Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-2l2gl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-02T08:24:12.349Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975 to 1979, and in Indonesia, 1965 to 1966

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Helen Fein
Helen Fein
Affiliation:
Institute for the Study of Genocide, New York
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Revolutionary ideologies of both the left and the right have led to genocide and mass murders of unprecedented scope in this century. The survey by Harff and Gurr shows that genocides and politicides—killings of people in groups targeted because of organized political opposition—between 1945 and 1980 may have caused in this same period over twice as many deaths than wars. Such state killings claimed up to 2.6 times the number of lives lost in the aftermath of natural disasters between 1967 and 1986 (1987). Similarly, Rummel argues that four times as many people have been killed in democides, or state mass murders, of citizens in the twentieth century than have been killed in wars (1992).

Type
Violence and the State
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 35 , Issue 4 , October 1993 , pp. 796 - 823
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amnesty International. 1990. Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 1985. East Timor: Violations of Human Rights. London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 1983. Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict R. and McVey, Ruth T. 1971. A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965 Coup in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah 1966. The Origins of Totalitarianism, rev. ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.Google Scholar
Becker, Elizabeth. 1986. When the War Was Over. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Brackman, Arnold. 1969. The Communist Collapse In Indochina. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Brands, H. W. 1989. “The Limits of Manipulation: How the United States Didn’t Topple Sukarno.” Journal of American History, 6:3 (12), 785–808.Google Scholar
Bunnell, Frederick. 1990. “American ‘Low Posture’ Policy Toward Indonesia in the Months Leading up to the 1965 ‘Coup’.” Indonesia, no. 50 (10), 29–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency. 1968. Indonesia—1965: The Coup That Backfired. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency.Google Scholar
Chalk, Frank; and Jonassohn, Kurt. 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Charny, Israel W. 1982. How Can We Commit the Unthinkable? Genocide, The Human Cancer. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Cribb, Robert, ed. 1990. The Indonesian Killings 1965–1966. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold. 1988. The Army and Politics in Indonesia, rev. ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Dekmajian, R. H. 1986. “Determinants of Genocide: Armenians and Jews as Case Studies,” in Hovannisian, R., ed., The Armenian Genocide in Perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.Google Scholar
Ebihara, May 1987. “Revolution and Reformulation in Kampuchean Village CulCulture,” in The Cambodian Agony, Abling, David A. and Hood, Marlowe, eds. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1993a. “Accounting for Genocide After 1945: Theories and Some Findings.” International Journal of Group Rights, vol. 1:2, 79–105.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1993b [1990]. Genocide: A Sociological Perspective. Current Sociology, 38:1 (Spring), 1–126; reissue, London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1991. “The Politics of Paranoia in Jonestown: Twentieth Century Totalitarianism in Microcosm,” in State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression, Schlapentokh, V., Vanderpool, C., Bushnell, T., and Sundram, J., eds. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1984. “Scenarios of Genocide: Models of Genocide and Critical Responses,” in The Book of the International Conference on Holocaust and Genocide, vol. 2, Charny, I. and Davidson, S., eds. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1979. Accounting for Genocide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization during the Holocaust. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Fein, Helen. 1977. Imperial Crime and Punishment: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and British Judgment, 1919–1920. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feith, Herbert. 1962. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Marshall. 1990. Indonesia: Crisis and Transformation 1965–1968. Washington, DC: The Compass Press.Google Scholar
Haas, Michael. 1991. Genocide By Proxy: Cambodian Pawn on a Superpower Chessboard. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Hannum, Hurst. 1989. “International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence.” Human Rights Quarterly, 11:1, 82–138.Google Scholar
Hannum, Hurst; and Hawk, David. 1986. The Case against the Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Kampuchea. New York: Cambodia Documentation Commission.Google Scholar
Harff, Barbara. 1988. “State Perpetrators of Mass Political Murder Since 1945.” Paper prepared for the Conference on State Organized Terror, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 11 2–5, 1988.Google Scholar
Harff, Barbara; and Gurr, Ted R.. 1988. “Towards Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945.” International Studies Quarterly, 37:3, 359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harff, Barbara; and Gurr, Ted R.. 1987. “Genocides and Politicides Since 1945: Evidence and Anticipation.”Internet on the Holocaust and Genocide, 13 (12), 1–7.Google Scholar
Hawk, David. 1988. “The Cambodian Genocide,” in Charny, I. W., ed., Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, 137–54. New York: Facts on File Publisher.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1990. The Political Economy of Mountain Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Irving Louis. 1982. Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power, 3rd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Hughes, John. 1967. Indonesian Upheaval. New York: McKay.Google Scholar
Jackson, Karl D. 1989. “Intellectual Origins of the Khmer Rouge,” in Cambodia 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death, Jackson, Karl D., ed., 241–50. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Howard P. 1971. Indonesia: The Possible Dream. Singapore: Ayu Mas Pte. Ltd.Google Scholar
Kadane, Kathy. 1990. “Ex-agents Say CIA Compiled Death Lists for Indonesians.” San Francisco Examiner, May 20, p. 1.Google Scholar
Kahn, Joel S. 1982. “Ideology and Social Structure in Indonesia (1978),” in Interpreting Indonesion Politics, Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., 92–103.Ithaca: Cornell University Indonesia Project.Google Scholar
Kerson, Roger. 1990. “The Embassy’s Hit List.” Columbia Journalism Review, 11/12, 7–14.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1993a. “The Impact on Cambodia of the US Intervention in the Vietnam War,” in The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives, Werner, Jayne and Doan Huynh, Luu, eds. Armonk, NY: M. A. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1993b. “The Cambodian Genocide: Issues and Responses,” in Andreopoulus, G., ed., The Conceptual and Historical Dimensions of Genocide in Cambodia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1992. “The Cambodian Crisis, 1990–1992: The UN Plan, the Khmer Rouge, and the State of Cambodia.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 24:6 (04–06), 3–23.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1991. “Genocidal Targeting: Two Groups of Victims in Pol Pot's Cambodia,” in State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression, 207–26. Schlapentokh, V., Vanderpool, C., Bushnell, T., and Sundram, J., eds. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1990. “The Genocide in Cambodia, 1975–79.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 22:2, 35–40.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1989. “The American Bombardment of Kampuchea, 1969–1973.” Vietnam Generation, 1:1, 4–41.Google Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1985. How Pol Pot Came to Power: A History of Communism in Kampuchea, 1930–1975. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Kolko, Gabriel. 1988. Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy,1945–1980. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Kuper, Leo. 1981. Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lifton, Robert J. 1986. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Maier, Charles. 1988. The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust and German National Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mazian, Florence. 1990. Why Genocide? The Armenian and Jewish Experiences in Perspective. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Melson, Robert. 1992. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mortimer, Rex. 1974. Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno Ideology and Politics 1959–1965, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mrazek, Rudolf. 1978. “The United States and the Indonesian Military 1945–1965.” Dissertationes Orientates, 39:1–2.Google Scholar
Palmier, Leslie, ed. 1985. Understanding Indonesia. Aldershot, England: Gower Publishing Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Ponchaud, Francois. 1989. “Social Change in the Vortex of Revolution,” in Cambodia 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death, Jackson, Karl D., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ponchaud, Francois. 1978. Cambodia: Year Zero, Amphoux, Nancy, trans. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.Google Scholar
Quinn, Kenneth M. 1989. “The Pattern and Scope of Violence,” in Cambodia 1975–1978:Rendezvous with Death, Jackson, Karl D., ed., 179–208. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Reisman, W. Michael; and Norchi, Charles. 1988. “Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan.” Institute for the Study of Genocide Newsletter, 1:1, 4–6.Google Scholar
Robison, Richard. 1982. “Culture, Politics, and Economy in the Political History of the New Order (1981),” in Interpreting Indonesian Politics, Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., 131–48. Ithaca: Cornell University Indonesia Project.Google Scholar
Rummel, R. J. 1992. “Power Kills: Absolute Power Kills Absolutely.” Internet on the Holocaust and Genocide, 38 (06), 1–12.Google Scholar
Shawcross, William. 1984. The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and Modern Conscience. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Shawcross, William.. 1979. Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Smith, Roger 1987. “Human Destructiveness and Politics: The Twentieth Century as an Age of Genocide,” in Walliman, I. and Dobkowski, M., eds., Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Thion, Serge. 1987. “The Pattern of Cambodian Politics,” in Ablin, David A. and Hood, Marlowe, eds., 149–64. The Cambodian Agony. London: E. M. Sharpe, Inc.Google Scholar
Vickery, Michael. 1986. Kampuchea: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1946. “Politics as a Vocation,” in From Max Weber, Gerth, H. H. and Mills, C. W., eds. and trans., 77–128. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Fred. 1980. Dynamics of Nazism. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar