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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 July 2008
Scripture refers to an ‘informer’ in the story of the rich man who had a steward, and was told that he was mismanaging his master's resources (Luke 16: 1ff). The Vulgate has hic diffamatus est apud ilium. We hear nothing more about the informer in this parable, or what became of him. He is not reproached for his action.
1 The question of bearing false witness against one's neighbour, forbidden by the commandment (Exodus 20: 16), belongs to a different area, for the informer may very well be telling the truth. On the issue of propriety in a witness, and all the formal restrictions which attach to his acceptability in a court, the mediaeval texts have a great deal to say. but for reasons of space that must form the subject of a different study.
2 Digest 48.16.6.3 (Paul). Cf. Code 9.2.7, falsis necne notoriis may be closer to the mediaeval notorius. Gratian has notorius twice, but of the offence not the person, cf. Causa 2.6.41 (titulus); Causa 2.1.1.
3 By the early fourteenth century. It appears at the Council of Pisa in 1409. Latham has it in 1280 (Revised Medieval Latin Wordlist).
4 Pólay, Elemér, Iniuria Types in Roman Law (Budapest, 1986).Google Scholar
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6 But loss of position or standing in mediaeval societies was a more complex matter, for arguably, even if everyone thought less well of him afterwards, the miscreant might remain—and mostly would remain— whoever he was before in terms of rank and possessions.
7 E.g. Tertullian Ad nationes I.vii, p. 17.
8 Marius Victorinus, De Definitionibus, p. 10. Cf. Augustine, Letters 86, CSEL.34.2, p. 396.
9 Chromatius of Aquilegia, Tractatus 47, CCSL 9A.
10 Augustine, De Moribus Ecclesiae Catholicae et Manichaeorum, I, PL 32.1321.
11 Summa ‘Elegantius’, vol. 2, p. 66.Google Scholar
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13 Summa ‘Elegantius’, vol. 2, p. 51.Google Scholar
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16 Gregory the Great, Regula pastoralis III.31, PL 77.113.
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18 Fourth Lateran Council, Canon 8.
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21 Decretal Inquisitionis Negotium of 1212. Gregory IX. Decretals. X.5.1.21.
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26 In manifestis enim calliditate accusantium non opprimitur reus, nec tergiversatione proprium crimen celatur quum culpa sua oculis omnium sponte se ingerat. atque ideo institutes est. ut nec innocentia insidiis pateret adversantium. nec culpa delinquentium sententiam effugeret justi examinis: Gratian. Decretum. II.2 q.l.15 ff., PL 187.590–1. and Friedberg. Vol. I.
27 He comments: hoc autem servandum est quando reum publica fama non vexat. Tunc enim auctoritate eiusdem Gregorii proprer scandalum removendum, famam suam reum purgare oportet. Gratian, Decretum, II.vii.q.5.2, PL 187.742 and Friedberg, vol. I.
28 Gratian, Rubric to Causa 2 q.1.c.1.
29 Summa ‘Elegantius’, vol. 2, p. 54Google Scholar. See, too, Fraher (note 26 above), p. 499.
30 Fraher, op. cit., p. 499, discusses this eventuality.
31 Summa ‘Elegantius’, vol. 2, p. 54.Google Scholar
32 Summa ‘Elegantius’, vol. 2, p. 54.Google Scholar
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35 Burchard of Worms, Decreta, xvi. 18, PL 140.912.
36 Gregory IX, Decretals V.I.8.
37 De Ordo Invocato Christi Nomine, ed. Wahrmund, , Quellen Vi (1931). p. 69.Google Scholar
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44 Summa ‘Elegantius in iure divino’, V (27) ed. G. Fransen and S. Kuttner. Monunenta Iuris Canonici. Series A: Corpus glossatorum, 1. Vol. 2, p. 64.
45 Theodosian Code 9.38.3 (398 AD). This notion reappears in the twelfth century, for example in the Summa ‘Elegantius’, where it is asked whether fresh allegations ought to be accepted after sentence has been pronounced: Part VII. 2a. p. 153.
46 Burchard of Worms. Decreta, xvi. 9. PL 140.911.
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65 Clement V, V. 11.2. Johanes de Lignano's text is edited by Wahrmund, Quellen, IV.vi.
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