pp. 32 - 39
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2012

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