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(9) In this respect see Worsley's, P. M. critique of Fortes' studies of Tallensi kinship: The Kinship System of the Tallensi: a Revaluation, J.R.A.I., LXXXVI (1956), 37–76Google Scholar.

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(14) Kunkel, Society and Economic Growth, op. cit.; Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, op. cit.

(15) Adler, The Value Concept in Sociology, op. cit.

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(21) Ibid. p. 291.

(22) Frank, A.G., Capitalism and Under development in Latin America (New York, Monthly Review Press, 1969)Google Scholar.

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(25) Ibid. p. 338.

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(27) Social Origins, p. 484. But for a highly plausible defence of social inertia, see Nisbet, R.A., The Social Bond (New York, Knopf, 1970), pp. 304–9Google Scholar; see also Stinchcombe, A.L., Constructing Social Theories (New York, Harcourt Brace, 1968), pp. 101 sqqGoogle Scholar.

(28) For example, from many cases, the following: p. 480, the upper classes need “a fair degree of blindness” to provoke peasant revolutions; p. 407, Nehru's policies, dependent on his assessment, are held responsible for India's plight; p. 429, the lack of “military traditions” in the Italian aristocracy are cited as part explanation; pp. 121–122, the ideological incompatibility of the northern and southern states held largely responsible for U.S. Civil War; p. 343, reasons for British remaining in India are in the end psychological not commercial.

(29) Homans, G.C., The Explanation of English Regional Differences, Past and Present, XLII (1969), esp. pp. 29–30Google Scholar: “What do we mean by a cultural explanation ? When a people has lived together generation after generation, sharing a common history, […] it tends to develop distinctive institutions, adaptated of course to its physical envirment and technology. When faced with new circumstances, the people may well adjust its institutions to meet them, but the adjustment will start from the old traditions, and a recognizable continuity will be maintained”.

(30) Thus Parsons, T., An Approach to the Sociology of Knowledge, in Sociological Theory and Modern Society (New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1967), pp. 139–165Google Scholar. Cf. also Parsons, T. and Shils, E. (eds.), Towards a General Theory of Action (New York, Harper and Row, 1962), esp. pp. 158–89Google Scholar.

(31) On values in general see Adler, op. cit. Albert, E.M., On the Classification of Values, Amer. Anthr., LVIII (1956), p.221CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Albert, E.M. and Kluckhohn, C., A Selected Bibliography on Values (Glencoe, Free Press, 1959)Google Scholar; and Kluckhohn, C., Values and Value-orientations in the Theory of Action, in Parsons, and Shils, , op. cit. pp. 388–433Google Scholar.

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(33) A recent reiteration of this intellectual tradition is Friedrich's, R.W., A Sociology of Sociology (New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1970)Google Scholar.

(34) Parsons, , The Structure of Social Action (Glencoe, Free Press, 1937), p. 768Google Scholar.

(35) First New Nation, op. cit. p. 4: A trenchant, but in the end somewhat helpful critique of Lipset is Barry, B.M., Economists, Sociologists and Democracy (London, Macmillan, 1969)Google Scholar.

(36) Ayal, , loc. cit. p. 35Google Scholar.

(37) Cf. Inkeles, A., Making Men Modem: on the causes and consequences of individual change in six developing countries, Amer. Joum. Soc., LXXV (1969) 208–225CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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(39) Lerner, D., The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, Free Press, 1958), pp. 47 sqqGoogle Scholar.

(40) Cf. Spencer, H., The Study of Sociology (London, Williams and Norgate, 1873), pp. 50–52Google Scholar: “Given the structures and consequent instincts of the individuals as we find them, and the community they form will inevitably present certain traits; and no community having such traits can be formed out of individuals having other structures and instincts […]”.

(41) Almond, and Verba, , op. cit. p. 323–74Google Scholar; also Pye, op. cit. chap. XIII.

(42) See the suggestive essay of Khare, R.S., Home and Office: Some Trends of Modernization among the Kanya-Kubja Brahmans, Comp. Stud, in Soc. and Hist., XIII (1971), pp. 196–216CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

(43) As Robertson, R., The Sociological Interpretation of Religion (Oxford, Blackwell, 1970)Google Scholar, passim, argues convincingly.

(44) See the useful explication of Weber on this by Warner, R.S., The Role of Religious Ideas and the Use of Models in Max Weber's Comparative Studies of Non-Capitalist Societies, Jour. Econ. Hist., XXX (1970), 74–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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(46) Morris, M.D., Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth in Asia, S., Journ. Econ. Hist., XXVII (1967), p. 607Google Scholar.

(47) See C. Geertz, Religious Belief and Economic Behaviour in a Central Javanese Town, and E. Willems, Culture Change and the Rise of Protestantism in Brazil and Chile, both in Eisenstadt, , Protestant Ethic and Modernization, op. cit.; Peel, , Aladura: a Religious Movement among the Yoruba (London, Oxford University Press, 1968)Google Scholar; Long, N., Social Change and the Individual (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1969)Google Scholar, on Jehovah's Witnesses in Zambia.

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(50) Eisenstadt, ibid.

(51) Spiro, M. E., Buddhism and Economic Action in Burma, Amer. Anthr., LXVIII (1966), pp. 1163–1173CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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(53) The general argument is most forcefully stated by Goody, J. and Watt, I., The Effects of Literacy, Comp. Stud, in Soc. and Hist., V (1963–1964), 304–345CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an instance of what is likely to prevail in a preliterate society see Bohannan, L., A Genealogical Charter, Africa, XXII (1952), 301–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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(55) Cf. Berger, P., The Social Reality of Religion (London, Faber, 1969), p. 127Google Scholar.

(56) Thomas, K., Religion and the Decline of Magic (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970)Google Scholar.

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(58) A contrary view is Macintyre, A., A Mistake about Causality in Social Science, in Laslett, P. and Runciman, W. G. (eds.), Philosophy, Politics and Society (Oxford, Blackwell [2nd series], 1965), pp. 48–70Google Scholar: “[Weber et al.] necessarily erred in presenting the role of ideas in society and their relations to action. For no matter how assiduous they were in presenting facts, they misconceived the logical character of what they collected”. Maclntyre transmutes a sociological possibility which holds in some circumstances (i.e. a state where belief and action are so tightly integrated that it makes no sense to ask how belief ‘influences’ action) into a universal philosophical truth. But it is less a question of the concepts which we bring to sociological analysis that of the character of the social data.

(59) Cf. the very suggestive work of Walzer, M., The Revolution of the Saints (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966)Google Scholar. The kinship was recognized by Trotsky, , History of the Russian Revolution, trans. Eastman, M. (London, Sphere Books, 1967), p. 29Google Scholar.

(60) For the most significant recent analysis of tradition, cf. Shils, E., Tradition, Comp. Stud, in Soc. and Hist., XIII (1971), 122–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar. With it might be read, highly schematic though it is, Bell, W. and Mau, J. A., Images of the Future, in Bell, W. (ed.), The Sociology of the Future (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1971)Google Scholar.

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(62) Cf. Peel, , Herbert Spencer, op. cit. pp. 244 sqqGoogle Scholar.

(63) Geertz, in Apter, D. E. (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York, Free Press of Glencoe, 1963)Google Scholar; Schram, Stuart, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-Tung (New York, Praeger, 1963)Google Scholar; Mazrui, A. A., Violence and Thought (London, Longmans, 1969)Google Scholar; Coleman, J. S. and Rosberg, C. G. (eds.), African Socialism (Stanford, University Press, 1964)Google Scholar; Macrae, D. G., Nkrumahism, Government and Opposition, II (1966), 535–545CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Macrae's, earlier article, The Bolshevik Ideology, in Ideology and Society (London, Heinemann, 1962)Google Scholar anticipates many of these themes. Also generally useful is Matossian, M., Ideologies of Delayed Industrialization, Econ. Dev. and Cult. Change, VI (1958), 217–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

(64) Clapham, C., The Context of African Political Thought, journ. Mod. Afr. Stud., VIII (1970), 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Much of the spirit of this article, it must be said, is a very salutary reaction to a period in the political sociology of Africa, in which scholars were far too ready to confuse ideology and actuality, and to infer the realities of political structure from the self-justifying ideologies of political elites. A worthwhile attempt to incorporate ideology into an analysis of a situation without succumbing to its picture is Bienen's, H.Tanzania: party transformation and economic development (Princeton, U.P., 1970)Google Scholar.

(65) This charge cannot be levelled at a more recent study of revolutions, Dunn's, J.Modern Revolutions: an introduction to the analysis of a political phenomenon (Cambridge, U.P., 1972)Google Scholar.

(66) Cf. Dunn, , op. cit. p. 161Google Scholar and citations there.

(67) Cf. Mazrui, , Islam, Socialism and Nationalism, in On Heroes and Uhurumore worship (London, Longman, 1964)Google Scholar.

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