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Thermal and Mineral Properties of Al-, Cr-, Mn-, Ni- and Ti-Substituted Goethite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

M. A. Wells ,
R. W. Fitzpatrick  and
R. J. Gilkes
M. A. Wells*
Affiliation:
CSIRO Exploration and Mining, Australian Resources Research Centre (ARRC), PO Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
R. W. Fitzpatrick
Affiliation:
CSIRO Land and Water, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
R. J. Gilkes
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: Martin.Wells@csiro.au
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Abstract

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Mineralogical and thermal characteristics of synthetic Al-, Cr-, Mn-, Ni- and Ti-bearing goethites, synthesized via alkaline hydrolysis of metal-ferrihydrite gels, were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. Shifts in unit-cell dimensions were consistent with size of substituent metal ions and confirmed the incorporation of Al3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, Ni2+ and Ti4+ in the goethite structure. A weight loss of 6.2 wt.% for goethite containing 12.2 mol.% Ti, being significantly less than for stoichiometric goethite, is consistent with the replacement of Fe by Ti in the goethite structure coupled with the substitution of O2− ions for OH− (i.e. proton loss). These data provide the first confirmation of the direct replacement of Fe by Ti within goethite. Formation of multiple dehydroxylation endotherms for goethite containing 4.5 mol.% Al, 15.3 mol.% Mn and 12.2 mol.% Ti was not attributed to the decomposition of surface OH groups or related simply to the crystallinity of precursor goethite (‘high-a’ vs. ‘low-a’) as defined by the magnitude of a. Instead, endotherm doublet formation was associated with weight loss due to the dehydroxylation of goethite remaining after initial phase transformation to protohematite and to the evolution of OH− associated with the rapid increase in crystallite size of protohematite directed primarily along the a direction. Development of the first endotherm is due to initial dehydroxylation and transformation to protohematite. With continued heating of well ordered goethite or goethite containing moderate to high levels of substituent cations, domain growth along the a direction is delayed or inhibited to a critical point that provides enough thermal energy to enable goethite transformation to proceed to completion and for proto-hematite domain growth to occur. This results in the formation of a second endotherm. For less well ordered goethite and/or goethite containing only low levels of foreign metal cations, protohematite domain growth is not inhibited and proceeds continuously with heating to give only a single endotherm.

Keywords

DehydroxylationDifferential Thermal AnalysisDouble EndothermAl-, Cr-, Mn-, Ni- and Ti-substituted Goethite and HematiteDomain Recrystallization
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 54 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 176 - 194
Copyright
Copyright © 2006, The Clay Minerals Society

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