Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T10:39:14.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Social and Affective Impairments are Important Recovery After Acquired Stroke in Childhood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Despite a congenital stroke, overall intelligence at school age is generally within the normal range. Language acquisition problems are more prominent when children are younger (<5 years of age) than when they are older. They are present after both right and left lesions, but appear to have different features. They are less apparent than in the child with a developmental language disorder. Acquired aphasia in childhood results in subtle and often persisting deficits. Children with congenital strokes are at risk for behavioral and psychiatric problems. Those with congenital right hemisphere strokes appear to be more difficult infants, but there is no clear side of lesion effect in older children. Children with congenital right hemisphere strokes have more prominent spatial difficulties than their left lesion counterparts. Evaluating both the process and the product highlights this. Increasing the difficulty of the task often brings out deficits in the right lesion group even when they seemingly recovered.

Type
Review Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Woods, BT, Teuber, HL. Early onset of complementary specialization of cerebral hemispheres in man. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1973;98:113117.Google ScholarPubMed
2.Ballantyne, A, Scarvie, KM, Trauner, DA. Verbal and Performance IQ patterns in children after perinatal stroke. Dev Neuropsychol. 1994;10:3950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Hogan, AM, Kirkham, FJ, Isaacs, EB. Intelligence after stroke in childhood: review of the literature and suggestions for future research. J Child Neurol. 2000;15:325332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Warrington, E, James, M, Maciejewski, C. The WAIS as a lateralizing and localizing diagnostic instrument: a study of 656 patients with unilateral brain lesions. Neuropsychologia 1998; 24:223239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Nass, R, deCoudres Peterson, H, Koch, D. Differential effects of early left versus right brain injury on intelligence. Brain Cogn. 1989;9:258264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Teuber, H. Why two brains? In: Schmitt, F, Worden, F, eds. The Neurosciences Third Study Program. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 1974.Google Scholar
7.Lansdell, H. Verbal and non verbal factors in right hemisphere speech: relations to early neurologic history, J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1969;69:734738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Strauss, E, Satz, P, Wada, J. An examination of the crowding hypothesis in epileptic patients who have undergone the carotid amytal test. Neuropsychologia. 1990;28:12211227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Guerreiro, M, Castro-Caldas, A, Martins, I. Aphasia following right hemisphere lesion in a woman with a left hemisphere injury in childhood. Brain Lang. 1995;49:288298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Ogden, JA. Language and memory functions after long recovery periods in left hemtspherectomized subjects. Neuropsychologia. 1988;26:645659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Helmstaedter, C, Pohl, C, Elger, CE. Relations between verbal and nonverbal memory performance: evidence of confounding effects particularly in patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy. Cortex. 1995;31:345355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Nass, R, Sadler, A, Sidtis, J. Dichotic listening performance after congenital unilateral brain injury: evidence for crowding. Neurology. 1992;42:19601965.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Woods, BT. The restricted effects of right-hemisphere lesions after age one: Wechsler test data. Neuropsychologia. 1980;18:6570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Cohen, M, Holmes, G, Campbell, R, Smith, J, Flanigan, H. Memory performance following unilateral electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in a child with right temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy. 1990;3:115122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Sandson, T, Manoach, D, Price, B, Rentz, , Weintraub, S. Right hemisphere learning disability associated with left hemisphere dysfunction: anomalous dominance and development. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:11291133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Corballis, M, Morgan, M. On the biological basis of human laterality, evidence for a maturational left right gradient. Behav Brain Sci. 1978;2:261336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Nass, R. Plasticity: reorganization after early brain damage. In: Rapin, I, Segalowitz, S, eds. Handbook of Neuropsychobgy. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2002;2969Google Scholar
18.Cohen, MJ, Branch, WB, McKie, VC, Adams, RJ. Neuropsychological impairment in children with sickle cell anemia and cerebrovascular accidents. Clin Pediatr(Phila). 1994;33:517524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Kennard, M. Relation of age to motor impairments in humans and subhuman primates. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 1940;44:377397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Riva, D, Cazzaniga, L. Late effects of unilateral brain lesions before and after the first year of life. Neuropsychologia. 1986;24:423428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Aram, DM, Ekelman, BL, Rose, DF, Whitaker, HA. Verbal and cognitive sequelae following unilateral lesions acquired in early childhood. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1985;7:5578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Aram, D, Eisele, J. Intellectual stability in children with unilateral brain lesions. Neuropsychologia. 1994;32:8595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Banich, M, Levine, S, Kim, H, Huttenlocher, P. The effects of developmental factors on IQ in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia. 1990;28:3545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Bates, E. Plasticity, localization and language development. In: Broman, S, Flectcher, J, eds. The Changing Nervous System. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1999;214253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Bates, E, Roe, K. Language development in children with unilateral brain injury. In: Nelson, C, Luciana, M, eds. Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neurosdence. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 2001;281308.Google Scholar
26.Goodman, R, Yude, C. IQ and its predictors in childhood hemiplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:881890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Vargha-Khadem, F, Issacs, E, Watkins, R, Mishkin, M. Ontogenetic specialization of hemispheric function. In: Oxbury, J, Polkey, C, Duchowny, M, eds. Intractable Focal Epilepsy. London, England: W.B. Saunders; 2000;406417.Google Scholar
28.McFie, J. Intellectual impairment in children with localized post-infantile cerebral lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1961;24:361365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Devinsky, O, Westbrook, L, eds. Epilepsy and Behavior. Boston, Mass: Butterworth Heinneman; 2002.Google Scholar
30.Kornhuber, HH, Bechinger, D, Jung, H, Sauer, E. A quantitative relationship between the extent of localized cerebral lesions and the intellectual and behavioral deficiency in children. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1985;235:129133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Levine, S, Huttenlocher, P, Banich, M, Duda, E. Factors effecting cognitive functioning of hemiplegic children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987;29:2735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Staudt, M, Grodd, W, Niemann, G, Wildgruber, D, Erb, M, Krageloh-Mann, I. Early left pertventricular brain lesions induce right hemispheric organization of speech. Neurology. 2001;51:122125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Goldman, P, Isserolf, A. The neurobiology of cognitive development. In: Mussen, P, ed. Handbook of Child Psychology, vol 2. New York, NY: Wiley; 1983;281344.Google Scholar
34.Janowsky, J, Nass, R. Early language development in children with cortical and subcortical perinatal injury. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1987;8:37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Vargha-Khadem, F, Isaacs, E, van der Werf, S, Rohb, S, Wilson, J. Development of intelligence and memory in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The deleterious effect of early seizures. Brain. 1992;115(pt 1):315329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Muter, V, Taylor, S, Vargha-Khadem, F. A longitudinal study of early intellectual development in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia. 1997;35:289298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Lenneberg, E. Basis of language organization. In: Lenneberg, E, Lenneberg, E, eds. Foundations of Language Development. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1975;1023.Google Scholar
38.Chi, J, Dooling, E, Gilles, F. Gyral development of the human brain. Arch Neurol. 1977;34:346348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Marchman, V, Miller, R, Bates, E. Babble and first words in children with focal brain injury. Applied Psycholinguistics. 1991;12:122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Thal, D, Marchman, V, Stiles, J, et al.Early lexical development in children with focal brain injury. Brain Lang. 1991;40:491527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Bates, E, Thal, D, Aram, D, et al.Language acquisition—from first words to grammar—after congenital focal lesion. Dev Psychol. 1997;13:530546.Google Scholar
42.Reilly, J, Bates, E, Marchman V. Narrative in children with focal lesions. Brain Lang. 1998;61:335375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Hauser, MD, Chomsky, N, Fitch, WT. The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science. 2002;298:15691579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Rankin, J, Aram, D, Horwitz, S. Language ability in left and right hemiplegic children. Brain Lang. 1981;14:292306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Aram, D, Ekelman, BL, Whitaker, H. Lexical retrieval in left and right brain lesioned children. Brain Lang. 1987;28:6187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Aram, D, Ekelman, BL. Cognitive profiles of children with early onset of unilateral lesions. Dev Neuropsychol. 1987;2:155172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Aram, D, Ekelman, BL, Whitaker, H. Spoken syntax in children with acquired unilateral hemisphere lesions. Brain Lang. 1986;27:75100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Aram, D, Ekelman, BL. Unilateral brain lesions in childhood: performance on the revised Token Test. Brain Lang. 1987;32:137158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Feldman, HM, Holland, AL, Kemp, SS, Janowsky, JE. Language development after unilateral brain injury. Brain Lang. 1992;42:89102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Reilly, J, Losh, M, Bellugi, U, Wulfeck, B. “Frog, where are you?” Narratives in children with specific language impairment, early focal brain injury, and Williams syndrome. Brain Lang. 2004;88:229247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Wulfect, B, Bates, E, Krupa-Kwiatkowski, M, Saltzman, D. Grammaticality sensitivity in children with early focal brain injury and children with specific language impairment. Brain Lang. 2004;88:215228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52.Weckerly, J, Wulfeck, B, Reilly, J. Morphosyntactic ability in children with focal brain injury and specific language impairment. Brain Lang. 2004;88:190201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Marchman, V, Saccuman, C, Wulfeck, B. Productive use of the English past tense in children with focal brain injury and specific language impairment. Brain Lang. 2004;88:202214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Kohn, B. Right hemisphere speech representation and comprehension of syntax after left cerebral injury. Brain Lang 1980;9:350361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Carter, R, Hohenegger, P, Satz, P. Aphasia and speech organization in children. Brain Lang. 1982;218:797799.Google ScholarPubMed
56.Hecaen, H. Acquired aphasia in childhood and the ontogenesis of hemispheric functional specialization. Brain Lang. 1976;3:114119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Mariën, P, Paquier, P, Cassenaer, S, De Deyn, PP. The history of crossed aphasia: confluence of concepts. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 2003;16:112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Nass, R, Boyce, L, Maxfield, C, et al.Thalamic aphasia in childhood. Neurology. 1996;50:950955.Google Scholar
59.Alajouanine, T, Lhermitte F. Acquired aphasia in children. Brain. 1965;88:653659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Van Hout, A. Acquired aphasia in children. Semin Pedialr Neurol. 1997;4:102108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Woods, BT, Carey, S. Language deficits after apparent clinical recovery from childhood aphasia. Ann Neurol. 1979;6:405409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62.Chapman, S, Max, J, Gamino, J, McGlothlin, J, Cliff, SN. Discourse plasticity in children after stroke: age at injury and lesion effects. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29:3441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Martins, LRFerro, JM. Type of aphasia and lesion localization, In: Martins, LP, Castro-Caldas, A, Van Dongen, HR, Van Hout, A, eds. Acquired aphasia in children. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991;107118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Castro-Caldas, A. Crossed aphasia as a model of atypical specialization. In: Martins, LP, Castro-Caldas, A, Van Dongen, HR, Van Hout, A, eds. Acquired aphasia in children. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 1991;8394CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Van Hout, A, Lyon, G. Wernickes aphasia in a 10 year old boy. Brain Lang. 1986;29:268272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Cranberg, L, Filley, C, Hart, E, Alexander, M. Acquired aphasia in childhood. Neurology. 1987;37:11651172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Klein, Sk, Masur, D, Farber, K, et al.Fluent aphasia in children: definition and natural history. J Child Neurol. 1992;7:5057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Van Dongen, HR, Paquier, PF, Creten, WL, van Borsel, J, Catsman-Berrevoets, CE. Clinical evaluation of conversational speech fluency in the acute phase of acquired childhood aphasia: does a fluency/nonfluency dichotomy exist. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:345–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Ikeda, M, Tanabe, H, Yamada, K, et al.A case of acquired childhood aphasia with evolution of global aphasia into transcortical sensory aphasia. Aphasiology. 1993;7:497502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Martins, IP, Ferro, JM. Acquired childhood aphasia: a clinicoradiological study of 11 stroke patients. Aphosiology. 1993;7:489495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Rasmussen, T, Milner, B. The role of early left brain damage in determining the lateralization of cerebral speech functions. In: Dimond, S, Blizard, D, eds. Evolution and Lateralization of the Brain. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 1977;181191.Google Scholar
72.Ojemann, G, Creutzfeldt, O. Language in humans and animals: contribution of brain stimulation and recording. In: Plum, F, ed. Handbook of Physiology. Bethesda, Md: American Physiological Society; 1987;675700.Google Scholar
73.Papanicolaou, A, DiScenna, A, Gillespie, L, Aram, D. Probe evoked potential findings following unilateral left hemisphere lesions in children. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:562566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Isaacs, E, Chrisie, D, Vargha-Khadem, F, Mishkin, M. Effects of hemispheric side of injury, age at injury, and presence of seizure disorder on functional ear and hand asymmetries in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia. 1996;34:127137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Carlsson, G, Hugdahl, K, Uvebrant, P, Wiklund, L-M, vaon Wendt, L. Pathological left handedness revisited: dichotic listening in children with left versus right congenital hemiplegia. Neuropsychologia. 1992;30:471481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76.Woods, B. Dichotic listening ear preference after childhood cerebral lesions. Neuropsychologia. 1984;22:303310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Muller, RA, Rothermel, RD, Behen, ME, Muzik, O, Mangner, TJ, Childgani, HT. Differential patterns of language and motor reorganization following early left hemisphere lesion: a PET study. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:11131119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Muller, RA, Rothermel, RD, Behen, ME, et al.Brain organization of language after early unilateral lesion: a PET study. Brain Lang. 1998;62:422451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Muller, RA, Behen, ME, Rothermel, RD, Muzik, O, Chakraborty, PK, Chugani, HT. Brain organization for language in children, adolescents, and adults with left hemisphere lesion: a PET study. Prog Neuropsychopharmocol Biol Psychiatry. 1999;23:657668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Muller, RA, Rothermel, RD, Behen, ME, Muzik, O, Chakraborty, PK, Chugani, HT. Language organization in patients with early and late left-hemisphere lesion: a PET study. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37:545557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81.Aram, D, Gillespie, L, Yamashita, T. Reading among children with left and right brain lesions. Devel Neuropsychol. 1990;6:301317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
82.Kiessling, L, Denckla, M, Carlton, M. Evidence for differential hemispheric function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Chid Neurol. 1983;25:727734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Vargha-Khadem, F, Isaacs, E, Muter, V. A review of cognitive outcome after unilateral lesions sustained during childhood. J Child Neurol. 1994;9(suppl 2):S67S73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84.Kershner, JR, King, AJ. Laterality of cognitive functions in achieving hemiplegic children. Percept Mot Skills. 1974;39:12831289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85.Daigneault, S, Braun, CM. Pure severe dyslexia after a perinatal focus lesion: evidence of a specific module for acquisition of reading. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2002;23:256265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86.Aram, D. Scholastic achievement after early brain lesions. In: Martins, I, Castro-Caldos, A, van Dongen, H, van Hout, A, eds. Acquired Aphasia in Childhood. Boston, Mass: Kluwer; 1991;203213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
87.Ashcraft, M, Yasmashita, T, Aram, D. Mathematics performance in left and right brain lesioned children and adolescents. Brain Lang. 1992;19:208253.Google ScholarPubMed
88.Gupta, P, MacWhinney, B, Feldman, H, Sacco, K. Phonological memory and vocabulary learning in children with focal lesions. Brain Lang. 2004;87:241252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
89.Nichols, S, Jones, W, Roman, M, et al.Mechanisms of verbal memory impairment in four neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Lang. 2004;87:253262.Google Scholar
90.Pitchford, NJ. Spoken language correlates of reading impairments acquired in childhood. Brain Lang. 2000;72:129149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91.White, DA, Salorio, CF, Schatz, J, DeBaun, M. Preliminary study of working memory in children with stroke related to sickle cell disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2000;22:257264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92.Schatz, J. Craft, S. Koby, M. DeBaun, MR. A lesion analysis of visual orienting performance in children with cerebral vascular injury. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;17:4961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Max, JE, Mathews, K, Manes, F, et al.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and neurocognitive correlates after childhood stroke. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:815829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94.Max, JE, Fox, PT, Lancaster, JL, et al.Putamen lesions and the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptomatology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:563571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Duval, J, Braun, CM, Daigneault, S, Montour-Proulx, I. Does the Child Behavior Checklist reveal psychopathological profiles of children with focal unilateral cortical lesions? Appl Neuropsychol. 2002;9:7483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96.Reilly, JS, Stiles, J, Larsen, J, Trauner, DA. Affective facial expression in infants with focal brain damage. Neuropsychologia. 1995;33:8399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97.Trauner, DA, Ballantyne, A, Friedland, S, Chase, C. Disorders of affective and linguistic prosody in children after early unilateral brain damage. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:361367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98.Bell, WL, Davis, D, Morgan-Fisher, A, Ross, E. Acquired motor aprosodia in children. J Child Neurol. 1990;5:1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Mancini, J, de Schonen, S, Deruelle, C, Massoulier, A. Face recognition in children with early right or left brain damage. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:156167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100.Ballantyne, AO, Trauner, DA. Benton facial recognition in children after perinatal stroke. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999;12:8287.Google ScholarPubMed
101.Nass, R, Koch, D. Specialization for emotion: temperament after congenital unilateral injury. In: Amir, N, Rapin, I, eds. Pediatric Neurology: Behavior and Cognition of the Child with Brain Dysfunction. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 1991;117.Google Scholar
102.Keogh, BK. Temperament in the Classroom: Understanding Individual Differences. Baltimore, Md: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.; 2003.Google Scholar
103.Goodman, R, Graham, P. Psychiatric problems in children with hemiplegia: cross-sectional epidemiological survey. BMJ. 1996;312:10651069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Goodman, R, Yude, C. Do unilateral lesions of the developing brain have side-specific psychiatric consequences in childhood? Laterally. 1997;2:103115.Google ScholarPubMed
105.Goodman, R. The longitudinal stability of psychiatric problems in children with hemiplegia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39:347354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106.Trauner, DA, Panyard-Davis, JL, Ballantyne, AO. Behavioral differences in school age children after perinatal stroke. Assessment. 1996;3:265276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107.Trauner, D, Nass, R, Ballantyne, A. Behavioral profiles of children and adolescents after pre- or peri-natal unilateral brain damage. Brain. 2001;124:9951002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108.Goodman, R, Yude, C. IQ and its predictors in childhood hemiplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:881890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
109.Max, JE, Mathews, K, Lansing, AE, et al.Psychiatric disorders after childhood stroke. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:555562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110.Paradiso, S, Chemerinski, E, Yazici, KM, Tartaro, A, Robinson, RG. Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:664667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111.Starkstein, S, Robinson, R. Lateralized emotional response after stroke. In: Kinsbourne, M, ed. Cerebral Hemisphere Function in Depression. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1988;2348Google Scholar
112.Stiles, J, Stern, C, Trauner, D, Nass, R. Developmental change in spatial grouping activity among children with early focal brain injury: evidence from a modeling task. Brain Cogn. 1996;31:4662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
113.Stiles, J, Trauner, D, Engel, M, Nass, R. The development of drawing in children with congenital focal brain injury: evidence for limited functional recovery. Neuropsychologia. 1997;35:299312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
114.Nass, R, Stiles, J. Cognitive complications of the perinatum: congenital focal lesions. In: Frank, Y, ed. Pediatric Behavioral Neurology. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press;1996;185201.Google Scholar
115.Stiles, J, Nass, R. Spatial grouping activity in young children with congenital right or left brain damage. Brain Cogn. 1991;15:201223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116.Stiles, J. Spatial cognitive development following prenatal or perinatal focal brain injury. In: Levin, H, Grafman, J, eds. Cerebral Reorganization of Function after Brain Damage. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000;201217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117.Stiles, J. Spatial cognitive development. In: Nelson, C, Luciana, M, eds. Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 2001;399414.Google Scholar
118.Vicari, S, Stiles, J, Stern, C, Resca, A. Spatial grouping activity in children with early cortical and subcortical lesions. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:9099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119.Akshoomoff, NA, Feroleto, CC, Doyle, RE, Stiles, J. The impact of early unilateral brain injury on perceptual organization and visual memory. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40:539561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120.Schatz, AM. Ballantyne, AO. Trauner, DA. A hierarchical analysis of block design errors in children with early focal brain damage. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;17:7583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121.Wechlser, D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, rev ed. San Antonio, Tex: Psychological Corporation; 1991.Google Scholar