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Identity in formation: the russian-speaking nationality in the post-Soviet diaspora

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

David D. Laitin
Affiliation:
University of Chicago(Chicago).
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Abstract

Data from 1991 surveys, from elections, and from elite discourse in Estonia and Bashkortostan are presented. Despite significant historical and demographic differences in these two post-Soviet republics, the Russian population in both places had similar reactions in regard to the collapse of the Union. In both republics, Russians were wary of assimilation, yet they neither planned to exit in large numbers nor to organise politically as Russians. Furthermore, in both republics, elite discourse was framing a new identity, which can be called the ‘Russian-speaking nationality’. This nationality is likely to be secular, Soviet, and includes all non-titulars whose primary language is Russian. While it is unlikely that this emergent nationality will be the same in all post-Soviet republics, in large part because incentives from the titulars will be markedly different, the data show in the early period after the Soviet collapse, in two ‘most different cases’, the dynamics of Russian identity re-formation have been quite similar.

Les données viennent d'enquêtes de 1991, des élections et du discours des élites en Estonie et au Bashkortostan. En depit des nettes différentes historiques et démographiques entre ces deux républiques post-soviétiques, les populations russes locales ont des réactions similaires vis-à-vis du déclin de la Russie. Dans les deux cas, les Russes se méfient de l'assimilation, bien qu'ils n'aient jamais prévu d'émigrer en masse ni de s'organiser politiquement en tant que Russes. De plus, dans les deux républiques, le discours officiel brosse une nouvelle identité qu'on peut qualifier de « nationality russophone », appelée à être séculière, soviétique et à englober tous les ressortissants qui ont le russe comme langue maternelle. Bien qu'il n'y ait que peu de chance pour que cette nouvellé identité soit la même dans toutes les républiques post-soviétiques, en particulier parce que les incitations offertes par les ethnies localement dominantes sont notablement différentes, les données montrent que, tout de suite après l'effondrement soviétique et en deux cas très différents, l'identité russe a été tout à fait comparable.

Umfragen von 1991, sowie Wahlen und Reden der Eliten in Estland und Baschkiristan bilden die Grundlage des hier gezeigten Datenmaterials. Unabhängig von den eindeutigen historischen und demographischen Unterschieden zwischen den beiden früheren Sowjet-Republiken, zeigen die beiden russischen Bevölkerungsgruppen vor Ort ähnliche Reaktionen anläßlich des Niedergangs der Sowjetunion. In beiden Republiken mißtrauen die Russen der Assimilation, obwohl sie nie in Erwägung gezogen haben zu emigrieren, noch sich politisch als Russen zu organisieren. Darüberhinaus haben in beiden Republiken Reden der Eliten eine neue Identität aufgezeigt, welche als ‘russischsprechende Nationalität’ bezeichnet werden kann. Diese Nationalität scheint weltlich, sowjetisch und umfaßt alle Personen, deren Muttersprache russisch ist. Diese aufstrebende Nationalität dürfte kaum auf andere frühere Sowjet-Republiken Übergreifen, unter anderem weil die anderssprachigcn Mehrheiten dort anders handeln. Die Daten zeigen allerdings, daß gleich nach dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion und in zwei verschiedenen Fällen die Dynamik einer Neubildung der russischen Identität ähnlich war.

Type
L'âme russe
Copyright
Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1995

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