Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T00:06:40.579Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The acute effects of arm ergometry on affect

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2011

Neil G. Barr ,
Kathleen A. Martin Ginis  and
Shawn M. Arent
Neil G. Barr*
Affiliation:
McMaster University, 1200 Main Street W – IWC, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4M4
Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
Affiliation:
McMaster University, 1200 Main Street W – IWC, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S 4M4
Shawn M. Arent
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, 70 Lipman Drive, SAS Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Douglass Campus, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA
*
*Corresponding author: nbarr@mountaincable.net
Get access

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to test the predictions of the dual-mode model using arm ergometry as the exercise modality. It was hypothesized that changes in affect during exercise would be greater in high (105% VT)- and low (80% VT)-intensity exercise conditions than in a control condition, while differences in affect would be observed between exercise conditions. Study participants were 24 physically active men. A within-subjects design was used. Affect was measured using the Activation–Deactivation Adjective Check List and the State Anxiety Inventory. Cognitive (i.e. self-efficacy and enjoyment) and physiological (i.e. heart rate, pain and perceived exertion) mediators of the exercise–affect relationship were also examined. Results showed that during exercise, changes in affect were greater in the exercise conditions than the control condition, and affective valence in the exercise conditions declined relative to the control condition. In partial support of the dual-mode model, self-efficacy mediated the relationship between below-VT exercise and affect, whereas pain mediated the relationship between above-VT exercise and affect. These findings highlight the importance of exercise intensity to the affective benefits of exercise.

Keywords

arm ergometryaffectdual-mode modelmediation
Type
Research Paper
Information
Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , August 2010 , pp. 117 - 125
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Reed, J and Ones, DS (2006). The effect of aerobic exercise on positive activated affect: a meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 7: 477–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Petruzzello, SJ, Landers, DM, Hatfield, BD, Kubitz, KA and Salazar, W (1991). A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise: outcomes and mechanisms. Sports Medicine 11: 143–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Dishman, RK (1995). Physical activity and public health: mental health. Quest 47: 362–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Ekkekakis, P (2003). Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise. Cognition and Emotion 17: 213–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Ekkekakis, P, Hall, EE and Petruzzello, SJ (2008). The relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses demystified: to crack the 40-year-old nut, replace the 40-year-old nutcracker! Annals of Behavioral Medicine 35: 136–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Hall, EE, Ekkekakis, P and Petruzzello, SJ (2002). The affective beneficence of vigorous exercise revisited. British Journal of Health Psychology 7: 47–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Ekkekakis, P, Hall, EE and Petruzzello, SJ (1999). Cognitive and physiological correlates of affect during a maximal exercise test. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21: S40.Google Scholar
8Acevedo, EO, Rinehardt, KF and Kraemer, RR (1994). Perceived exertion and affect at varying intensities of running. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 65: 372–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Tate, AK, Petruzzello, SJ and Lox, CL (1995). Examination of the relationship between self-efficacy and affect at varying levels of aerobic intensity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25: 1922–1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10McAuley, E, Blissmer, B, Katula, J and Duncan, TE (2000). Exercise environment, self-efficacy, and affective responses to acute exercise in older adults. Psychology and Health 15: 341–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Ekkekakis, P and Petruzzello, SJ (1999). Acute aerobic exercise and affect: current status, problems and prospects regarding dose–response. Sports Medicine 28: 337–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Motl, RW, Berger, BG and Leuschen, PS (2000). The role of enjoyment in the exercise–mood relationship. International Journal of Sport Psychology 31: 347–363.Google Scholar
13Focht, BC, Gauvin, L and Rejeski, WJ (2004). The contribution of daily experiences and acute exercise to fluctuations in daily feeling states among older, obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 27: 101–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Martin Ginis, KA and Latimer, A (2007). The effects of single bouts of body-weight supported treadmill training on the feeling states of people with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 45: 112–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Ekkekakis, P, Hall, EE, Van Landuyt, LM and Petruzzello, SJ (2000). Walking in (affective) circles: can short walks enhance affect? Journal of Behavioral Medicine 23: 245–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Daley, AJ and Welch, A (2004). The effects of 15 and 30 minutes of exercise on affective responses both during and after exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences 22: 621–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Ekkekakis, P, Hall, EE and Petruzzello, SJ (2001). Intensity of acute exercise and affect: a critical re-examination of the dose–response relationship. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33: S50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Kilpatrick, M, Kraemer, R, Bartholomew, J, Acevedo, E and Jarreau, D (2007). Affective responses to exercise are dependent on intensity rather than total work. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 39: 1417–1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Cohen, J (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin 112: 155–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Acevedo, EO, Kraemer, RR, Haltom, RW and Tryniecki, JL (2003). Perceptual responses proximal to the onset of blood lactate accumulation. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 43: 267–273.Google Scholar
21Thayer, RE (1986). Activation–deactivation adjective check list: current overview and structural analysis. Psychological Reports 58: 607–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Hardy, CJ and Rejeski, WJ (1989). Not what, but how one feels: the measurement of affect during exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11: 304–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Svebak, S and Murgatroyd, S (1985). Metamotivational dominance: a multimethod validation of reversal theory constructs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48: 107–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Spielberger, CD, Gorsuch, RL and Lushene, RE (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
25Cleeland, CS (1991). Pain assessment in cancer. In: Osoba, D (ed.). Effect of Cancer on Quality of Life. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press, pp. 293–305.Google Scholar
26Borg, GAV (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 377–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Kendzierski, D and DeCarlo, KJ (1991). Physical activity enjoyment scale: two validation studies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13: 50–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Washburn, RA and Seals, DR (1983). Comparison of continuous and discontinuous protocols for the determination of peak oxygen uptake in arm cranking. European Journal of Applied Physiology 51: 3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Beaver, WL, Wasserman, K and Whipp, BJ (1986). A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. Journal of Applied Physiology 60: 2020–2027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Baron, R and Kenny, D (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1173–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Judd, CM, Kenny, DA and McClelland, GH (2001). Estimating and testing mediation and moderation in within-subject designs. Psychological Methods 6: 115–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Tate, AK and Petruzzello, SJ (1995). Varying the intensity of acute exercise: implications for changes in affect. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 35: 295–302.Google ScholarPubMed
33Van Landuyt, LM, Ekkekakis, P, Hall, EE and Petruzzello, SJ (2000). Throwing the mountains into the lakes: on the perils of nomothetic conceptions of the exercise–affect relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22: 208–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Bixby, WR and Lochbaum, MR (2006). Affective responses to acute bouts of aerobic exercise in fit and unfit participants: an examination of opponent process theory. Journal of Sport Behavior 29: 111–125.Google Scholar
35McAuley, E, Talbot, H and Martinez, S (1999). Manipulating self-efficacy in the exercise environment in women: influences on affective responses. Health Psychology 18: 288–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Cabanac, M (1971). Physiological role of pleasure. Science 173: 1103–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Gauvin, L, Rejeski, WJ, Norris, JL and Lutes, L (1997). The curse of inactivity: failure of acute exercise to enhance feeling states in a community sample of sedentary adults. Journal of Health Psychology 2: 509–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Morgan, WP (1977). Involvement in vigorous physical activity with special reference to adherence. In: Gedvilas, LI and Kneer, ME (eds) Proceedings of the National Conference of the National College Physical Education Association for Men and The National Association for Physical Education of College Women. Chicago: University of Illinios at Chicago, pp. 235–246.Google Scholar
39Dishman, RK (2003). The impact of behaviour on quality of life. Quality of Life Research 12: 43–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed