Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T05:02:47.616Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Attachment and behavior problems in middle childhood as reported by adult and child informants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2006

ELLEN MOSS
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal
NICOLE SMOLLA
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal Riviere-des-Prairies Hospital
CHANTAL CYR
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal
KARINE DUBOIS-COMTOIS
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal
TANIA MAZZARELLO
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal
CLAUDE BERTHIAUME
Affiliation:
Riviere-des-Prairies Hospital

Abstract

The predictive relation between attachment and mother, teacher, and self-reported psychopathology was examined for a diverse socioeconomic status French Canadian sample of 96 children. Attachment classifications were assigned on the basis of reunion behavior with mother when the children were approximately 6 years old, and child problem behavior was assessed 2 years later using the Child Behavior Checklist (mother report), the Social Behavior Questionaire (teacher report), and the Dominic Questionnaire (child self-report). Results indicated that both insecure/ambivalent and insecure/controlling children children were rated higher than secure children on a composite measure of externalizing problems. Concerning internalizing problems, only the controlling group was significantly higher on both a composite adult (teacher and mother) and self-report measure of internalizing problems. Analyses of clinical cutoff scores showed that only the controlling group had a significantly greater likelihood of overall problem behavior than other children.This research was supported by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and from the Conseil Quebecois pour la Recherche Sociale. We thank Jean Bégin and Elina Alexandrov for their invaluable assistance in the research project.

Type
REGULAR ARTICLE
Copyright
2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46, 82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. P., & Land, D. (1999). Attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 319335). New York: Guilford Press.
Allen, J. P., Moore, C., Kuperminc, G., & Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 69, 14061419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anan, R. M., & Barnett, D. (1999). Perceived social support mediates between prior attachment and subsequent adjustment: A study of urban African American children. Developmental Psychology, 35, 12101222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angold, A., Weissman, M. M., John, K., Merikangas, K. R., Prusoff, B. A., Wickramaratne, P., et al. (1987). Parent and child reports of depressive symptoms in children at low and high risk of depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 901915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Haim, Y., Sutton, B., Fox, N., & Marvin, R. (2000). Stability and change of attachment at 14, 24, and 58 months of age: Behavior, representation, and life events, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 381388.Google Scholar
Barrett, M. L., Berney, T. P., Bhate, S., Famuyiwa, O. O., Fundudis, T., Kovin, I., et al. (1991). Diagnosing childhood depression: Who should be interviewed—Parent or child? The Newcastle Child Depression Project. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 2227.Google Scholar
Bates, J. E., & Bayles, K. (1988). Attachment and the development of behavior problems. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment. Child psychology (pp. 253299). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Behar, L., & Stringfield, S. (1974). A behavior rating scale for the preschool. Developmental Psychology, 10, 601610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, J., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2002). Infant–mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: A moderational analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 293310.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Hsieh, K.-H., & Crinic, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3 years: Differential susceptibility to rearing experience? Development and Psychopathology, 10, 301319.Google Scholar
Bergeron, L., Breton, J. J., & Valla, J. P. (1993). Enquête québécoise sur la santé mentale des jeunes. Montréal: Santé Québec.
Booth, C. L., Rubin, K. H., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (1998). Perceptions of emotional support from mother and friend in middle childhood: Links with social-emotional adaptation and preschool attachment security. Child Development, 69, 427442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 664678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breton, J. J., Bergeron, L., Valla, J. P., Berthiaume, C., & Gaudet, N. (1999). Quebec Child Mental Health Survey: Prevalence of DSM-III-R mental health disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 375384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., & Schwab-Stone, M. (1996). Discrepancies among mother, child, and teacher reports: Examining the contributions of maternal depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 749765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, K. B., Marshall, P. J., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2003). Infant attachment and temperament as predictors of subsequent externalizing problems and cardiac physiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 819831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69, 11071128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995). Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods. Wiley series on personality processes (pp. 581617). New York: Wiley.
Cassidy, J. (1988). Child–mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child Development, 59, 121134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J., & Kobak, R. (1988). Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment: Child psychology (pp. 300323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chambers, W. J., Puig-Antich, J., Hirsh, M., Paez, P., Ambrosini, P. J., Tabrizi, M. A., et al. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 696702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991). Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 397411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Lynch, M. (1995). Bowlby's dream comes full circle: The application of attachment theory to risk and psychopathology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, D. A. (1990). Child–mother attachment of six-year-olds and social competence at school. Child Development, 61, 152162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conners, C. K. (1973). Rating scales for use in drug studies with children. Psychopharmacology Bulletin: Pharmacotherapy with Children, 9, 2484.Google Scholar
Costello, E., Angold, A., Burns, B., Stangl, D. K., Tweed, D. L., Erkanli, A., et al. (1996). The Great Smoky Mountains Study of youth: Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 11291136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, E., Costello, A., Edelbrock, C., Burns, B., Dulcan, M. K., Brent, D., et al. (1988). Psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 11071116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, E., & Edelbrock, C. (1985). Detection of psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care: A preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 771774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Quality of attachment in the preschool years. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 209241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterbrooks, M. A., & Abeles, R. (2000). Windows to the self in 8-year-olds: Bridges to attachment representation and behavioral adjustment. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 85106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterbrooks, A. M., Davidson, E. E., & Chazan, R. (1993). Psychosocial risk, attachment, and behavior problems among school-aged children. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 389402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelbrock, C., Costello, A., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R., & Conover, N. (1985). Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child. Child Development, 56, 265275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and be havior problems in a preschool high-risk sample. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagot, B. I., & Pears, K. C. (1996). Changes in attachment during the third year: Consequences and predictions. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 325344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, S., Gotowiec, A., & Simmons, R. J. (1995). Infant–mother attachment and behavior problems in healthy and chronically ill preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 267282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldwasser, M. A., & Fitzmaurice, G. M. (2001). Multivariate linear regression analysis of childhood psychopathology using multiple informant data. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 10, 110.Google Scholar
Goldwyn, R., Stanley, C., Smith, V., & Green, J. (2000). The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: Relationship with parental AAI, SAT and child behaviour. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 7184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 469496). New York: Guilford Press.
Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., & DeKlyen, M. (1993). The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 191213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, M. A., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Endriga, M. C. (1991). Attachment security in preschoolers with and without externalizing problems: A replication. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 413430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howes, C., & Hamilton, C. (1992). Children's relationships with child care teachers: Stability and concordance with parental attachments. Child Development, 63, 467878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymel, S., Rubin, K. H., Rowden, L., & Le Mare, L. (1990). Children's peer relationships: Longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle to late childhood. Child Development, 61, 20042021.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, T., Edelstein, W., & Hoffman, V. (1994). A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 112124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobvitz, D., & Hazen, N. (1999). Developmental pathways from infant disorganization to childhood peer relationships. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (pp. 127159). New York: Guilford Press.
Jensen, P. S., Traylor, J., Xenakis, S. N., & Davis, H. (1988). Child psychopathology rating scales and interrater agreement: I. Parents' gender and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 442450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, T., Spieker, S., & Gilchrist, L. (2006). Patterns of risk and trajectories of preschool problem behaviors: A person-oriented analysis of attachment in context. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. (1996). Peer relationships and preadolescents' perceptions of security in the child–mother relationship. Developmental Psychology, 32, 457466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerns, K. A., Tomich, P. L., Aspelmeier, J. E., & Contreras, J. M. (2000). Attachment-based assessments of parent–child relationships in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 36, 614626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobak, R., & Cole, H. (1994). Attachment and meta-monitoring: Implications for adolescent autonomy and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Disorders and dysfunctions of the self. Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 5, pp. 267297). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
LaFreniere, P. J., Dumas, J. E., Capuano, F., & Dubeau, D. (1992). Development and validation of the Preschool Socioaffective Profile. Psychological Assessment, 4, 442450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclerc, M., & Lepage, H. (2000). Portrait du Québec et des régions administratives: Scolarité, travail et mobilité. L'Écostat, March, 816.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, L. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64, 572585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Easterbrooks, A., & Cibelli, C. (1997). Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: Predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7. Developmental Psychology, 33, 681692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M. (1995). Recent studies in attachment: Overview, with selected implications for clinical work. In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives (pp. 407474). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age six: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 415526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., Booth, C. L., Clarke-Stewart, A., & Vandell, D. L. (2004). Testing a maternal attachment model of behaviour problems in early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 765778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E., Cyr, C., Bureau, J.-F., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Dubois-Comtois, K. (2005). Stability of attachment during the preschool period. Developmental Psychology, 41, 773783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Dubois-Comtois, K. (2004). Attachment at early school-age and developmental risk: Examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling-caregiving, controlling-punitive and behaviorally-disorganized children. Developmental Psychology, 40, 519532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E., Parent, S., Gosselin, C., Rousseau, D., & St-Laurent, D. (1996). Attachment and teacher-reported behavior problems during the preschool and early school-age period. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 511525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., St-Laurent, D., & Saintonge, J. (1998). Correlates of attachment at school-age: Mother–child interaction, maternal self-reports, and teacher-reported behavior problems. Child Development, 69, 13901405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E., & St-Laurent, D. (2001). Attachment at school age and academic performance. Developmental Psychology, 37, 863874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, E., St-Laurent, D., & Parent, S. (1999). Disorganized attachment and developmental risk at school age. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disoganization (pp. 160187). New York: Guilford Press.
Munson, J. A., McMahon, R. J., & Spieker, S. J. (2001). Structure and variability in the developmental trajectory of children's externalizing problems: Impact of infant attachment, maternal depressive symptomatology, and child sex. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 277296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457492.Google Scholar
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). Affect dysregulation in the mother–child relationship in the toddler years: Antecedents and consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 4368.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, D., Sagi, A., & Lamb, M. (1988). Infant–adult attachments on the kibbutz and their relation to socioemotional development 4 years later. Developmental Psychology, 24, 427433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orvaschel, H., & Puig-Antich, J. (1987). Schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia for school-age children. Epidemiologic version (Kiddie-SADS-E; 4th ed.). Pittsburgh, PA: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic.
Pierrehumbert, B., Miljkovitch, R., Plancherel, B., Halfon, O., & Ansermet, F. (2000). Attachment and temperament in early childhood: Implications for later behavior problems. Infant and Child Development, 9, 1732.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renken, B., Egeland, B., Marvinney, D., Mangelsdorf, S., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Early childhood antecedents of aggression and passive-withdrawal in early elementary school. Journal of Personality, 57, 257281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. (1967). A children's behavior questionnaire for completion by teachers: Preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 111.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1995). Clinical implications of attachment concepts: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 549571.Google Scholar
Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Kollmar, F. (1998). Discrepancies between mothers' and fathers' perceptions of sons' and daughters' problem behaviour: A longitudinal analysis of parent–adolescent agreement on internalising and externalising problem behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 687697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., Vondra, J. I., Delliquadri, E., & Giovanelli, J. (1997). Antecedents of preschool children's internalizing problems: A longitudinal study of low-income families. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 17601767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, D., Owens, E., Vondra, J., & Keenan, K. (1996). Early risk factors and pathways in the development of early disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 679699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, J., George, C., & De Jong, A. (1995). Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 447463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speltz, M. L., Greenberg, M. T., & DeKlyen, M. (1990). Attachment in preschoolers with disruptive behavior: A comparison of clinic-referred and nonproblem children. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 3146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Fox, N., & Pancake, V. (1983). Attachment and dependency in developmental perspective. Child Development, 54, 16151627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson-Hinde, J., & Shouldice, A. (1995). Maternal interactions and self-reports related to attachment classifications at 4.5 years. Child Development, 66, 583596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suess, G., Grossmann, K. E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organization of self. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 4365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teti, D. M. (1999). Conceptualizations of disorganization in the preschool years: An integration. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (pp. 213242). New York: Guilford Press.
Teti, D. M., & Ablard, K. E. (1990). Security of attachment and infant-sibling relationships: A laboratory study. Child Development, 60, 15191528.Google Scholar
Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1996). Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 3241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremblay, R., Vitaro, F., Gagnon, C., Piché, C., & Royer, N. (1992). A prosocial scale for the preschool behaviour questionnaire: Concurrent and predictive correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 227245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troy, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1987). Victimization among preschoolers: The role of attachment relationship history. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 26, 166172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valla, J.-P., Bergeron, L., Bérubé, H., Gaudet, N., & St-Georges, M. (1994). A structured pictorial questionnaire to assess DSM-III-R-based diagnoses in children (6-11 years): Development, validity and reliability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 403423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velez, C. N., Johnson, J., & Cohen, P. (1989). A longitudinal analysis of selected risk factors for childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 861864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verschueren, K., & Marcoen, A. (1999). Representation of the self and socioemotional competence in kindergartners: Differential and combined effects of attachment to mother and to father. Child Development, 70, 183201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verschueren, K., Marcoen, A., & Schoefs, V. (1996). The internal working model of the self, attachment and competence in five-year-olds. Child Development, 67, 24932511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitaro, F., Gagnon, C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1991). Teachers' and mothers' assessment of children's behaviors from kindergarten to grade two: Stability and change within and across informant. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13, 325343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wartner, U. G., Grossmann, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Suess, G. (1994). Attachment patterns at age six in South Germany: Predictability from infancy and implications for preschool behavior. Child Development, 65, 10141027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weir, K., & Duveen, G. (1981). Further development and validation of the prosocial behaviour questionnaire for use by teachers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 357374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Wichramaratne, P., Warner, V., John, K., Prusoff, B. A., Merikangas, K. R., et al. (1987). Assessing psychiatric disorders in children. Discrepancies between mothers' and children's reports. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 747753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngstrom, E., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2000). Patterns and correlates of agreement between parent, teacher, and male adolescent ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 10381050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar