¹ Bloch, Marc, “Pour une histoire comparée des sociétés européennes”, Revue de synthèse historique, XLVI (1928),Google Scholar reprinted in Bloch, Marc, Mélanges Historiques, I (Paris, 1963), 18–19,Google Scholar and translated by Riemersma, J.C. without footnotes in Lane, F.C. and Riemersma, J.C., eds., Enterprise and Secular Change (Homewood, Illinois, 1953).Google Scholar

² One of the significant difficulties is that Western studies are more advanced than Chinese studies; therefore the research permitting a comparable level of generalization has not been done. Fairbank, John K., ed., Chinese Thought and Institutions (Chicago, 1957), 4.Google Scholar

³ Barton, Allen H. and Lazarsfeld, Paul F., “Some Functions of Qualitative Analysis in Social Research”, Frankfurter Beiträge zur Sociologie, I (1955)Google Scholar in Lipset, Seymour M. and Smelser, Neil J., eds., Sociology: The Progress of a Decade (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1961), 114.Google Scholar

⁴ Arnold Bennett thought that only the French had coffee and rolls for breakfast. Maugham, W. Somerset, A Writer's Notebook (New York, 1949), 153.Google Scholar

⁵ Bloch, , Mélanges Historiques, I, 37.Google Scholar

⁶ Newsletter of the Association for Asian Studies, IX, No. 2 (12. 1963), 5.Google Scholar

⁷ Bloch, , Mélanges Historiques, I, 38.Google Scholar The translation is by Riemersma, Enterprise and Secular Change, 519.

⁸ (New York, 1951).

⁹ For a fuller comparison of England and Japan, see Sansom, George B., The Western World and Japan (New York, 1951), 167–168.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Sansom, Japan in World History, 14–16, 19–30. See also Sansom, Western World and Japan, 224–231.

¹¹ Sansom, Japan in World History, 30–76. Sansom asked Toynbee where in world history he might find an attempt comparable to the Tokugawa failure to resist change. Toynbee suggested the Roman Empire after Diocletian. Sansom felt this was a “long way to go back”. However, recently in searching for a means to compare the ruthlessness and brutality of Hideyoshi and Nobunaga, he turns to the Caesars of the Julian house and concludes that they “could not match the infamies of Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero”. A History of Japan, 1334–1615 (Stanford, 1961), 371.Google Scholar

¹² Other comparisons made by Sansom include: the reception of Christianity in Japan and in Iran more than a thousand years earlier, Western World and Japan, 176–177; the feudal system and warrior's code in Japan and Europe, A History of Japan to 1334 (Stanford, 1958), 339–340, 368–369.Google Scholar

¹³ (Princeton, 1956), 3–48, 185–324, 364–395.

¹⁴ Other writers who have applied the idea of feudalism to Japan are discussed by Hall, John Whitney, “Japanese Feudalism—A Reassessment”, Comparative Studies in Society and History (hereafter cited as CSSH), V (1962), 15–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Of special value is Longrais, Joüon des, L'Est et L'Ouest (Paris, 1958).Google Scholar See also Bloch, Marc, Feudal Society, trans. Manyon, L.A. (London, 1961).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ See reviews and discussion by Hoselitz, Bert F., World Politics, IX (1957), 271–279;Google ScholarBarber, Bernard, American Sociological Review, XXI (1956), 518–519;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Hall, “Japanese Feudalism”, 21–25; M. M. Postan in Bloch, , Feudal Society, xiii.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Hall, “Japanese Feudalism”, 31–32.

¹⁷ For a discussion of vassalage as the “most essential feature” of feudalism see Ganshof, F.L., Feudalism, trans. Grierson, Philip (London, 1952), 63.Google Scholar For the variety of political development see Southern, R.W., The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven, 1959), 90–91.Google Scholar See also Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York, 1947), 341–358,Google Scholar 373–381; Weber, Max, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, trans, and eds., Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C. Wright (New York, 1947), 650–678;Google ScholarBendix, Reinhard, Max Weber (London, 1960), 334–379, 418–425.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Bloch, Feudal Society, 444. The existence of an armed peasantry is not found in a fully developed feudal society. Sansom defines feudalism as “a sort of land distribution and land tenure from which … a particular social structure arises”, A History of Japan to 1334, 339. For land tenure in England and Japan see Latham, L.C., “The Manor and the Village”, in Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed., Social Life in Early England (New York, 1960), 37,Google Scholar and Asakawa, K., “Origin of Feudal Land Tenure in Japan”, AHR, XX (10 1914), 4–5.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The difficulties inherent in answering the question “where must the slave give way to the serf?” is indicated by the answer of Marc Bloch, “It is the eternal sophism of the shock of corn.” Historian's Craft, trans. Putnam, Peter (New York, 1962), 160.Google Scholar However, Bloch illuminates the transition in other sectors in his studies. See the bibliography of his works in Mélanges Historiques, II, 1031–1104.Google Scholar One of the several articles on serfdom reprinted in Mélanges Historiques, “De la cour royale à la cour de Rome: le procès des serfs de Rosny-sous-Bois”, Studi di Storia e Diritto in onore di Enrico Besta, II (1939), 149–164,Google Scholar has been translated into English in Thrupp, Sylvia L., ed., Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050–1500 (New York, 1964), 3–13.Google Scholar See also Recueils de la Société Bodin, Jean, Le Servage (2nd edition, Bruxelles, 1959).Google Scholar

²⁰ For paired terms see also Hexter, Jack, Reappraisals in History (Evanston, 1961), 202–214Google Scholar; Bloch, Historian's Craft, 160; Weber, Max, The Methodology of the Social Sciences, trans, and eds., Shils, Edward A. and Finch, Henry A. (Glencoe, 1949), 89–112.Google Scholar

²¹ Bloch, Historian's Craft, 34.

²² For usage of the term “traditional” society to include feudalism see Hughes, H. Stuart, “The Historian and the Social Scientist”, AHR, LXVI (1960), 41.Google Scholar F o r a recent bibliography on traditional society see Hagen, Everett E., On the Theory of Social Change (Homewood, Illinois, 1962), 525–528.Google Scholar For the translation t o a modern society see Ferguson, Wallace K., “The Church in a Changing World”, AHR, LIX (1953), 2.Google Scholar For social change and modernization see Lerner, Daniel and others, The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, 1958), 43–71.Google Scholar

²³ Eisenstadt, S.N., The Political Systems of Empires (New York, 1963), 11.Google Scholar

²⁴ The role of traditional factors in economic growth is discussed by Hoselitz, Bert F., “Tradition and Economic Growth”, in Braibanti, Ralph and Spengler, Joseph J., eds., Tradition, Values, and Socio-Economic Development (Durham, 1961), 83–113.Google Scholar

²⁵ For the role of religion see Merton, Robert K., Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, 1957), 42–44;Google ScholarHoult, Thomas F., Sociology of Religion (New York, 1958), 247–275.Google Scholar For levels of approach to religion as a form of social motivation see Murphy, Gardner, “Social Motivation”, in Lindzey, Gardner, ed., Handbook of Social Psychology, II (Cambridge, 1954), 613–616.Google Scholar

²⁶ For Weber's works translated into English, see Bendix, Max Weber, 10–12.

²⁷ Tokugawa Religion (Glencoe, 1957);Google Scholar“Reflections on the Protestant Ethic Analogy in Asia”, Journal of Social Issues, XIX (01 1963),Google Scholar 52 ff.

²⁸ George, Charles H. and George, Katherine, The Protestant Mind of the English Reformation, 1570–1640 (Princeton, 1961), 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁹ A helpful introduction to the Weber critics is Green, Robert W., ed., Protestantism and Capitalism (Boston, 1959).Google Scholar See also Samuelsson, Kurt, Religion and Economic Action, trans. French, E.G. (Stockholm, 1961), 8–24.Google Scholar

³⁰ Hughes, H. Stuart, “The Historian and t he Social Scientist”, AHR, LXVI (10 1960), 40.Google Scholar

³¹ Alex Inkeles notes that Weber's “analysis of the influence of Protestantism on capitalism is a specification of the personality types which predispose toward and are a necessary condition for the development of capitalism.” “Personality and Social Structure”, in Merton, Robert K. and others, eds., Sociology Today (New York, 1959), 256.Google Scholar See also Weber, From Max Weber, 61. For a further discussion on the value system as a necessary but not sufficient explanation see Ayal, Eliezer B., “Value Systems and Economic Development in Japan and Thailand”, Journal of Social Issues, XIX (01 1963), 39.Google Scholar

³² Trans. Talcott Parsons (New York, 1958).

³³ Hughes, Consciousness, 314.

³⁴ Hughes, “The Historian”, 42.

³⁵ Trans. H. H. Gerth (Glencoe, 1951).

³⁶ Meyer, Alfred G. recently compared communism and Puritanism. Communism (New York, 1960), 4–7.Google Scholar

³⁷ Tokugawa Religion, 183–194.

³⁸ Bellah, , “Religious Aspects of Modernization in Turkey and Japan”, American Journal of Sociology, LXIV (1958), 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarBellah, , “Reflections on the Protestant Ethic Analogy in Asia”, Journal of Social Issues, XIX 01 1963),Google Scholar 52ff.

³⁹ See reviews of Bellah's book in American Sociological Review, XXII (1957), 594;Google ScholarAmerican Journal of Sociology, LXIII (1958), 569–570;Google ScholarAnnals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCXIV (11 1957), 176–177;Google ScholarJournal of Asian Studies, XXII (05 1963), 329–331.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Marie Boas's History of Science (Washington, D.C., 1957)Google Scholar is a helpful introductory bibliography. Kroeber, Alfred L. noted that creativity in science flowered in eight civilizations. Configurations of Cultural Growth (Berkeley, 1944), 97.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Needham, Joseph, Science and Civilisation in China, I (Cambridge, Eng., 1954), 4.Google Scholar

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⁴³ See, for example, the two reviews in Journal of Asian Studies, XVI (1957), 261–271;Google Scholar XIX (1959), 65–67.

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⁴⁵ Bellah, Robert N., “Durkheim and History”, American Sociological Review, XXIV (1959), 461.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Lazarsfeld, Paul F., “Notes on the History of Quantification in Sociology—Trends, Sources, and Problems”, Isis, LII (1961), 279.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ White, Andrew D., History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York, 1896);Google ScholarMerton, Robert K., “Science, Religion, and Technology in Seventeenth Century England”, Osiris, IV (1938), 360–632;CrossRefGoogle ScholarFeuer, Lewis S., The Scientific Intellectual (New York, 1963).Google Scholar For a criticism of Merton see Carroll, James W., “Merton's Thesis on English Science”, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, XIII (1954), 427–432;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Feuer's book is reviewed by Hall, A.R. in Scientific American, CCIX (08 1963),Google Scholar 129 ff. For a bibliographic essay on the controversy see Westfall, Richard S., Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England (New Haven, 1958), 221–228.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ George K. Sweitzer is writing a doctoral dissertation at New York University on “Hebrew Christian Tradition and the Origins of Modern Science”. Sidney A. Burrell notes that continuity not antagonism has been the attitude between religion and science since 1895. The Role of Religion in Modern European History (New York, 1964), 2.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See Stearns, Raymond P., “The Scientific Spirit in England in Early Modern Times”, Isis, XXXIV (1943), 293–300;CrossRefGoogle ScholarGillispie, Charles C., The Edge of Objectivity (Princeton, 1960), 10.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Anne Roe's study is a careful attempt to sift out distinctive characteristics of scientists. The Psychology of Occupations (New York, 1956).Google ScholarStern, G., Stien, M., and Blum, B., Methods in Personality Assessment (Glencoe, 1956)Google Scholar distinguishes between natural and social scientists. Gillispie, Edge, 115.

⁵¹ Barber, Bernard, Science and the Social Order (Glencoe, 1952).Google Scholar

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⁵³ Lampard, Eric, Industrial Revolution: Interpretations and Perspectives (Washington, 1957), 33.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Lewis, W.A., The Theory of Economic Growth (Homewood, Illinois, 1955).Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ On the Theory, 16. See also McClelland, D.C., The Achieving Society (Princeton, 1961),CrossRefGoogle Scholar Chapter i.

⁶⁰ Hagen, On the Theory, 217.

⁶¹ Fairbank, J.K. and others, “The Influence of Modern Western Science and Technology on Japan and3China”, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, VII (1955), 189–204.Google Scholar

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⁶³ Within each pattern significant variations are to be expected. Levy, Marion J. Jr., questions the assumption “ that the prerequisites for one latecomer are roughly the same as for another ”. “Some Aspects of Individualism and the Problem of Modernization in China and Japan”, EDCC, X (04 1962), 225.Google Scholar Similarly, within the tradition-generated industrialized countries, there are significant differences. Mason, Edward S., “The Planning of Development”, Scientific American, CCIX (09 1963), 238.Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ He contrasts this with the attributes of societies with successful democracy. “The Erosion of Democracy”, Journal of Asian Studies, XX (11 1960), 2–3.Google Scholar

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⁸² Shils, Edward, “Political Development in the New States, I”, and “II”, CSSH, II (04 1960), 265–295Google Scholar and CSSH, II (July 1960), 379–411. Separately published, 1962.

⁸³ Friedrich, “Unique Character”, 58; George K. Kennan, “Totalitarianism in the Modern World”, in Friedrich, Totalitarianism, 20–27.

⁸⁴ Moore, Barrington Jr., “Notes on the Process of Acquiring Power”, World Politics, VIII (1955), 2.Google Scholar

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