Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T18:27:22.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Race-Class-Gender Ideology in Guatemala: Modern and Anti-Modern Forms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Carol A. Smith
Carol A. Smith
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

More often than not, women bear the burden of displaying the identifying symbols of their ethnic identity to the outside world, whether these be items of dress, aspects of language, or distinctive behavior. Men of the same ethnic group, especially when filling lower-order positions in the local division of labor, usually appear indistinguishable from men of a different ethnicity but in similar class positions. Thus in Guatemala, for example, one readily identifies a Maya Indian woman by her distinctive and colorful dress, her tendency to speak only the local dialect of a Maya language, and her modest demeanor when in public settings, especially those involving non-Maya. Most Maya men, in contrast, are not so easily distinguished from non-Maya (that is, Ladino) men of equivalent class in Guatemala.

Type
Ideologies of Identity
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , October 1995 , pp. 723 - 749
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, John W.; and Kasakoff, Alice B.. 1975. “Factors Underlying Endogamous Group Size,” in Regional Analysis, vol. II, of Social Systems, Smith, C. A., ed. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Arrom, Silvia Marina. 1985. The Women of Mexico City, 1790–1857. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Laurel, Bossen. 1984. The Redivision of Labor: Women and Economic Choice in Four Guatemalan Communities. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Elizabeth, Burgos-Debray, ed. 1984. l, Rigoberta Menchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Brintnall, Douglas. 1979. “Race Relations in the Southeastern Highlands of Mesoamerica.” American Ethnologist, 6:4, 638–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Cadena, Marisol. 1991. “‘Las mujeres son más indias’: etnricridad y género en una comunidad del Cusco.” Revista Andino, 9:7–47.Google Scholar
Carmack, Robert, ed. 1988. Harvest of Violence: The Mayan Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Casaus, Arizú Marta. 1992. Guatemala: Linaje y racismo. San José, Costa Rica: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLASCO).Google Scholar
Chaney, Elsa; and Castro, Mary Garcia, eds. 1989. Muchachas No More: Household Workers in Latin America and the Caribbean. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 1986. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 1989. “Colonialism, Nationalism and Colonialized Women: The Contest in India.” American Ethnologist, 16:4, 622–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Jane. 1973. Law and Social Change in Zinacantan. Stanford: Stamford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Jane. 1974. “Women in Politics,” in Woman, Culture, and Society, Rosaldo, M. and Lamphere, L., eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Demarest, W. J.; and Paul, B. D.. 1981. “Mayan Migrants in Guatemala City.” Anthropology UCLA, 11:1–2, 43–73.Google Scholar
Ehlers, Tracy. 1990. Silent Looms: Women and Production in a Guatemalan Town. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Ehlers, Tracy. 1991. “Debunking Marianismo: Economic Vulnerability and Survival Strategies among Guatemalan Wives.” Ethnology, 30:1, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1980. The History of Sexuality, vol. I. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gill, Lesley. 1993. “‘Proper Women’ and City Pleasures: Gender, Class, and Con tested Meanings in La Paz.” American Ethnologist, 20:1, 72–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goody, Jack. 1976. Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain. New York: Cambridgew University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, Jeffrey L. 1994. “What's in a Name? From Ladino to Mestizo in Central America.” Paper presented at the Eighteenth International Congress of the Latrin American Studies Association, Atlanta, Georgia.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1975. The Age of Capital. London: Weidenfeld and Nricolson.Google Scholar
Jonas, Suzanne. 1991. The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and US Power. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joel. 1990. “Towards a History of the Critique of Economism: The Nineteenth-Century German Origins of the Ethnographer's Dilemma.” Man (N.S.), 25:230–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, Alan. 1990. “Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910–1940,” in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940, Graham, Richard, ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Koonz, Claudia. 1987. Mothers in the Fatherland. Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Lavrin, Asunción, ed. 1989. Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, Gerda. 1986. The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manz, Beatriz. 1988. Refugees of a Hidden War: The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency in Guatemala. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Martinez-Alier, Verena. 1974. Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba. London: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, Pelaez Severo. 1973. La patria del criollo. Guatemala: Editorialw Universitaria.Google Scholar
McCreery, David. 1986. “Female Prostitution in Guatemala City, 1880–1920.” Journal of Latin American Studies, 18:333–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molyneux, Maxine. 1985. “Mobilization without Emancipationri Women's Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua.” Feminist Studies, 11:2, 227–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortmayr, Norbert. 1991. Matrimonio, estado y sociedad en Guatemala (siglo XIX y XX). Guatemala: Ediciones CEUR, Universidad de San Carlos.Google Scholar
Otzoy, Irma. 1988. “Identity and Higher Education among Mayan Women.” M. A. Thesis, Anthropology, University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Otzoy, Irma. 1992. “Identidad y trajes mayas.” Mesoamérica, 23 (06), 95–112.Google Scholar
Randall, Margaret. 1992. Gathering Rage: The Failure of Twentieth Century Revolu tions to Develop a Feminist Agenda. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, Brenda. 1993. With Our Heads Bowed: The Dynamics of Gender in a Maya Community. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Stanford Central America Action Network, eds. 1983. Revolution in Central America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Seed, Patricia. 1988. To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflict over Marriage Choice, 1574–1821. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Silverblatt, Irene. 1987. Moon Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverblatt, Irene. 1988. “Women in States.” Annual Review in Anthropology, no. 17:427–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1990. Guatemalan Indians and the State, 1540–1988. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1991. “Maya Nationalism.” Report on the Americas, 25:29–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Carol A. 1992. “Marxists on Class and Culture in Guatemala,” in 1492–1992: Five Centuries of Imperialism and Resistance, Bourgeault, Ron et al., eds. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Carol A. n.d. “The Symbolics of Blood: Mestizaje in the Americas.” Forthcoming in Identities.Google Scholar
Smith, R. T. 1984. “Introduction,” in Kinship Ideology and Practice in Latin America, Smith, R. T., ed. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Smith, R. T. 1992. “Race, Class, and Gender in the transition to freedom,” in The Mean ing of Freedom, McGlynn, F. and Drescher, S., eds. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Stacey, Judith. 1983. Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, Nancy Leys. 1991. “The Hour of Eugenics”: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Stolcke, Verena. 1981. “The Naturalizations of Social Inequality and Women's Subordination,” in Of Marriage and the Market, Young, Kate et al., eds. London: CSE Books.Google Scholar
Stolcke, Verena. 1991. “Conquered Women.” Report on the Americas, 24 (02), 23–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolcke, Verena. n.d. “The Individual between Culture and Nature.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Stolen, Ann. 1991. “Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power,” in Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge, diLeonardo, M., ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stolen, Ann. 1992. “Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asria.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34:3, 514–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stutzmari, Ronald. 1981. “El mestizaje: An All-Inclusive Ideology of Exclusion,” in Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, Whitten, N. E., ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Warren, Kay. 1989. The Symbolism of Surbordination: Indian Identity in a Guatemalan Town, 2nd ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Watanabe, John. 1992. Maya Saints and Souls in a Changing World. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Brackette. 1990. Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle. Durham, NC: Dukew University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Brackette. 1993. “The Impact of the Precepts of Nationalism on the Concept of Culture: Making Grasshoppers Out of Naked Apes.” Cultural Critique, 24 (Spring), 143–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Richard. 1991. “Machine Guns and Mountain Spirits: The Cultural Effects of State Repression among the Q'eqchi” Critique of Anthropology, 11:1, 33–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Eric. 1959. Sons of the Shaking Earth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Margery. 1985. Revolution Postponed: Women in Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Women's International Resource Exchange. 1983. We Continue Forever: Sorrow and Strength of Guatemalan Women. New York: Ragged Edge Press.Google Scholar