¹ For a discussion of how today's European Union has progressively appropriated the discursive space of ‘Europe’ see Hermann, Richard, Risse-Kappen, Thomas and Brewer, Marilynn, Transnational Identities – Becoming European in the EU (New York: Rowan and Littlefield, 2004)Google Scholar. Although this is not the focus of this article, it is possible to trace how EEC actors slowly started to build the equation of ‘Europe’ with their own institutions over the course of the first two decades of its existence. See also De Angelis, Emma, ‘The European Parliament's Identity Discourse and Eastern Europe, 1974–2004’, Journal of European Integration History, 17,1 (2011), 103–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Emma De Angelis, ‘The Political Discourse of the European Parliament, Enlargement, and the Construction of a European Identity, 1962–2004’, PhD thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2011.

³ The concept of identity is subject to on-going scrutiny and debate across a variety of disciplines – with ‘European identity’ alternatively being approached as an identity created by political leaders, one identified by scholars across centuries of historical and cultural developments or the identification with ‘Europe’ and/or the EU among specific communities. The literature is vast but some examples include Bruter, Michael, Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Strath, Bo, Europe and the Other and Europe as Other (Brussels: PIE Lang, 2001)Google Scholar; Checkel, Jeffrey T and Katzenstein, Peter J, European Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)Google Scholar; Herrmann, Risse and Brewer, eds., Transnational Identities; Delanty, Gerard, Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Eder, Klaus, ‘A Theory of Collective Identity. Making Sense of the Debate on a “European Identity”’, European Journal of Social Theory, 12,4 (2009), 427–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ In the 1970s European actors often grouped Spain and Portugal together whenever the issue of ‘democracy’ and political practices was under scrutiny. In spite of the obvious differences, the treatment of the political identity question was remarkably similar across the three countries – being the first country to go through the process, Greece was also the one that first gave rise to questions about the political dimensions of enlargement. Much of what follows will therefore focus on Greece as a key case study.

⁵ Conclusions of the Sessions of the European Council, 1975–1990, Copenhagen 7–8 Apr 1978, Archive of European Integration, University of Pittsburgh.

⁶ Thomas, Daniel C., ‘Consitutionalization through Enlargement: The Contested Origins of the EU's Democratic Identity’, Journal of European Public Policy, 13, 8 (2006), 1190–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ Schimmelfennig, Frank, ‘The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union’, International Organization, 55, 1 (2001), 47–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Sedelmeier, Ulrich, Constructing the Path to Eastern Enlargement: The Uneven Policy Impact of EU Identity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005)Google Scholar; Verney has dealt with EEC's southern European enlargement through the EP lens in Susannah Verney, ‘Creating the Democratic Tradition of European Integration: The South European Catalyst’, in Helen Sjursen, ed., Enlargement and the Finality of the EU, ARENA Report No7/2002, 97–128.

⁹ Diez, Thomas, ‘Speaking Europe: The Politics of Integration Discourse’, Journal of European Public Policy, 6, 4 (1999), 598–613CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ See also Sjursen, Helene, ‘Why Expand? The Question of Legitimacy and Justification in the EU's Enlargement Policy’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40, 3 (2002), 491–513CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, ed., Enlargement in Perspective (Oslo: Arena, 2005); Magnette, Paul and Nicolaidis, Kalypso, ‘The European Union's Democratic Agenda’, in Telò, Mario, ed., The EU and Global Governance (London: Routledge, 2009), 43–63Google Scholar.

¹¹ Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, 25 Mar 1957. Gerard Quinn explains how ‘this fixation on economic means (and the legal tools needed to effectuate them) rather than on grand political ends allowed those who held diametrically opposed visions of the ultimate ends of European integration to sign up together to the technocratic process of economic integration’: see Quinn, Gerard, ‘The European Union and the Council of Europe on the Issue of Human Rights: Twins Separated at Birth’, McGill Law Journal, 46 (2001), 860Google Scholar.

¹² Thomas, ‘Constitutionalization through Enlargement’. The absence of human rights and democracy in the Treaties of Rome is discussed in Martin Conway and Volker Depkat, ‘Towards a European History of the Discourse of Democracy – Discussing Democracy in Western Europe 1945–60’ and Buchanan, Tom, ‘Human Rights, The Memory of War and the Makings of the ‘European’ Identity, 1945–75’, both in Conway, Martin and Patel, Kiran Klaus, eds., Europeanisation in the Twentieth Century: Historical Approaches (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)Google Scholar; Habel, Kai and Lenz, Tobias, ‘The Identity/Policy Nexus in European Foreign Policy’, Journal of European Public Policy, 23, 4 (2016), 473CrossRefGoogle Scholar–91.

¹³ Willi Birkelbach, Report on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on the political and institutional aspects of accession or association to the Community, 15 Jan. 1962, European Parliamentary Assembly (hereafter EPA), Documents de Séance, Doc. 122. Rapporteur Willi Birkelbach was a member of the German Social Democratic Party and hence of the Socialist Group within the EP.

¹⁴ Ibid.

¹⁵ EPA, 15 Jan. 1962, Birkelbach Report, 4.

¹⁶ EPA, 15 Jan. 1962, Birkelbach Report, 5; for more on the Council of Europe's human rights policy, see Jordan, Pamela A., ‘Does Membership have its Privileges? Entrance into the Council of Europe and Compliance with Human Rights Norms’, Human Rights Quarterly, 25, 3 (2003), 660–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Black-Branch, Jonathan L., ‘Observing and Enforcing Human Rights under the Council of Europe: The Creation of a Permanent European Court of Human Rights’, The Buffalo Journal of International Law, 3, 1 (1996), 1–33Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Willi Birkelbach, Socialist, Germany, EPA, Débats, Aspects politiques et institutionnels de l'adhésion ou de l'association à la Communauté, 23 Jan. 1962.

¹⁸ See for instance Jean Pierre Duvieusart, Christian Democrat, Belgium, EPA, Débats, Aspects politiques et institutionnels de l'adhésion ou de l'association à la Communauté, 23 Jan. 1962; Fernand Dehousse, Socialist, Belgium, EPA, Débats, Aspects politiques et institutionnels de l'adhésion ou de l'association à la Communauté, 23 Jan. 1962.

¹⁹ Powell, Charles, ‘The Long Road to Europe. Spain and the European Community, 1957–86’, in Cruz, Julio Baquero and Closa, Carlos, eds., European Integration from Rome to Berlin, (Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2009), 39–64Google Scholar.

²⁰ Thomas, ‘Constitutionalisation Through Enlargement’, 1190–1210.

²¹ Willi Birkelbach, Socialist, Germany, EPA, Débats, Question orale sur l'ouverture de négociations avec l'Espagne, 29 Mar. 1962; Soriano, Victor Fernández, ‘La CEE face à l'Espagne franquiste’, Vingtième Siècle, Revue d'histoire, 108 (2010), 85–98Google Scholar.

²² Jean Rey, Commission, EPA, Débats, Question orale sur l'ouverture de négociations avec l'Espagne, 29 Mar. 1962. Belgian Liberal Jean Rey was responsible for external relations in the Hallstein Commission and was President of the European Commission between July 1967 and July 1970.

²³ Aschmann, Birgit, ‘The Reliable Ally: Germany Supports Spain's European Integration Efforts, 1957–67’, Journal of European Integration History, 7, 1 (2001), 40Google Scholar.

²⁴ Ibid.

²⁵ Thomas, ‘Constitutionalization Through Enlargement’. See also Anaya, Pilar Ortuño, European Socialists and Spain. The Transition to Democracy 1959–1977 (New York: Palgrave, 2002)Google Scholar; Buchanan, Tom, ‘Human Rights Campaigns in Modern Britain’, in Crowson, Nick, Hilton, Matthew and McKay, James, eds., NGO's in Contemporary Britain. Non–State Actors in Society and Politics since 1945 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 117Google Scholar.

²⁶ There are many studies investigating the American and British role during the Greek dictatorship: see Miller, James Edward, The United States and the Making of Modern Greece. History and Power, 1950–1974 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 111–36;Google ScholarKeely, Robert, The Colonel's Coup and the American Embassy. A Diplomat's View of the Breakdown of Democracy in Cold War Greece (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010), 83–84Google Scholar; Pedaliu, Effie, ‘“A Discordant Note”: NATO and the Greek Junta, 1967–1974’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 22, 1 (2011), 101CrossRefGoogle Scholar–20.

²⁷ Yannopoulos, George, Greece and the EEC: The First Decade of a Troubled Association (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1975)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Interview with Hans-August Lücker: the Association Agreement between Greece and the EEC, Bonn, May 2006, available at http://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/interview_with_hans_august_lucker_the_association_agreement_between_greece_and_the_eec_bonn_15_may_2006-en-c0a40276-36e3-4263-ad73-888578b88254.html (last visited 19 Oct 2015).

²⁹ Edoardo Martino, Christian Democrat, Italy, EPA, Débats, Question orale n. 4/67 avec débat relative a l'association CEE-Grèce, 8 May 1967. Martino, a former partisan and a member of the European Parliament since 1958, was Chair of the Political Committee between 1964 and 1967 and would then be commissioner for external affairs in the Rey Commission.

³⁰ Wilhelmus Schuijt, Christian Democrat, Netherlands, EPA, Débats, Question orale n. 4/67 avec débat relative a l'association CEE-Gréce, 8 May 1967. Schujit was president of the Committee of Association with Greece.

³¹ EPA, Débats, Question orale n. 4/67 avec débat relative a l'association CEE-Grèce, 8 May 1967.

³² Walter Faller was a German member of the socialist group. Cornelis Berkhouver was a Dutch member of the European Parliament from 1964 to 1984. A member of the Dutch People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie), he was chair of the liberal and democratic group from February 1970 to March 1973 and President of the EP between March 1973 and March 1975; Cornelis Berkhouwer, Liberal and Democratic Group, Netherlands, EPA, Débats. Question orale n. 4/67 avec débat relative à l'association CEE-Grèce, 8 May 1967.

³³ Résolution sur l'association entre la C.E.E. et la Grèce, EPA, Débats, 11 May 1967, Association CEE-Gréce. The resolution was approved by all party groups.

³⁴ Note for Jean Rey, Brussels, 30 May 1967, Historical Archives of the European Union, Florence, Edoardo Martino Files (hereafter EM) 76.

³⁵ Minutes of Council of Ministers, Brussels, 5 June 1967, EM 77; Study on the Strategic Situation in the Mediterranean due to Increased Presence of Soviet Fleet, Athens, 13 Feb. 1968, Historical Archive of Greek Foreign Ministry [hereafter HAFGM], Athens, London Embassy Series, 1968, N2324–45; Maragkou, Konstantina, ‘Favouritism in NATO's South-Eastern Flank: The Case of the Greek Colonels, 1967–74’, Cold War History, 9, 3 (2009), 347CrossRefGoogle Scholar–66; Miller, The United States, 157–61.

³⁶ Meeting between Stavros Roussos and Jean Rey, Brussels, 7 Nov 1968, EM 79; Keys, Barbara, ‘Anti-Torture Politics: Amnesty International, the Greek Junta, and the Origins of the US Human Rights Boom’, in Iriye, Akira, Goedde, Petra and Hitchcock, William, eds., The Human Rights Revolution: An International History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 201Google Scholar–23.

³⁷ Plassmann, Lorenz, Comme dans une nuit de Paques? Les relations franco-grecques, 1944–1981 (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pelt, Mogens, Tying Greece to the West. US-West German-Greek Relations, 1949–1974 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

³⁸ Pedaliu, Effie, ‘“A Sea of Confusion”: The Mediterranean and Détente, 1969–1974’, Diplomatic History, 33, 4 (2009), 735CrossRefGoogle Scholar–50.

³⁹ See Jean Rey, EPA, Débats, 20 Sep 1967, Débat sur la déclaration de M. le President de la Commission des Communautés Européennes.

⁴⁰ Bulletin Europe Information on Greece and the European Community, Brussels, 14/78, 3

⁴¹ Report for E. Martino, Brussels, 5 May 1968, EM 78.

⁴² Coufoudakis, Van, ‘The European Economic Community and the Freezing of the Association’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 16, 2 (1978), 114CrossRefGoogle Scholar–31; Woodhouse, C. M., The Rise and Fall of the Greek Colonels (London: Granada, 1985)Google Scholar.

⁴³ Although NATO's preamble contains references to democracy, one of its founding members, namely Portugal, was under dictatorship and military coups never resulted in pressures to end their authoritarian rule (Turkey, Greece); on NATO and Greek dictatorship see Pedaliu, Effie, ‘“A Discordant Note”’, 101–20; Pedaliu, ‘Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Wilson and the Greek Dictators, 1967–1970’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 18, 1 (2007), 185–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁴ The Council of Europe Fights for Democracy in Greece, 1967–1969, Andreas G. Papandreou Foundation, Athebs, Historical Series No.1; Constas, Dimitris, “The Greek Case” Before the Council of Europe, 1967–69 (Athens: Papazisis, 1976)Google Scholar [in Greek], 76, 87–96.

⁴⁵ Preston, Paul and Smyth, Denis, Spain, the EEC and NATO (Routledge: London, 1984), 66Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Karamouzi, Eirini, Greece, the EEC and the Cold War, 1974–1979. The Second Enlargement (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014Google Scholar); Cunha, Alice, O Alargamento Ibérico da Comunidade Económica Europeia: A Experiência Portuguesa, PhD Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2012Google Scholar; Texeira, Nuno Severiano, ed., The International Politics of Democratization. Comparative Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2008Google Scholar); special issue on transition: Maria Fernanda Rollo, Alice Cunha and Jean-Pierre Darnis, eds., ‘Democratic Transition, European Economic Community Accession and Southern Europe’, Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 90 (2015).

⁴⁷ Tsoukalis, Loukas, The European Community and its Mediterranean Enlargement (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981), 122Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ Miller, The United States; Konstantina, Maragkou, ‘The Wilson Government's Responses to “The Rape of Greek Democracy’’’, Journal of Contemporary History, 45, 1 (2010), 162–80.

⁵⁰ De La Guardia, R., ‘In Search of Lost Europe: Spain’, in Kaiser, Wolfram and Elvert, Jürgen, eds., European Union Enlargement (London: Routledge, 2004), 93CrossRefGoogle Scholar–11.

⁵¹ Ibid.

⁵² Powell, ‘The Long Road to Europe’. See also Trouvé, Matthieu, L'Espagne et l'Europe – De la dictature de Franco à l'Union européenne (Brussels: PIE – Peter Lang, 2009)Google Scholar; Del Pero, Mario, Gavín, Víctor, Guirao, Fernando and Varsori, Antonio, Democrazie. L'Europa meridionale e la fine delle dittature (Milano: Le Monnier, 2010)Google Scholar.

⁵³ The question of democracy at national level in the acceding countries, or indeed in Norway, which eventually rejected membership, is beyond the scope of this article. See Neumann, Iver B., ‘This Little Piggy Stayed at Home. Why Norway is not a Member of the EU’, in Hansen, Lene and Wæver, Ole, eds., European Integration and National Identity: The Challenge of the Nordic States (London: Routledge, 2002), 88–103Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ For instance, see the Conservative UK MEP Geoffrey Rippon's contribution to the debate on Enlargement of the Community, 1 Oct 1977, on the relationship between democracy and security. See also Jackson, Caroline, ‘The First British MEPs: Styles and Strategies’, Contemporary European History, 2, 2 (1993), 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar–95.

⁵⁵ Del Pero, Mario, The Eccentric Realist. Henry Kissinger and the making of American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 148Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Strath, Bo, ‘A European Identity: To the Historical Limits of the Concept’, European Journal of Social Theory, 5 (2002), 387–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁷ Keys, ‘Anti-Torture’, 201–222; Moyn, Samuel, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010)Google Scholar; Eckel, Jan and Moyn, Samuel, eds., The Breakthrough. Human Rights in the 1970s (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Declaration on European Identity, in Bulletin of the European Communities, December 1973, No 12. See also Marloes Beers, ‘L'Identitée Européenne Declarée en 1973’; Richie Europa Newsletter n. 4, March 2007; Gfeller, Aurelie, ‘Imagining European Identity: French Elites and the American Challenge in the Pompidou-Nixon Era’, Contemporary European History, 19, 2 (2010), 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar–49; Megens, Ine, ‘The December 1973 Declaration on European Identity’, in van der Harst, Jan, ed., Beyond the Customs Union: The European Community's Quest for Deepening, Widening and Completion, 1967–1975 (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2007), 317Google Scholar–40.

⁵⁹ For a general account, see Woodhouse, The Rise and Fall, 98–130; Tsakaloyannis, Paulos and Verney, Susannah, ‘Linkage Politics: The Role of the European Community in Greek Politics in 1973’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 10 (1986), 179Google Scholar–94. For a detailed analysis of the EEC policy towards the Greek dictatorship, see Van Coufoudakis, ‘The European Economic Community’, 114–31.

⁶⁰ Gazzo, Emanuel, ‘Enlargement of the Community: Attitudes of Member States’, in Schneider, J. W., ed., From Nine to Twelve: Europe's Destiny (The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980), 10.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Poulatzas, Nikos, The Crisis of the Dictatorships. Portugal – Greece – Spain (Athens, 1975)Google Scholar [in Greek], 27.

⁶² For the rise of anti-Americanism in Greece, see Stefanidis, Ioannis D., Stirring the Greek Nation: Political Culture, Irredentism and Anti-Americanism in Post-War Greece (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)Google Scholar; Botsiou, Konstantina E., ‘Ánti-Americanism in Greece’, in O'Connor, Brenan, ed., Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, and Themes Comparative Perspectives, vol. 3 (Westport, CT: Green, 2007), 213Google Scholar–34.

⁶³ Meeting between Schmidt and Mauros, Bonn, 10 Sept. 1974, Akten Zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (henceforth, AAPD) 1974, Doc. 257, 1131.

⁶⁴ Karamanlis's interview in The New York Times, 27 May 1978.

⁶⁵ Greek Government to the Council of Ministers, Athens, 22 Aug. 1974, in Photini, Tomai, ed., Greece's Participation in the Course towards European Integration [henceforth FMA], vol. 2 (Athens, 2006), 197; Varsori, Antonio, ‘The EEC and Greece from the Military Coup to the Transition to Democracy (1967–1975)’, in Svolopoulos, Konstantinos, Botsiou, Konstantina and Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis, eds., Konstantinos Karamanlis in the Twentieth Century (Athens: K. Karamanlis Foundation, 2008), 317Google Scholar–38.

⁶⁶ Commission Working Document, HAEC, no. 373, 28 Jan. 1976.

⁶⁷ See Karamouzi, Greece, 1974–1979, 35–62.

⁶⁸ European Commission, ‘Enlargement of the Community: Conclusion’, Bulletin of the European Communities, 1/78.

⁶⁹ European Commission, ‘Position Adopted by the Council’, Bulletin of the European Communities, 1/76.

⁷⁰ For a similar use of this shaming strategy in the 2004 enlargement, and a conceptualisation of the idea, see Schimmelfennig, Frank and Sedelmeier, Ulrich, eds., The Politics of European Union Enlargement. Theoretical Approaches (London: Routledge, 2005), 166Google Scholar.

⁷¹ For more analysis on the southern European crisis, Del Pero, Mario, ‘A European Solution for a European Crisis’, Journal of European Integration History, 15, 1 (2009)Google Scholar; Pedaliu, ‘“A Sea of Confusion”’, 735–50; Elena Calandri, Daniele Caviglia and Antonio Varsori, eds., Détente in Cold War Europe: Politics and Diplomacy in the Mediterranean and the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 2012); Hanhimäki, Jussi, ‘Conservative Goals, Revolutionary Outcomes: The Paradox of Détente’, Cold War History, 8, 4 (2008), 503–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁷³ Jürgen Nielsen-Sikora, ‘The Ideas of a European Union and a Citizen's Europe. The 1975 Tindemans Report’, in Van der Harst, Beyond the Customs Union, 380.

⁷⁴ Leo Tindemans, ‘European Union: Report by Mr Leo Tindemans to the European Council’, Bulletin of the European Communities, 1/76.

⁷⁵ Edwards, Geoffrey and Wallace, Williams, A Wider European Community? Issues and Problems of Further Education (London: Federal Trust, 2006), 2Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ Fernando Guirao also points out how enlargement is an opportunity for self-definition, ‘Solving the Paradoxes of Enlargement: The Next Research Challenge in our Field’, Journal of European Integration History, 11, 2 (2005), 5–11.

⁷⁷ Quoted in Derungs, Thomas, ‘The Integration of a Different Europe. The European Community's Enlargement to the South and Evolving Concept of the Civilian Power’, in Affinito, Michele, Migani, Guia and Wenkel, Christian, eds., The Two Europes. Proceedings of the Third Annual RICHIE Conference (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2009), 311Google Scholar–26.

⁷⁸ Mourlon-Druol, Emmanuel, ‘More than a Prestigious Spokesperson: The Role of the Summits and the European Council in the European Political Cooperation, 1969–1981’, in Foret, Francois and Rittelmeyer, Yann-Sven, eds., The European Council and European Governance. The Commanding Heights of the EU (London: Routledge, 2014), 43–53Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Address by F. X. Ortoli, 10 Feb 1976, Ninth General Report on the Activities of the European Communities, Brussels, 1976.

⁸⁰ Statement by L. de Guiringaud, 31 May 1977, Constantinos G. Karamanlis Foundation [henceforth CKP], Athens, CKP 139A.

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⁸³ Meeting between Anderson and Jenkins, Brussels, 14 June 1977, Historical Archives of the European Union, Emile Noel Papers [henceforth EN] 1544, Florence.

⁸⁴ Letter by M. J. Fretwell, London, 10 Mar. 1978, MWE021/3, 26, FCO 30/3873, The National Archives, Foreign Commonwealth Office [henceforth FCO], Kew Gardens.

⁸⁵ Report by É. Noël, La Roche, 17 Sept., EN 48.

⁸⁶ Meeting of COREPER, Brussels, 22 Mar. 1978, MWE04/8, 63D, FCO 30/3874.

⁸⁷ Meeting of European Council, Copenhagen, 8 Apr. 1978, MWE021/2, 256, FCO 30/3862.

⁸⁸ Note by G. Exarxos, Brussels, 7 Jan. 1978, CKP 0178.

⁸⁹ Kalypso Nicolaidis and Rachel Kleinfeld, ‘Rethinking Europe's Rule of Law and Enlargement Agenda: The Fundamental Dilemma’, Jean Monnet Working Paper, 12 Dec. 2012, 1–93.