^{page 302 note 1} My thanks to the ILWU for their cooperation and to my colleague, Stanley Bailis, for his helpful comments.

^{page 302 note 2} Gordon, Milton, ‘The Subsociety and the Subculture,’ in Assimilation in American Life (Oxford University Press, New York, 1964), chap, ii, p. 41.Google Scholar

^{page 302 note 3} Lewis, Oscar, ‘The Culture of Poverty’, Scientific American (10, 1966), pp. 3–9.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 303 note 1} Gans, Herbert J., ‘The Subculture of the Working Class, Lower Class, and Middle Class’, in The Urban Villagers (Free Press, New York, 1962), chap. 11, pp. 229–62.Google Scholar

^{page 303 note 2} Ibid., p. 243.

^{page 303 note 8} Lipset, Seymour Martin, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (Doubleday & Co. Inc., New York, 1960), pp. 408, 432–3.Google Scholar

^{page 304 note 1} Third ILWU Overseas Report to the 16th Biennial Convention of the International Long shoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (Vancouver, British Columbia, 1965), p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 304 note 2} Ibid., p. 54.

^{page 304 note 3} Official Reports of the ILWU Overseas Delegates to the 14th Biennial Convention of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (Honolulu, Hawaii, 1961), p. 45.Google Scholar

^{page 304 note 4} Inland Transport Committee, ILO, Methods of Improving Organization of Work and Output in Ports (Geneva, 1956).Google Scholar

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^{page 305 note 1} Virtually all observers identify this source. In particular, see Barnes, Charles, The Long shoremen (Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1915);Google Scholar Boris Stern, Cargo Handling and Long shore Labor Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 550 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1932); Swanstrom, Edward, The Waterfront Labor Problem (Fordham University Press, New York, 1938);Google Scholar The Department of Social Science, University of Liverpool, The Dock Worker (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1956); Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit.; and Ministry of Labour, Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry under the Rt. Hon. Lord Devlin into certain matters concerning the Port Transport Industry, Command Paper No. 2734 (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1965).Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 2} Ibid., and Crichton, A. J., ‘Industrial Relations in the Ports’, The Journal of the Institute of Transport (01 1963), pp. 43–7.Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 3} Kerr, and Siegel, , op. cit., p. 192,Google Scholar and Schneider, Betty and Siegel, Abraham, Industrial Relations in the Pacific Coast Longshore Industry (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1956), p. 37.Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 4} Ministry of Labour, op. cit., pp. 4–11, and Larrowe, Charles, Shape-Up and Hiring Hall (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1955).Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 5} Lincoln Fairley, Research Director, ILWU, interview November 1965, and ILWU Overseas Reports.

^{page 305 note 6} Ogg, Elizabeth, Longshoremen and Their Homes (Greenwich House, New York, 1939), p. 48.Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 7} Department of Social Science, University of Liverpool, op. cit., p. 50.

^{page 305 note 8} Mayhew, Henry, London Labor and the London Poor, Vol. III (London, 1861), p. 313, quoted in Stern, op. cit., p. 71.Google Scholar

^{page 306 note 1} Bridges, Harry and Glazier, William, ‘Report on Port Operations and Union Structure in Europe, Middle East and U.S.S.R.’, ILWU (Seattle, 1959)Google Scholar, mimeograph, p. 25.

^{page 306 note 2} Ibid., p. 13.

^{page 306 note 3} Ministry of Labour, op. cit., Part I.

^{page 306 note 4} Crichton, op. cit., p. 45.

^{page 306 note 5} Kerr and Siegel, op. cit., p. 192.

^{page 306 note 6} Op. cit., p. 54.

^{page 307 note 1} Farid Ahmed, Manager, Muhammadi Steamship Company, Karachi, interview, February 26, 1962.

^{page 307 note 2} Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit., pp. 69–70;Google ScholarStern, , op. cit., p. 73;Google Scholar and Ogg, , op. cit., p. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 307 note 3} Ministry of Labour, op. cit., p. 6.

^{page 307 note 4} Ibid., pp. 10–11, and Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit., pp. 67–70.Google Scholar

^{page 308 note 1} Berger, Bennett, ‘Suburbs, Subcultures and the Urban Future’, Planning for a Nation of Cities, Warner, Sam Bass Jr., ed. (M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1966), pp. 143–6.Google Scholar

^{page 308 note 2} Lipset, , op. cit., pp. 410–11.Google Scholar

^{page 308 note 3} A Theory of the Labor Movement (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1949 edition), p. 275.Google Scholar

^{page 308 note 4} Ministry of Labour, op. cit., p. 8.

^{page 309 note 1} Ibid., p. 8.

^{page 309 note 2} Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit., p. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 309 note 3} Department of Social Science, University of Liverpool, op. cit., p. 90.

^{page 309 note 4} Barnes, , op. cit.,Google ScholarSchneider, and Siegel, , op. cit.;Google Scholar and Ministry of Labour, op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 309 note 5} Department of Social Science, University of Liverpool, op. cit., p. 91.

^{page 309 note 6} Harry Bridges, President, ILWU (U.S. West Coast Longshoremen's union), interview, July 1957.

^{page 309 note 7} Barnes, , op. cit., p. 93,Google Scholar and Slotkin, James Sydney, From Field to Factory (Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1960), p. 118.Google Scholar

^{page 309 note 8} Kerr, and Siegel, , op. cit., p. 193.Google Scholar

^{page 309 note 9} Ibid., p. 193.

^{page 310 note 1} Kerr, and Siegel, , op. cit. p. 190. Countries: Australia, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.Google Scholar

^{page 310 note 2} ILWU Overseas Reports.

^{page 310 note 3} ‘Jack Dash: The Rise of a Dockland Leader’, The Illustrated London News, 08 28, 1965, pp. 24–5.Google Scholar

^{page 310 note 4} Second ILWU Overseas Report, p. 36.

^{page 310 note 5} Lipset, , op. cit., p. 200.Google Scholar

^{page 311 note 1} Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit., pp. 30, 155.Google Scholar

^{page 311 note 2} Sauerbier, Charles, ‘Education in Cargo Operations’, Progress in Cargo Handling (Iliffe & Sons, London, 1955), p. 292.Google Scholar

^{page 311 note 3} Ministry of Labour, op. cit., pp. 11–17.Google Scholar

^{page 311 note 4} Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit., p. 35.Google Scholar

^{page 312 note 5} Hagel, Otto and Goldblatt, Louis, Men and Machines: A Story about Longshoring on the West Coast Waterfront (ILWU-PMA, San Francisco, 1963).Google Scholar

^{page 312 note 1} Ministry of Labour, op. cit., p. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 312 note 2} op. cit., p. 45.

^{page 312 note 3} Inland Transport Committee, ILO, op. cit., p. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 312 note 4} op. cit., p. 193.

^{page 312 note 5} Inkeles, Alex, ‘Industrial Man: The Relation of Status to Experience, Perception, an Value’, The American Journal of Sociology (07 1960), pp. 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 312 note 1} Ibid., p. 1.

^{page 313 note 1} Ibid., p. 1, and Sjoberg, Gideon, The Pre-Industrial City (The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1960).Google Scholar

^{page 314 note 1} For further discussion of this problem see Bendix, Reinhard, ‘Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9:3 (04 1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Weinberg, Ian, ‘The Problem of the Convergence of Industrial Societies: A Critical Look at the State of Theory’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 11:1 (01 1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar