Hostname: page-component-669899f699-b58lm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-27T14:46:18.776Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Synthetic 2- and 6-Line Ferrihydrite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Dawn E. Janney ,
John M. Cowley  and
Peter R. Buseck
Dawn E. Janney
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Chemistry/Biochemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
John M. Cowley
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
Peter R. Buseck
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Chemistry/Biochemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) images, and electron nano-diffraction were used to examine structures of synthetic 2- and 6-line ferrihydrite specimens. HRTEM images of 2-line ferrihydrite (2LFh) show scattered small (~1-3 nm) areas with lattice fringes surrounded by areas free of fringes. All SAED patterns show two bright rings corresponding to d-values of ~0.15 and 0.25 nm; each ring has a conspicuous shoulder on each side. Faint rings corresponding to d-values of 0.08, 0.095, 0.100, 0.106-0.114 (very broad ring), and 0.122 nm are visible in strongly exposed SAED patterns. Nanodiffraction patterns show conspicuous streaks and a lack of superlattice formation.

HRTEM images of 6-line ferrihydrite (6LFh) display larger crystallites (typically ~5-6 nm) with lattice fringes visible in many thin areas. SAED patterns show rings corresponding to d-values of 0.148, 0.156, 0.176, 0.202, 0.227, and 0.25-0.26 nm and a shoulder extending between d-values of ~0.25 and 0.32 nm. Faint rings corresponding to d-values of 0.086, 0.093, 0.107, 0.112, 0.119, 0.125, and 0.135 nm are visible in strongly exposed SAED patterns. Small quantities of hematite, magnetite or maghemite, and an acicular material tentatively identified as goethite were observed in the 6-line ferrihydrite, but these quantities do not contribute significantly to the overall diffracted intensity from the sample.

Keywords

FerrihydriteHigh-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)NanodiffractionSelected-Area Electron Diffraction (SAED)
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 48 , Issue 1 , February 2000 , pp. 111 - 119
Copyright
Copyright © 2000, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Alpers, C.N. Blowes, D.W. Nordstrom, D.K. Jambor, J.M., Blowes, D.W. and Jambor, J.L., 1994 Secondary minerals and acid mine-water chemistry The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes Ontario Mineralogical Association of Canada, Nepean 247–270.Google Scholar
Bigham, J.M., Blowes, D.W. and Jambor, J.L., 1994 Mineralogy of ochre deposits formed by sulfide oxidation The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes Ontario Mineralogical Association of Canada, Nepean 103–132.Google Scholar
Brearley, A.J., 1997 Phyllosilicates in the matrix of the unique carbonaceous chondrite Lewis Cliff 85332 and possible implications for the aqueous alteration of CI chondrites. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 32 377–388 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01281.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A.S. Schwertmann, U. and Campbell, P.A., 1997 Formation of cubic phases on heating ferrihydrite Clay Minerals 32 615–622 10.1180/claymin.1997.032.4.11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, L. and Schwertmann, U., 1981 Natural ferrihydrites in surface deposits from Finland and their association with silica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 421–429 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90250-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, C.W., 1992 Ferrihydrite: A review of structure, properties and occurrence in relation to soils. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 155 441–448 10.1002/jpln.19921550515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, C.W. Wells, N. and Downes, C.J., 1986 Kokowai Springs, Mount Egmont, New Zealand: Chemistry and mineralogy of the ochre (ferrihydrite) deposit and analysis of the waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 16 85–99 10.1080/03036758.1986.10426958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chukhrov, F.V. Zvyagin, B.B. Gorshkov, A.I. Yermilova, L.P. and Balashova, V.V., 1973 O Ferrigidrite International Geology Review 16 1131–1143 10.1080/00206817409471766.Google Scholar
Combes, J.M. Manceau, A. Calas, G. and Bottero, J.Y., 1989 Formation of ferric oxides from aqueous solutions: A polyhedral approach by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. I. Hydrolysis and formation of ferric gels. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 583–594 10.1016/0016-7037(89)90001-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combes, J.M. Manceau, A. and Calas, G., 1990 Formation of ferric oxides from aqueous solutions: A polyhedral approach by X-ray absorption spectroscopy: II. Hematite formation from ferric gels. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 1083–1091 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90440-V.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, R.M. and Schwertmann, U., 1996 The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrence and Uses. Germany VCH, Weinheim.Google Scholar
Cowley, J.M. and Duncan, M.A., 1998 Electron nanodiffraction and STEM imaging of nanoparticles and nanotubes Cluster Materials, Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters 4 Connecticut JAI Press, Stamford 67–113.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. Sakharov, B.A. Salyn, A.L. and Manceau, A., 1993 Structural model for ferrihydrite. Clay Minerals 28 185–207 10.1180/claymin.1993.028.2.02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggleton, R.A., 1987 Noncrystalline Fe-Si-Al-oxyhydrox-ides. Clays and Clay Minerals 35 29–37 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggleton, R.A. and Fitzpatrick, R.W., 1988 New data and a revised structural model for ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals 36 111–124 10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, V.C., 1992 Possible confusion between so-called ferrihydrites and hisingerites. Clay Minerals 27 373–378 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.3.10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleischer, M. Chao, G.Y. and Kato, A., 1975 New mineral names. American Mineralogist 60 485–489.Google Scholar
Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W. and Jambor, J.L., 1994 Mineralogy of sulfide-rich tailings and their oxidation products, In The Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Mine-Wastes Ontario Mineralogical Association of Canada, Nepean 59–102.Google Scholar
Jambor, J.L. and Dutrizac, J.E., 1998 Occurrence and constitution of natural and synthetic ferrihydrite, a widespread iron oxyhydroxide. Chemical Reviews 98 2549–2585 10.1021/cr970105t.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konhauser, K.O., 1997 Bacterial iron biomineralization in nature. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 20 315–326 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00317.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, M.R. Hutchison, R. and Graham, A.L., 1996 Aqueous alteration in the matrix of the Vigarano (CV3) carbonaceous chondrite. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 31 477–483 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1996.tb02089.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D.G. and Cardile, C.M., 1989 Hydrolysis of FeIII solution to hydrous iron oxides. Australian Journal of Soil Research 27 103–115 10.1071/SR9890103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, J. Hua, X. Janney, D.E. and Buseck, P.R., 1999 Mineralogy of a fine-grained rim in LEW90500 by transmission electron microscopy. Abstract #1271, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXX. .Google Scholar
Manceau, A. and Drits, V.A., 1993 Local structure of ferrihydrite and feroxyhite by EXAFS spectroscopy. Clay Minerals 28 165–184 10.1180/claymin.1993.028.2.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manceau, A. and Gates, W.P., 1997 Surface structural model for ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals 45 448–460 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manceau, A. Ildefonse, P.h. Hazemann, J.-L. Flank, A.-M. and Gallup, D., 1995 Crystal chemistry of hydrous iron silicate scale deposits at the Saltan Sea Geothermal Field. Clays and Clay Minerals 43 304–317 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paige, C.R. Snodgrass, W.J. Nicholson, R.V. Scharer, J.M. and He, Q.H., 1997 The effect of phosphate on the transformation of ferrihydrite into crystalline products in alkaline media. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97 397–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. Gaast, S.J. and Childs, C.W., 1992 A structural model for natural siliceous ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals 40 675–681 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwertmann, U., Stucki, J.W. Goodman, B.A. and Schwertmann, U., 1988 Occurrence and formation of iron oxides in various pedoenvironments Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals Holland NATO ASI (Advanced Science Institute) Series C217, D. Reidel, Dordrecht 267–308 10.1007/978-94-009-4007-9_11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwertmann, U. and Cornell, R.M., 1991 Iron Oxides in the Laboratory. Germany VCH, Weinheim.Google Scholar
Schwertmann, U. and Fischer, W.R., 1973 Natural “amorphous” ferric hydroxide. Geoderma 10 237–247 10.1016/0016-7061(73)90066-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwertmann, U. Taylor, R.M., Dixon, J.B. and Weed, S.B., 1989 Iron Oxides Minerals in Soil Environments Wisconsin Soil Science Society of America, Madison 379–438.Google Scholar
Schwertmann, U. Carlson, L. and Murad, E., 1987 Properties of iron oxides in two Finnish lakes in relation to the environment of their formation. Clays and Clay Minerals 35 297–304 10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwertmann, U. Friedl, J. and Stanjek, H., 1999 From Fe(III) ions to ferrihydrite and then to hematite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 209 215–223 10.1006/jcis.1998.5899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shinoda, K. Matsubara, E. Muramatsu, A. and Waseda, Y., 1994 Local structure of ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3 in aqueous solution by the anomalous X-ray scattering and EXAFS methods. Materials Transactions, JIM 35 394–398 10.2320/matertrans1989.35.394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towe, K.M. and Bradley, W.F., 1967 Mineral constitution of colloidal “hydrous ferric oxides.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 24 384–392 10.1016/0021-9797(67)90266-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giessen, A.A., 1966 The structure of iron (III) oxide-hydrate gels. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 28 2155–2159 10.1016/0022-1902(66)80100-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waychunas, G.A. Rea, B.A. Fuller, C.C. and Davis, J.A., 1993 Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part I. EXAFS studies of the geometry of coprecipitated and adsorbed arsenate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 2251–2269 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90567-G.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waychunas, G.A. Fuller, C.C. Rea, B.A. and Davis, J.A., 1996 Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) study of “two-line” ferrihydrite structure: Effect of arsenate sorption and counterion variation and comparison with EXAFS results. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 1765–1781 10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J. Huggins, E.E. Feng, Z. Lu, F. Shah, N. and Huffman, G.P., 1993 Structure of a nanophase iron oxide catalyst. Journal of Catalysis 143 499–509 10.1006/jcat.1993.1293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J. Huggins, E.E. Feng, Z. and Huffman, G.P., 1994 Ferrihydrite: Surface structure and its effects on phase transformation. Clays and Clay Minerals 42 737–746 10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420610.Google Scholar