Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:14:26.281Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Developing a Valid and Reliable Gender Analysis Tool Applied in Disaster Management: A Community-Based Survey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2020

Sanaz Sohrabizadeh ,
Hamid Reza Shabanikiya ,
Amir Kavousi  and
Hamid Safarpour
Sanaz Sohrabizadeh*
Affiliation:
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hamid Reza Shabanikiya
Affiliation:
Department of Management Sciences and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Amir Kavousi
Affiliation:
Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hamid Safarpour
Affiliation:
Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Sanaz Sohrabizadeh, Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: sohrabizadeh@sbmu.ac.ir; ssohrabizadeh@gmail.com)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives:

Women and men are assigned roles and responsibilities based on their gender in all contexts. Measuring gender-based differences through gender analysis can help understand who will be at greater risk in disasters. Thus, the present study is aimed to develop a valid and reliable gender analysis tool to collect accurate and necessary gender-disaggregated information in disaster-affected regions.

Methods:

A mix method approach using qualitative and quantitative studies was applied for conducting this study. A total of 20 people affected by the earthquakes and floods and 10 key informants were interviewed in the qualitative stage. The validity and reliability of the tool were measured using the experts as well as women and men living in the destroyed villages of Razavi Khorasan province during the quantitative stage. The Graneheim approach and SPSS software were used to analyze the data collected in both stages.

Results:

At the first stage, 7 categories were extracted from the data, namely, livelihood status, social status, health, household/family management, reconstruction, welfare and educational facilities, and disaster prevention. The results of content validity ratio (0.69) and content validity index (0.88) confirmed that the tool is valid. The amount of Cronbach’s alpha (0.75) and test-retest (0.83) examination indicated that the tool was also reliable. The results of content validity and reliability measurements approved that the gender analysis tool can be applied for postdisaster gender analysis surveys.

Conclusions:

It is highly suggested to use the information provided by the gender analysis tool for future disaster management plans, programs, and policies in health systems.

Keywords

disastersgender analysishealthIran
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , August 2021 , pp. 442 - 451
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Sohrabizadeh, S. Women’s status in disasters: a gap between experts’ desk and affected fields of Iran. J Emerg Manag. 2017;15(2):77-80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginige, K, Amaratunga, D, Haigh, R. Mainstreaming gender in disaster reduction: why and how? Disaster Prev Manag. 2009;18(1):23-34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Office for Disaster Rsik Reduction. 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; 2009, 30 pages. https://www.undrr.org/publication/2009-unisdr-terminology-disaster-risk-reduction. Accessed March 3, 2020.Google Scholar
Sohrabizadeh, S. The neglect of women’s capacities in disaster management systems in Iran: a qualitative study. Indian J Gend Stud. 2016;23(3):467-480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sohrabizadeh, S, Rahimi, A. Men’s health and livelihood status in disasters: a qualitative field study in eastern Azerbaijan, Bushehr, and Mazandaran Provinces in Iran. Health Scope. 2017;6(4):e62155.Google Scholar
Doppler, JV. Gender and Tsunami: Vulnerability and Coping of Sinhalese Widows and Widowers on the South-West Coast of Sri Lanca. Vienna, Austria: University of Vienna; 2009.Google Scholar
Li, X, Tan, H, Li, S, et al. Years of potential life lost in residents affected by floods in Hunan, China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(3):299-304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enarson, E, Fothergill, A, Peek, L. Gender and Disaster: Foundations and Directions. Handbook of Disaster Research. Berlin: Springer; 2007:130-146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, C, Smyth, I, Mukhopadhyay, M. A Guide to Gender Analysis Framework. Oxford, UK: Oxfam GB; 2005.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E, Plümper, T. The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981-2002. Ann Assoc Am Geogr. 2007;97(3):551–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, HG, Pritchett, J. Religion and Psychotherapy. Handbook of Religion and Mental Health. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998:323-336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, MB. Understanding the disaster-development continuum: gender analysis is the essential tool. Gend Dev. 1994;2(1):7-10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sohrabizadeh, S, Tourani, S, Khankeh, HR. The gender analysis tools applied in natural disasters management: a systematic literature review. PLoS Curr. 2014;6: pii: ecurrents.dis.5e98b6ce04a3f5f314a8462f60970aef. Accessed March 1, 2020.Google ScholarPubMed
Morgan, R, George, A, Ssali, S, et al. How to do (or not to do)… gender analysis in health systems research. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(8):1069-1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aboobacker, NP, Nakray, K. Gender Mainstreaming in Disaster Management Policies: Indicators to Mitigate Vulnerability of Women. Paper presented at the Conference on Rethinking Development in an Age of Scarcity and Uncertainty. University of York. 2011.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, S. Socio-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Gender Analysis. United Nations Publications, 2004. https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/5596. Accessed March 3, 2020.Google Scholar
Deare, F. A Methodological Approach to Gender Analysis in Natural Disaster Assessment: A Guide for the Caribbean. United Nations Publications, 2004. https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/5598. Accessed March 3, 2020.Google Scholar
Rozan. Checklist to Facilitate Gender Sensitivity of Relief and Reconstruction Efforts for Survivors of the Earthquake in Pakistan. Vancouver: University of British Columbia; 2006.Google Scholar
Enarson, E. Gender-Aware Disaster Practice: A Self-Assessment Tool for Disaster Responding Agencies. Disaster Preparedness Resources Centre, University of British Columbia. 1999. https://studylib.net/doc/7363041/gender-aware-disaster-practice. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Gender considerations in disaster assessment. 2005. https://www.who.int/gender/gwhdisasterassessment2.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Kimberlin, CL, Winterstein, AG. Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. Am J Health System Pharm. 2008;65(23):2276-2284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rattray, J, Jones, MC. Essential elements of questionnaire design and development. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(2):234-243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNISDR. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Geneva: UNISDR; 2015.Google Scholar
United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: United Nations; 2015.Google Scholar
Sohrabizadeh, S, Tourani, S, Khankeh, HR. Exploring Gender Analysis Factors in Disaster Risk Management of Iran [PhD Dissertation]. Iran: University of Medical Sciences; 2013.Google Scholar
Sohrabizadeh, S, Jahangiri, K, Jazani, RK. Religiosity, gender, and natural disasters: a qualitative study of disaster-stricken regions in Iran. J Relig Health. 2018;57:807-820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sohrabizadeh, S, Tourani, P, Kankeh, HR. Women and health consequences of natural disasters: challenge or opportunity? Women Health. 2016;56(8):977-993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Site Report of Fariman Earthquake in Razavi-Khorasan Province in Iran. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad, Iran. 2017. [In Persian] https://v-health.mums.ac.ir/index.php/m002/m1040. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Graneheim, UH, Lundman, B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105-112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zara, C, Parkinson, D, Duncan, A, et al. Men and disaster: men’s experiences of the black Saturday bushfires and the aftermath. Aust J Emerg Manag. 2016;31(3):40.Google Scholar
Birks, L, Powell, C, Hatfield, J. Adapting the capacities and vulnerabilities approach: a gender analysis tool. Health Promot Int. 2016;32(6):930-941.Google Scholar
Enarson, E. Through women’s eyes: a gendered research agenda for disaster social science. Disasters. 1998;22(2):157-173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fordham, MH. Making women visible in disasters: problematising the private domain. Disasters. 1998;22(2):126-143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, M. Women Confronting Natural Disaster: From Vulnerability to Resilience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2012.Google Scholar
Solar, O, Irwin, A. A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: WHO; 2010.Google Scholar
Mehrdad, R. Health system in Iran. JMAJ. 2009;52(1):69-73.Google Scholar