Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T07:14:10.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Atrial natriuretic peptide during human pregnancy and puerperium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2008

Eric AP Steegers*
Affiliation:
University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
*
EAP Steegers MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.

Extract

In 1981 De Bold and colleagues demonstrated that when extracts of atrial tissue were given intravenously to rats a large diuresis and natriuresis occured promptly. The structure of the hormone concerned, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), was elucidated in 1983. Since then, ANP has received attention as a potentially important mediator in the homoeostasis of sodium and fluid volume.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1DeBold, AJ, Borenstein, HB, Veress, AT, Sonnen berg, H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 1981; 28: 8994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Flynn, TG, de Bold, ML, de Bold, AJ. The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 117: 859–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Currie, MG, Geller, DM, Cole, BR et al. Purification and sequence analysis of bioactive atrial peptides (atriopeptins). Science 1984; 223: 6769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Atlas, SA, Kleinert, HD, Camargo, MJ et al. Purification, sequencing and synthesis of natriuretic and vasoactive rat atrial peptide. Nature 1984; 309: 717–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Kangawa, K, Matsuo, H. Purification and complete amino acid sequence of α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (α-hANP). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 118: 131–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Sugawara, A, Nakao, K, Morii, N et al. α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide is released from the heart and circulates in the body. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 129: 439–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Thibault, G, Garcia, R, Gutkowska, J et al. The propeptide Asn1-Tyr126 is the storage form of rat atrial natriuretic factor. Biochem J 1987; 241: 265–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Lang, RE, Thölken, H, Ganten, D, Luft, FC, Ruskoaho, H, Unger, TH. Atrial natriuretic factor-a circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading. Nature 1985; 314: 264–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Yamaji, T, Ishibashi, M, Takaku, F. Atrial natriuretic factor in human blood. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1705–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Bates, ER, Shenker, Y, Grekin, RJ. The relationship between plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic hormone and hemodynamic function in man. Circulation 1986; 73: 1155–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Raine, AEG, Erne, P, Bürgisser, E et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide and atrial pressure in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 533–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Hirata, Y, Ishii, M, Matsuoka, H et al. Plasma concentrations of α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide and cyclic GMP in patients with heart disease. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1463–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Ledsome, JR, Wilson, N, Courneya, CA, Rankin, AF. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide by atrial distension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1985; 63: 739–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14De Bold, AJ, De Bold, ML, Sarda, IR. Functional morphological studies on in vitro cardionatrin release. J Hypertens 1986; 4(suppl 2): S3–S7.Google ScholarPubMed
15Edwards, BS, Zimmerman, RS, Schab, TR, Heublein, DM, Burnett, JC. Atrial stretch, not pressure, is the principal determinant controlling the acute release of atrial natriuretic factor. Circ Res 1988; 62: 191–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Needleman, P, Greenwald, JE. Atriopeptin: a cardiac hormone intimately involved in fluid, electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 828–34.Google ScholarPubMed
17Genest, J, Cantin, M. Atrial natriuretic factor. Circulation 1987; 75(suppl I): 118–24.Google ScholarPubMed
18Lang, RE, Unger, T, Ganten, D. Atrial natriuretic peptide: a new factor in blood pressure control. J Hypertens 1987; 5: 255–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Goetz, KL. Physiology and pathophysiology of atrial peptides. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: E1–E15.Google ScholarPubMed
20Raine, AEG, Firth, JG, Ledingham, JGG. Renal actions of atrial natriuretic factor. Clin Sci 1989; 76: 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Trippodo, NC, Cole, FE, Frohlich, ED, MacPhee, AA. Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases circulatory capacitance in areflexic rats. Circ Res 1986; 59: 291–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Huxley, VH, Tucker, VL, Verburg, KM, Freeman, RH. Increased capillary hydraulic conductivity induced by atrial natriuretic peptide. Circ Res 1987; 60: 304307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Atlas, SA, Laragh, JH. Atrial natriuretic peptide: a new factor in hormonal control of blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis. Ann Rev Med 1986; 37: 397414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Chesley, LC. Water, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in pregnancy. In: Maxwell, MH, Kleeman, CR eds. Clinical disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism, Second edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972: 9951022.Google Scholar
25De Swiet, M. The cardiovascular system. In: Hytten, FE, Chamberlain, GVP eds. Clinical physiology in obstetrics, second edition. Oxford: Black well Scientifin Publications, 1991: 338.Google Scholar
26Baylis, C, Davison, J. The urinary system. In: Hytten, FE, Chamberlain, GVP eds. Clinical physiology in obstetrics, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991: 245302.Google Scholar
27Lindheimer, MD, Katz, AI. The kidney in pregnancy. In: Brenner, BM, Retor, FC eds. The kidney, volume 2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1986: 1253–95.Google Scholar
28Dunlop, W. The puerperium. Fetal Medicine Review 1989; 1: 4360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Cusson, JR, Gutkowska, J, Rey, E, Michon, N, Boucher, M, Larochelle, P. Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor in normal pregnancy [letter]. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1230–31.Google ScholarPubMed
30Otsuki, Y, Okamoto, E, Iwata, I et al. Changes in concentrations of human atrial natriuretic peptide in normal pregnancy and toxaemia. J Endocrinol 1987; 114: 325–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Thomsen, JK, Storm, TL, Thamsborg, G, De Nully, M, BΦdker, B, Skouby, S. Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in pre-eclampsia. Br Med J 1987; 294: 1508–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Visser, W, Van den Dorpel, MA, Derkx, FHM, Wallenburg, HCS, Schalekamp, MADH. Atrial natriuretic peptide and haemodynamics in untrated pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens 1987; 5(suppl 5): S33–S35.Google Scholar
33Grégoire, I, Fívet, P, Roth, D et al. Natriuretic factors in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies: preliminary study of water immersion in pre-eclampsia. J Hypertens 1987; 5(suppl 5): S8385.Google Scholar
34Jackson, B, Hodsman, GP, Allen, PS, Johnston, CI. Plasma atrial natriuretic factor in pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens 1987; B6: 421–29.Google Scholar
35Thomsen, JK, Storm, TL, Thamsborg, G, De Nully, M, BΦdker, B, Skouby, SO. Increased concentration of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide during normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1988; 27: 197201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Miyamoto, S, Shimokawa, H, Sumioko, H, Touno, A, Nakano, H. Circadian rhythm of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, and blood pressure during the third trimester in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 393–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Fiévet, P, Fournier, A, De Bold, A et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia: increased plasma concentrations possibly explaining these hypovolemic states with paradoxical hyporeninism. Am J Hypertens 1988; 1: 1621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Di Lieto, A, Campanile, M, Paladini, D, Albano, G, Paladini, A. Atrial natriuretic peptide and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; B7: 8997.Google Scholar
39Marlettini, MG, Cassani, A, Boschi, S et al. Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor in normal pregnancy and early puerperium. Clin Exp Hypertens 1989; A11: 531–52.Google Scholar
40Vytiska-Binstorfer, E, Huber, JC, Fitz, R, Havel, M. ANP-, Aldosteron und ADH-Verlauf während der normalen Schwangerschaft. Geburtsh u Frauenheilk 1989; 49: 902905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Merkouris, RW, Miller, FC, Catanzarite, V, Rigg, LA, Quirk, JG, Vesely, DL. Increase in the plasma levels of the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the prohormone of atrial natriurtic factor during normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 859–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Grégoire, I, Esper, NE, Gondry, J et al. Plasma atrial natriuretic factor and dopamine in normotensive pregnant women before and after delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 7176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Sowers, JR, Zemel, MB, Walsh, MF et al. Effects of normal pregnancy on cellular cation metabolism and peripheral vascular resistance. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 1622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Grace, AA, Souza, VD, Menon, RK, O’Brien, S, Dandona, P. Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations during pregnancy [letter]. Lancet 1987; i: 1267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45Doniec-Ulman, I, Kokot, F, Drab, M. Water immersion-induced endocrine alterations in women with EPH gestosis. Clin Nephrol 1987; 28: 5155.Google ScholarPubMed
46Shrivastav, P, Gill, DS, D’Souza, GV, O’Brien, PMS, Dandora, P. Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and digoxin-like immunoreactive substance during pregnancy. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 977–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47Hirai, N, Yanaihara, T, Nakayama, T, Ishibashi, M, Yamaji, T. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide during normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 2731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Elias, AN, Vaziri, ND, Pandian, MR, Powers, DR, Domurat, E. Atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin in pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Nephron 1988; 49: 140–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49Bond, AL, August, P, Druzin, ML, Atlas, SA, Sealey, JE, Laragh, JH. Atrial natriuretic peptide in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 1112–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50Hatjis, CG, Kofinas, AD, Greelish, JP, Swain, M, Rose, JC. Interrelationship between atrial natriuretic factor concentrations and acute volume expansion in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 4550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51Voto, LS, Hetmanski, DJ, Broughton Pipkin, F. Determinants of fetal and maternal atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations at delivery in man. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 1123–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Rutherford, AJ, Anderson, JV, Elder, MG, Bloom, SR. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide during pregnancy and immediate puerperium [letter]. Lancet 1987; 1: 928–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Steegers, EAP, Hein, PR, Tan, ACITL, Groeneveld, EAM, Jongsma, HW, Benraad, TJ. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in late pregnancy and puerperium. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1987; 26: 213–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Milsom, I, Hedner, J, Hedner, T. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and maternal hemodynamic changes during normal pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1988; 67: 717–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Malation, LS, Stancanelli, B, Greco, G et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels in normal pregnancy and the puerperium. Med Sci Res 1988; 16: 1113–14.Google Scholar
56Stratta, P, Canavese, C, Gurioli, L et al. Atrial natriuretic factor as a marker of the intravascular volume conditions in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; B7: 107–11.Google Scholar
57Stratta, P, Canavese, C, Gurioli, L et al. Ratio between aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide in pregnancy. Kidney Int 1989; 36: 908–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58Steegers, EAP, Van Lakwijk, HPJM, Benraad, THJ et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in normal pregnancy; a longitudinal study. Clin Exp Hypertens 1990; B9: 273–92.Google Scholar
59Steegers, EAP, Steegers-Theunissen, RPM, Jongsma, HW, Hein, PR. Atrial natriuretic peptide in the first gestational trimester; a longitudinal study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991; 31: 246–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Rosmalen, FMA, Tan, ACITL, Tan, HS, Benraad, THJ. A sensitive radioimmunoassay of atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma, using a tracer with an immobilized glycouril agent. Clin Chim Acta 1987; 165: 331–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Richards, AM, Tonolo, G, McIntyre, GD, Leckie, BJ, Robertson, JIS. Radio-immunoassay for plasma alpha human atrial natriuretic peptide: a comparision of direct and pre-extracted methods. J Hypertens 1987; 5: 227–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Poole, S, Gaines Das, RE, Dzau, VJ, Richards, AM, Robertson, JIS. The international standard for atrial natriuretic factor. Calibration by and international collaborative study. Hypertension 1988; 12: 629–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Davison, JM, Sheills, EA, Barron, WM, Robinson, AG, Lindheimer, MD. Changes in the metabolic clearnce of vasopressin and in plasma vasopressinase throughout human pregnancy. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1313–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Steegers, EAP, Benraad, ThJ, Jongsma, HW, Tan, ACITL, Hein, PR. Effects of dietary sodium restriction and posture on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone and free aldosterone in normal human pregnancy. J Endocrinol 1990; 124: 507–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Campbell, DM, MacGillivray, I. Comparison of maternal response in first and second pregnancies in relation to baby weight. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 79: 684–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Sagnella, GA, Markandu, ND, Shore, AC, MacGregor, GA. Effects of changes in dietary sodium intake and saline infusion on immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Lancet 1985; ii: 1208–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Solomon, LR, Atherton, JC, Bobinski, H, Green, R. Effect of dietary sodium chloride and posture on plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in man. Clin Sci 1987; 72: 201208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Jensen, LK, Svanegaard, J, Husby, H. Atrial natriuretic peptide during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 951–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Donckier, J, Anderson, JV, Yeo, T, Bloom, SR. Diurnal rhythm in the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 710–11.Google ScholarPubMed
70Shenker, Y, Port, FK, Swartz, RD, Gross, MD, Grekin, RJ. Atrial natriuretic hormone secretion in patients with renal failure. Life Sci 1987; 41: 1635–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Cogan, E, Debieve, MF, Pepersack, T, Abramow, M. Natriuresis and atrial natriuretic factor secretion during inappropriate antidiuresis. Am J Med 1988; 84: 409–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Katz, R, Karliner, JS, Resnik, R. Effects of a natural volume overload state (pregnancy) on left ventricular performance in normal human subjects. Circulation 1978; 58: 434–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73Robson, SC, Hunter, S, Boys, RJ, Dunlop, W. Serial study of factors influencing changes in cardiac output during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: H106065.Google ScholarPubMed
74Steegers, EAP, Van, Lakwijk HPJM, Fast, JH et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide and atrial size during normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 202206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Bader, RA, Bader, ME, Rose, DJ, Braunwald, E. Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in normal pregnancy as studied by cardiac catheterization. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 1524–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
76Robson, SC, Hunter, S, Moore, M, Dunlop, W. Haemodynamic changes during the puerperium, a Doppler and M-mode echocardiographic study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 1028–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Kristensen, CG, Nakagawa, Y, Coe, FL, Lindheimer, MD. Effect of atrial natriuretic factor in rat pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: R58994.Google ScholarPubMed
78Castro, LC, Arora, CP, Davis, JL, Hobel, CJ, Parvez, H. Atrial natriuretic factor: the effects of pregnancy and a high-salt diet on atrial levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1620–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Weidmann, P, Hellmueller, B, Uehlinger, DE et al. Plasma levels and cardiovascular, endocrine and excretory effects of atrial natriuretic peptide during different sodium intakes in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 1027–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Olsson, K, Karlberg, BE, Eriksson, L. Atrial natriuretic peptide in pregnant and lactating goats. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989; 120: 519–25.Google ScholarPubMed
81Winqvist, RJ. Possible mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxant response to atrial natriuretic factor. Fed Proc 1986; 45: 2371–75.Google Scholar
82Hughes, A, Thom, S, Goldberg, P, Martin, G, Sever, P. Direct effect of alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide on human vasculature in vivo and in vitro. Clin Sci 1988; 74: 207–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83Niesert, S, Kaulhausen, H. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) during pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; B7: 99105.Google Scholar
84Cowan, BD, Martin, JN, Tucker, JM et al. High plasma concentrations of human natriuretic polypeptide in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; B7: 331–41.Google Scholar
85Miyamoto, S, Shimokawa, H, Sumioki, H, Nakano, H. Physiologic role of endogenous human atrial natriuretic peptide in preclamptic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 155–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86Hatjis, CG, Greelish, JP, Kofinas, AD, Stroud, A, Hashimoto, K, Rose, JC. Atrial natriuretic factor maternal and fetal concentrations in severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1015–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87Chesley, LC. Plasma and red cell volumes during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972; 112: 440–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Strauer, BE. Hypertension and the heart: clinical studies. In: Zanchetti, A, Tarazi, RC eds. Handbook of hypertension, volume 7, Pathophysiology of hypertension. Cardiovascular aspects. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986; 84101.Google Scholar
89Sagnella, GA, Markandu, ND, Shore, AC, MacGregor, GA. Raised circulating levels of atrial natriuretic peptides in essential hypertension. Lancet 1986; i: 179–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90Groenendijk, R, Trimbos, JBMJ, Wallenburg, HCS. Hemodynamic measurements in preeclampsia: preliminary observations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150: 232–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91Edwards, BS, Ackermann, DM, Lee, ME, Reeder, GS, Wold, LE, Burnett, JC. Identification of atrial natriuretic factor within ventricular tissue in hamsters and humans with congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 8286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Anderson, J. Atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in pre-eclampsia [letter]. Br Med J 1987; 295: 443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93Chemtob, S, Potvin, W, Varma, DR. Selective increase in placental blood flow by atrial natriuretic peptide in hypertensive rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 477–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Weir, RJ, Brown, JJ, Fraser, R et al. Plasma renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II and aldosterone in hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Lancet 1973; i: 291–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95McCance, DR, McKnight, JA, Traub, AI, Sheridan, B, Roberts, G, Atkinson, AB. Plasma atrial natriuretic factor levels during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1990; 4: 3135.Google ScholarPubMed
96Duprez, D, Kaufman, JM, Liu, YR et al. Increases in atrial natriuretic peptide after delivery and in the puerperium. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 674–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97Wong, EFC, Koh, LW, Huang, MH, Wong, NLM. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide during labour and in puerperium. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 16: 7983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Kjeldsen, J. Haemodynamic investigations during labour and delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Suppl] 1979; 89: 77155.Google ScholarPubMed
99Robson, SC, Dunlop, W, Boys, RJ, Hunter, S. Cardiac output during labour. Br Med J 1987; 295: 1169–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
100Yamaji, T, Hirai, N, Ishibashi, M, Takaku, F, Yanaihara, T, Nakayama, T. Atrial natriuretic peptide in umbilical cord blood: evidence for a circulating hormone in human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 1414–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Okamoto, E, Otsuki, Y, Iwata, I et al. Plasma concentrations of human atrial natriuretic peptide at vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 15: 199202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Steegers, EAP, Coumans, HJCM, Derkx, FHM et al. De water– en zouthuishouding in het normale kraambed. Ned Tijdschr Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 104: 6270.Google Scholar
103Yandle, TC, Espiner, EA, Nicholls, MG, Duff, H. Radioimmunoassay and characterization of atrial natriuretic peptide in human plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63: 7279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104McLennan, CE, Lowenstein, JM. Blood volume changes during the immediately after delivery. Stanford Med Bull 1959; 17: 151–56.Google Scholar
105Landesman, R, Millar, MM. Blood volume changes during the immediate postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol 1963; 21: 4048.Google ScholarPubMed
106Hytten, FE. Weight gain in pregnancy. In: Hytten, FE, Chamberlain, G eds. Clinical physiology in obstetrics, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991; 173203.Google Scholar
107Taylor, DJ, Lind, T. Puerperal haematological indices. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88: 601606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108Robson, SC, Hunter, S, Dunlop, W. Left atrial dimension during early puerperium [letter]. Lancet 1987; ii: 111–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109Walters, BNJ, Thompson, ME, Lee, A, De Swiet, M. Blood pressure in the puerperium. Clin Sci 1986; 71: 589–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Jadoul, FAC, Broughton, Pipkin F, Lamming, GD. Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive primigravidae in the four days after normal spontaneous delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 89: 633–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Derkx, FHM, Alberda, AT, De, Jong FH, Zeilmaker, FH, Makovitz, JW, Schalekamp, MADH. Source of plasma prorenin in early and late pregnancy: observations in a patient with primary ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 349–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Stasch, JP, Hirth, C, Kazda, S, Neuser, D. The reduction of renin and aldosterone as a response to acute hypervolemia is blocked by a monoclonal antibody directed against atrial natriuretic peptides. Life Sci 1988; 42: 511–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed