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Two prospective studies of changes in stress generation across depressive episodes in adolescents and emerging adults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2014

Matthew C. Morris ,
Chrystyna D. Kouros ,
Natalie Hellman ,
Uma Rao  and
Judy Garber
Matthew C. Morris*
Affiliation:
Meharry Medical College
Chrystyna D. Kouros
Affiliation:
Southern Methodist University
Natalie Hellman
Affiliation:
Meharry Medical College
Uma Rao
Affiliation:
Meharry Medical College Vanderbilt University
Judy Garber
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Matthew C. Morris, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208; E-mail: mmorris@mmc.edu.
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Abstract

The stress generation hypothesis was tested in two different longitudinal studies examining relations between weekly depression symptom ratings and stress levels in adolescents and emerging adults at varied risk for depression. The participants in Study 1 included 240 adolescents who differed with regard to their mothers' history of depressive disorders. Youth were assessed annually across 6 years (Grades 6–12). Consistent with the depression autonomy model, higher numbers of prior major depressive episodes (MDEs) were associated with weaker stress generation effects, such that higher levels of depressive symptoms predicted increases in levels of dependent stressors for adolescents with two or more prior MDEs, but depressive symptoms were not significantly related to dependent stress levels for youth with three or more prior MDEs. In Study 2, the participants were 32 remitted-depressed and 36 never-depressed young adults who completed a psychosocial stress task to determine cortisol reactivity and were reassessed for depression and stress approximately 8 months later. Stress generation effects were moderated by cortisol responses to a laboratory psychosocial stressor, such that individuals with higher cortisol responses exhibited a pattern consistent with the depression autonomy model, whereas individuals with lower cortisol responses showed a pattern more consistent with the depression sensitization model. Finally, comparing across the two samples, stress generation effects were weaker for older participants and for those with more prior MDEs. The complex, multifactorial relation between stress and depression is discussed.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 26 , Special Issue 4pt2: Multilevel Developmental Perspectives Toward Understanding Internalizing Psychopathology: Current Research and Future Directions , November 2014 , pp. 1385 - 1400
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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