Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:25:57.287Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Land Ethic: A New Philosophy for International Relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2012

John Barkdull  and
Paul G. Harris
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment brought world leaders together for the first time to discuss the environmental challenge. Since Stockholm, environmental diplomacy has addressed many issues, with varying results. Some success has been achieved, but in general the record shows the inadequacy of international cooperation to meet the environmental challenge.

Type
Articles
Information
Ethics & International Affairs , Volume 12 , March 1998 , pp. 159 - 177
Copyright
Copyright © Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Leopold, Aldo, A Sand County Almanac and Sketches from Here and There (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949Google Scholar; special commemorative edition, 1987). Leopold was a forester, ecologist, conservationist, and environmental philosopher.

2 Robert Finch, “Introduction,” in Leopold, Sand County Almanac, p. xv.

3 Golley, Frank B., “Grounding Environmental Ethics in Ecological Science,” in Ethics and Environmental Policy: Theory Meets Practice, edited by Ferre, Frank and Hartel, Peter (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994), pp. 9–10Google Scholar.

4 Homer-Dixon, Thomas, “On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict,” International Security 16 (Fall 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Brown, Lester R., “Nature's Limits,” in State of the World 1996, edited by Brown, (New York: W. W Norton & Company, 1996)Google Scholar; Brown, Lester R., “The Acceleration of History,” in Vital Signs: Tin Environmental Trends That Are Shaping Our Future, edited by Brown, , Lenssen, Nicholas, and Ram, Hal (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995)Google Scholar.

6 Abramovitz, Janet N., “Ecosystem Conversion Spreads,” in Vital Signs: The Environmental Trend: That Are Shaping Our Future, edited by Brown, Lester R., Renner, Michael, and Flavin, Christopher (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997)Google Scholar.

7 Harris, Paul G., “Considerations of Equity and International Environmental Institutions,” Environmental Politics 5 (Summer 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Weiss, Edith Brown, “Intergenerational Equity: Toward an International Legal Framework,” in Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses, edited by Choucri, Nazli (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995)Google Scholar.

8 Stan Rowe, J., “From Reductionism to Holism in Ecology and Deep Ecology,” Ecologist 27 (1997), p. 149Google Scholar.

9 Elizabeth Dodson Gray, “Come Inside the Circle of Creation: The Ethic of Attunement,” in Ethics and Environmental Policy, p. 22.

10 Leopold, Sand County Almanac, p. 204.

11 Zimmerman, Michael E., Callicott, J. Baird, Sessions, George, Warren, Karen J., and Clark, John, eds., Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1993)Google Scholar; Tobias, Michael, ed., Deep Ecology (San Diego: Avant Books, 1985)Google Scholar.

12 Leopold, Sand County Almanac, p. 224.

13 Ibid., p. 204.

14 Ibid., p. 214.

15 Callicott, J. Baird, In Defense of the Land Ethic (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

16 Ibid., p. 80.

17 Ibid., p. 81.

18 Leopold, Sand County Almanac, pp. 203–4.

19 Ibid., p. 109.

20 Callicott, In Defense of the Land Ethic, p. 82.

21 Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjust Wars, 2nd edition (New York: Basic Books, 1992)Google Scholar.

22 Regan, Richard J., Just War: Principles and Cases (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press of America, 1996)Google Scholar; Bryan Hehir, J., “Intervention: From Theories to Cases,” Ethics and International Affairs 9 (1995), pp. 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Regan, Just War, p. 97, emphasis added.

24 Ibid., p. 98.

25 Leopold, Sand County Almanac, p. 210.

26 Retallack, Simon, “The WTO's Record So Far—Corporations: 3; Humanity and the Environment: 0,” Ecologist 27 (1997), pp. 136–37Google Scholar.

27 Finger, Matthias and Kilcoyne, James, “Why Transnational Corporations Are Organizing to ‘Save the Global Environment,“’ Ecologist 27 (1997), p. 139Google Scholar.

28 Callicott, J. Baird, “The Search for an Environmental Ethic,” in Matters of Life and Death, 3rd edition, edited by Regan, Tom (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993), p. 368Google Scholar.

29 Caldwell, Lynton K., International Environmental Policy (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990), p. 118Google Scholar.

30 Goodin, Robert E., “International Ethics and the Environmental Crisis,” Ethics and International Affairs 4 (1990), pp. 91–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at p. 93.

31 Ibid., pp. 95–96.

32 American Journal of International Law 33 (1939), p. 1965Google Scholar.

33 Schneider, Jan, “State Responsibility for Environmental Protection and Preservation,” in International Law, edited by Folk, Richard, Kratochwil, Friedrich, and Mendlovitz, Saul H. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985), p. 603Google Scholar.

34 Goodin, “International Ethics and the Environmental Crisis,” p. 98.

35 Callicott, “The Search for an Environmental Ethic,” p. 365.

36 Goodin, “International Ethics and the Environmental Crisis,” pp.100–101.

37 D'Amato, Anthony and Chopra, Sudhir K., “Whales: Their Emerging Right to Life,” American Journal of International Law 85 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, excerpted in International Law Anthology, edited by D'Amato, (Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Company, 1994), pp. 285–301Google Scholar.

38 Kant, Immanuel, “Perpetual Peace,” in Kant: Political Writings, 2nd edition, edited by Reiss, Hans, translated by H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 124Google Scholar.