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⁸ Ibid., 1832, nos. 1, 11, 30; 1833, no. 49; 1837, no. 38; and passim.

⁹ Jornal do Comércio (Rio, 1833);Google ScholarGamenha (Recife, 1833);Google ScholarO Novo Carioca (Rio, 1834);Google ScholarO Sete de Abril (Rio 1836);Google ScholarO Despertador (Rio, 1840);Google ScholarA Carranca (Recife, 1845);Google ScholarPubMedSentinella da Monarquia (Rio, 1845);Google ScholarMarmota Fluminense (Rio, 1852).Google Scholar

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¹³ On the weak response to anti-slavery ideas in the first half of the nineteenth century, see Costa, Emilia Viotti da, Da Senzala á Colonia, ed. (Sāo Paulo: Brasiliense, 1966), part III.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Ibid., 1838, no. 1.

¹⁶ Ibid., 1839, no. 7.

¹⁷ Ibid., 1838, no. 61.

¹⁸ This study is based on the facsimile edition of 1983, which covers the first ten years of the Lntermittent publication of O Carapuceiro.

¹⁹ Burton, R. F., Explorations of the Highlands of Brazil: With a Full Account of the Gold and Diamond Mines, 2 vols. (London: Tinsley, 1869), I, 408–9.Google Scholar

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²² Ibid., 1837, nos. 2, 63; 1838, no. 59; and passim.

²² Ibid. 1837, no. 18.

²³ Ibid., 1833, no. 79; 1838, no. 25; and passim.

²⁴ Ibid., 1837, no. 41; and passim.

²⁵ Ibid., 1842, no. 57.

²⁶ Ibid., 1837, no. 56; 1838, no. 21; and passim.

²⁷ Ibid., 1837, nos. 6, 9; and passim.

²⁸ Ibid., 1832, no. 8.

²⁹ Ibid., 1842, no. 5.

³⁰ Ibid., 1839, no. 12; and passim.

³¹ Ibid., 1842, nos. 14, 16, 65.

³² Ibid., 1842, no. 34.

³³ Ibid., 1842, no. 16.

³⁴ Ibid., 1842, no. 14; and passim.

³⁵ Ibid., 1840, no. 8.

³⁶ Ibid., 1837, nos. 29, 30, 31.

³⁷ Ibid., 1837, no. 52.

³⁸ Ibid., 1837, no. 47.

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⁴¹ Cranfield, G. A., The Press and Society (London: Longmans, 1978), 37. Launched in March 1711, the Spectator lasted a little less than two years in its first series, and a few months in the 1714 series.Google Scholar

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⁴³ The influence of the Spectator during the Enlightenment has been widely acknowledged, and the importance of a general and comparative study of the followers of the English Spectator in Europe has been stressed since Tieghen, P. Van, “Histoire littéraire générale et comparée,” Révue de Synthese Historique, 48 (1929), 127.Google Scholar The German followers have been studied by Martens, W. in his excellent, Die Botschaft der Tugend (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1968);Google ScholarGilot, M. discusses the French followers in a chapter of his thesis, Les Journaux de Marivaux. Itinéraire moral et accomplissement esthétique (Université Lille III: Atelier Reproduction des theses, 1975).Google Scholar The only general study, comprehensive but rather descriptive, is by Rau, F., Zur Verbreitung und Nachahmung des Tailer und Spectator (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1980).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ It is not known whether Lopes Gama had access to a complete edition (8 volumes and 635 issues) of the Spectator or only to one of the many anthologies.

⁴⁵ O. Carapuceiro, 1837,Google Scholar no. 13. Moral essays from D'Arnaud's, M.Délassements de l'hom-me sensible (1783), and extracts from periodicals, such as Despertador, O Correio das Damas and Archivo Popular, are the most common borrowings acknowledged.Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ O Carapuceiro, 1840,Google Scholar n. 3; and passim. See, for example, Chronica Litteraria de S. Paulo-Retrospecto do anno de 1866 (Rio: J. J. Fontes, 12 1866), 27–28, 67–68;Google ScholarRomero, S., Novos estudos de literatura contemporânea (Rio de Janeiro: Alves, 1898);Google ScholarSchwarz, R., Ao Vencedor as Batatas (Sāo Paulo: Duas Cidades, 1977);Google Scholaridem., Que Horas Sāo? (Sāo Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1987);Google ScholarNunes, M. L., Becoming True to Ourselves-Cultural Decolonization and National Identity in the Literature of the Portuguese-Speaking World (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987);Google ScholarJanni, O., Revoluçāo e Cultura (Rio: Civilizaçāo Brasileira, 1983).Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ On the ideal of intellectuals as cultural brokers, see Hannerz, , Cultural Complexity, ch. 7.Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ Pantaleāo, O., “A Presença Inglesa,” in Holanda, S. B. de, Histária Geral da Civilizaçāo Brasileira, II, vol. 1, 65.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Quoted in Veiga, G., História das Idélas da Faculdade de Direito do Recife, IV, 332.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Freyre, Gilberto, Ingleses no Brasil, 31, 68.Google Scholar

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⁷² Mazún, G., Orígenes del Costumbrismo, 102–3, 115Google Scholar. Verdevoye, P., Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Educar y Escribir Opinando (1839–1852);Google ScholarMontalvo, J., Páginas Escogidas (Buenos Aires: Estrada, 1941);Google ScholarEl Espectador (1886–1888; Paris: Gamier, 1927). It seems that Spanish-American “costumbrismo” could be a fertile area of research.Google Scholar

⁷³ I would like to thank Joāo Adolfo Hansen for this valuable reference.

⁷⁴ O Carapuceiro, 1839, no. 43.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ O Carapuceiro, 1834, nos. 37, 38; and passim.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Ibid., 1837, no. 15

⁷⁹ Ibid., 1834, no. 38

⁸⁰ Ibid., 1837, no. 2; The Spectator, no. 198. The English text had described the salamander as “a kind of heroine in chastity, that treads upon fire, and lives in the midst of flames without being hurt.”

⁸¹ O Carapuceiro, 1838, no. 49; The Spectator, no. 404.Google Scholar

⁸² O Carapuceiro, 1842, no. 54; The Spectator, no. 73.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ The same view about the unfortunate influence of Bentham upon Spanish-American youth can be found in the Colombian historian, Groot, J. M. (1800–78), who considers it “a miracle if the youth who has read him can escape from the whirlpool of the deceitful utilitarian principle”Google Scholar (quoted by Caro, Miguel A., Historiadores de America-D. Jose Manuel Groot [Bogotá: Prensa del Ministerio de Educacion Nacional, 1950]).Google Scholar

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⁸⁹ See Todd, J., Sensibility: An Introduction (London:Methuen, 1986);Google ScholarShevelow, K., Women and Print Culture;Google ScholarRogers, K., The Troublesome Helpmate: A History of Misogyny in Literature (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966).Google Scholar

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⁹¹ The Spectator, no. 499; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 13.Google Scholar

⁹² The Spectator, no. 149; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 30.Google Scholar

⁹³ The Spectator, no. 499; O Carapuceiro, 1837, no. 13.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ The Spectator, no. 170.

⁹⁵ Ibid., nos. 170, 171; O Carapuceiro, 1842, nos. 33, 34.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ O Carapuceiro, 1834, no. 39.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Nisia Floresta Brasileira Augusta (pseud.), Direitos da Mulher (Recife: 1832; 2nd ed., Porto Alegra, 1833; 3rd ed., Rio de Janeiro, 1839).Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Flory, T., Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 1808–1871, 123.Google Scholar

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