Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:27:19.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physicochemical analysis of acid–base status during recovery from high-intensity exercise in Standardbred racehorses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Amanda Waller  and
Michael I Lindinger
Amanda Waller*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
Michael I Lindinger
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
*
*awaller@uoguelph.ca
Get access

Abstract

The present study used the physicochemical approach to characterize the changes in acid–base status that occur in Standardbred racehorses during recovery from high-intensity exercise. Jugular venous blood was sampled from nine Standardbreds in racing condition, at rest and for 2 h following a high-intensity training workout. Plasma [H+] increased from 39.1±1.0 neq l−1 at rest to 44.8±2.7 neq l−1 at 1 min of recovery. A decreased strong ion difference ([SID]) was the primary contributor to the increased [H+] immediately at the end of exercise, while increased plasma weak ion concentration ([Atot]) was a minor contributor to the acidosis. A decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) at 1 min of recovery had a slight alkalinizing effect. The decreased [SID] at 1 min of recovery was a result of a 15.1±3.1 meq l−1 increase in [lactate−], as [Na+] and [K+] were also increased by 6.5±0.7 and 1.14±0.06 meq l−1, respectively, at 1 min of recovery. It is concluded that high-intensity exercise and recovery is associated with significant changes in acid–base balance, and that full recovery of many parameters that determine acid–base status requires 60–120 min.

Keywords

equinelactatepHH+physicochemical approachacidosisstrong ion difference
Type
Research Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , May 2005 , pp. 119 - 127
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Krzywanek, H, Milne, DWGabel, AA and Smith, LG (1976). Acid–base values of Standardbred horses recovering from strenuous exercise. American Journal of Veterinary Research 37: 291–294.Google ScholarPubMed
2Parks, CM and Manohar, M (1984). Blood-gas tensions and acid–base status in ponies during treadmill exercise. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 15–19.Google ScholarPubMed
3Taylor, LE, Ferrante, PL, Wilson, JA and Kronfeld, DS (1995). Arterial and mixed venous acid-base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 18: 326–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Harris, PH and Snow, DH (1988). The effects of high intensity exercise on the plasma concentration of lactate, potassium and other electrolytes. Equine Veterinary Journal 20: 109–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Lindinger, MI, Geor, RJ, Ecker, GL and McCutcheon, LJ (1995). Plasma volume and ions during exercise in cool, dry; hot, dry; and hot, humid conditions. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 20: 133–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Lindinger, MI, McCutcheon, LJ, Ecker, GL and Geor, RJ (2000). Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na+ content during exercise in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 88: 1006–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Lindinger, MI, Heigenhauser, GJF, McKelvie, RS and Jones, NL (1992). Blood ion regulation during repeated maximal exercise and recovery in humans. American Journal of Physiology 262: R126–R136.Google ScholarPubMed
8Forster, HV, Murphy, CL, Brice, AG, Pan, LG and Lowry, TF (1990). Plasma [H+ ] regulation and whole blood [CO2] in exercising ponies. Journal of Applied Physiology 68: 309–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Aguilera-Tejero, E, Estepa, JC, Lopez, I, Bas, S, Mayer-Valor, R and Rodriguez, M (2000). Quantitative analysis of acid–base balance in show jumpers before and after exercise. Research in Veterinary Science 68: 103–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Rose, RJ, Ilkiw, JE and Martin, ICA (1979). Blood-gas, acid-base and haematological values in horses during an endurance ride. Equine Veterinary Journal 11: 56–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Stewart, PA (1983). Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacolgy 61: 1441–1461.Google ScholarPubMed
12Lindinger, MI (2004). Acid–base physiology during exercise and in response to training. In: Hinchcliff,, KW, Kaneps, AJ & Geor, RJ (eds), Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Basic and Clinical Sciences of the Athletic Horse. New York: Elsevier, pp. 586–611.Google Scholar
13Miller, BF, Lindinger, MI, Fattor, JA, Jacobs, KA, LeBlanc, PJ, Duong, M et al. (2005). Hematological and acid–base changes in men during prolonged exercise with and without sodium-lactate infusion. Journal of Applied Physiology 98: 856–865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Waller, AP and Lindinger, MI (2005). Time course and magnitude of changes in fluid and electrolyte shifts during recovery from high intensity exercise in Standardbred racehorses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology (submitted).Google Scholar
15Constable, PD (1997). A simplified strong ion model for acid–base equilibria: application to horse plasma. Journal of Applied Physiology 83: 297–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Stämpfli, HR, Misiaszek, S, Lumsden, JH, Carlson, GP and Heigenhauser, GJ (1999). Weak acid-concentration A tot and dissociation constant K a of plasma proteins in racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 438–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Vander, A, Sherman, J and Luciano, D (1998). Respiration. In: Kane,, K, Tibbetts, K and Rossman, B (eds), The Mechanisms of Body Function. WCB McGraw Hill, pp. 461–497.Google Scholar
18Taylor, LE, Ferrante, PL, Kronfeld, DS and Meacham, TN (1995). Acid–base variables during incremental exercise in sprint-trained horses fed a high fat diet. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2009–2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Taylor, LE, Kronfeld, DS, Ferrante, PL, Wilson, JA and Tiegs, W (1998). Blood-gas measurements adjusted for temperature at three sites during incremental exercise in the horse. Journal of Applied Physiology 85: 1030–1036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Fenger, CK, McKeever, KH, Hinchcliff, KW and Kohn, CW (2000). Determinants of oxygen delivery and hemoglobin saturation during incremental exercise in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 1325–1332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Barrey, E and Valette, JP (1992). Measurement of heart rate, blood lactate, and hematological parameters during show jumping competitions ranging from regional to international level. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Association of Equine Sports Medicine. Foreman, J (ed.), Santa Barbara, CA: Veterinary Practice Publishing Company, pp. 51–56.Google Scholar
22Asheim, A, Knudsen, O, Lindholm, A, Rulcker, C and Saltin, B (1970). Heart rates and blood lactate concentrations in Standardbred horses during training and racing. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157: 304–312.Google ScholarPubMed
23Bayly, WM, Grant, BD and Pearson, RC (1987). Lactate concentrations in Thoroughbred horses following maximal exercise under field conditions. In: Gillespie, JR & Robinson, NE (eds), Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, CA: ICEEP Publications, pp. 426–437.Google Scholar
24Geor, RJ, Weiss, DJ and Smith, CM (1994). Hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in Thoroughbreds. American Journal of Veterinary Research 55: 854–861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25McKelvie, RS, Lindinger, MI, Heigenhauser, GJF and Jones, NL (1991). Contribution of erythrocytes to the control of the electrolyte changes of exercise. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69: 984–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Lindinger, MI and Grudzien, SP (2003). Exercise-induced changes in plasma composition increase erythrocyte Na+, K+ -ATPase, but not Na+ – K+ – 2Cl- cotransporter, activity to stimulate net and unidirectional K+ transport in humans. Journal of Physiology 15: 987–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Spriet, LL, Lindinger, MI, McKelvie, RS, Heigenhauser, GJ and Jones, NL (1989). Muscle glycogenolysis and H+ concentration during maximal intermittent cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology 66: 8–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Persson, SGB and Ullberg, LE (1974). Blood volume in relation to exercise tolerance in trotters. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 45: 293.Google Scholar
29Harris, P and Snow, DH (1992). Plasma potassium and lactate concentrations in Thoroughbred horses during exercise of varying intensity. Equine Veterinary Journal 23: 220–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Lindinger, MI and Heingenhauser, GJF (1988). Ion fluxes during titanic stimulation in the isolated perfused rat hindlimb. American Journal of Physiology 254: R117–R126.Google Scholar
31Gosmanov, AR, Lindinger, MI and Thomason, DB (2003). Riding the tides: K+ concentration and volume regulation by muscle Na+ -K+ -2Cl - cotransport activity. News in Physiological Sciences 18: 196–200.Google ScholarPubMed
32Sjogaard, G, Adams, RP and Saltin, B (1985). Water and ion shifts in skeletal muscle of humans with intense dynamic knee extension. American Journal of Physiology 248: R190–R196.Google ScholarPubMed
33Lindinger, MI, Spriet, LL, Hultman, E, Putman, T, McKelvie, RS, Lands, LC et al. (1994). Plasma volume and ion regulation during exercise after low- and high-carbohydrate diets. American Journal of Physiology 266: R1896–R1906.Google ScholarPubMed
34Lindinger, MI, Heigenhauser, GJF and McKelvie, RS (1995). K+ and Lac - distribution in humans during and after high-intensity exercise: role in muscle fatigue attenuation? Journal of Applied Physiology 78: 765–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Lindinger, MI and Sjogaard, G (1991). Potassium regulation during exercise and recovery. Sports Medicine 11: 382–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Kronfeld, DS, Ferrante, PL, Taylor, LE and Tiegs, W (1999). Partition of plasma hydrogen ion concentration changes during repeated sprints. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 380–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Clausen, T (1992). Potassium and sodium transport and pH regulation. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Supplement 70: S219–S222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Anderson, JW and Jennings, DB (1988). Osmolality, NaCl dietary intake, and regulation of ventilation by CO2. American Journal of Physiology 255: R105–R112.Google ScholarPubMed
39Pan, LG, Forster, HV, Bisgard, GE, Kaminski, RP, Dorsey, SM and Busch, MA (1983). Hyperventilation in ponies at the onset of and during steady-state exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 54: 1394–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Weinstein, Y, Magazanik, A, Grodjinovsky, A, Inbar, O, Dlin, RA and Stewart, PA (1991). Reexamination of Stewart's quantitative analysis of acid–base status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23: 1270–1275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed