Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:17:01.529Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Ediacaran ‘Miaohe Member’ of South China: new insights from palaeoredox proxies and stable isotope data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2021

Paul Bridger Open the ORCID record for Paul Bridger [Opens in a new window] ,
Simon W. Poulton ,
Ying Zhou ,
Chao Li ,
Kun Zhang  and
Graham A. Shields Open the ORCID record for Graham A. Shields [Opens in a new window]
Paul Bridger*
Affiliation:
British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, UK
Simon W. Poulton
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
Ying Zhou
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, UK
Chao Li
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, China
Kun Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, UK
Graham A. Shields
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Paul Bridger, Email: pbr@bgs.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Throughout the Ediacaran Period, variable water-column redox conditions persisted along productive ocean margins due to a complex interplay between nutrient supply and oceanographic restriction. These changing conditions are considered to have influenced early faunal evolution, with marine anoxia potentially inhibiting the development of the ecological niches necessary for aerobic life forms. To understand this link between oxygenation and evolution, the combined geochemical and palaeontological study of marine sediments is preferable. Located in the Yangtze Gorges region of southern China, lagoonal black shales at Miaohe preserve alga and putative metazoans, including Eoandromeda, a candidate total-group ctenophore, thereby providing one example of where integrated study is possible. We present a multi-proxy investigation into water-column redox variability during deposition of these shales (c. 560–551 Ma). For this interval, reactive iron partitioning indicates persistent water-column anoxia, while trace metal enrichments and other geochemical data suggest temporal fluctuations between ferruginous, euxinic and rare suboxic conditions. Although trace metal and total organic carbon values imply extensive basin restriction, sustained trace metal enrichment and δ15Nsed data indicate periodic access to open-ocean inventories across a shallow-marine sill. Lastly, δ13Corg values of between −35‰ and −40‰ allow at least partial correlation of the shales at Miaohe with Member IV of the Doushantuo Formation. This study provides evidence for fluctuating redox conditions in the lagoonal area of the Yangtze platform during late Ediacaran time. If these low-oxygen environments were regionally characteristic, then the restriction of aerobic fauna to isolated environments can be inferred.

Keywords

Doushantuo Formationiron speciationredox-sensitive trace metalsnitrogen isotopescarbon isotopeschemostratigraphy
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Special Issue 7: THEMATIC ISSUE: The Ediacaran System and the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition , July 2022 , pp. 1014 - 1028
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ader, M, Sansjofre, P, Halverson, GP, Busigny, V, Trindade, RIF, Kunzmann, M and Nogueira, ACR (2014) Ocean redox structure across the Late Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event: a nitrogen isotope perspective. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 396, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahm, ASC, Bjerrum, CJ and Hammarlund, EU (2017) Disentangling the record of diagenesis, local redox conditions, and global seawater chemistry during the latest Ordovician glaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 459, 145–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, TJ and Lyons, TW (2006) Mo-total organic carbon covariation in modern anoxic marine environments: implications for analysis of paleoredox and paleohydrographic conditions. Paleoceanography 21, PA1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, TJ and Maynard, JB (2004) Trace-element behavior and redox facies in core shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansas-type cyclothems. Chemical Geology 206, 289–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, TJ and Rowe, H (2012) Paleoceanographic applications of trace-metal concentration data. Chemical Geology 324–325, 6–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, TJ and Tribovillard, N (2009) Environmental analysis of paleoceanographic systems based on molybdenum–uranium covariation. Chemical Geology 268, 211–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, Z, Jiang, G, Tong, J, Tian, L, Ye, Q, Song, H and Song, H (2015) Stratigraphic position of the Ediacaran Miaohe biota and its constrains on the age of the upper Doushantuo δ13C anomaly in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China. Precambrian Research 271, 243–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, RF, Fleisher, MQ and LeHuray, AP (1989) Concentration, oxidation state, and particulate flux of uranium in the Black Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 2215–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benkovitz, A, Matthews, A, Teutsch, N, Poulton, SW, Bar-Matthews, M and Almogi-Labin, A (2020) Tracing water column euxinia in Eastern Mediterranean sapropels S5 and S7. Chemical Geology 545, 119627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertine, K and Turekian, K (1973) Molybdenum in marine deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37, 1415–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowyer, F, Wood, RA and Poulton, SW (2017) Controls on the evolution of Ediacaran metazoan ecosystems: a redox perspective. Geobiology 15, 516–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breit, GN and Wanty, RB (1991) Vanadium accumulation in carbonaceous rocks: a review of geochemical controls during deposition and diagenesis. Chemical Geology 91, 83–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broecker, W and Peng, T (1982) Tracers in the Sea. Palisades, NY: Eldigio Press, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Butterfield, NJ (2009) Oxygen, animals and oceanic ventilation: an alternative view. Geobiology 7, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, S and Pedersen, T (1993) Geochemistry of recent oxic and anoxic marine sediments: implications for the geological record. Marine Geology 113, 67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, SE and Piper, DZ (1984) Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, Northern Equatorial Pacific: multiple diagenetic metal sources in the deep sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 1913–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canfield, DE (1989) Reactive iron in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 619–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canfield, DE, Poulton, SW, Knoll, AH, Narbonne, GM, Ross, G, Goldberg, T and Strauss, H (2008) Ferruginous conditions dominated later Neoproterozoic deep-water chemistry. Science 321, 949–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canfield, DE, Poulton, SW and Narbonne, GM (2007) Late-Neoproterozoic deep-ocean oxygenation and the rise of animal life. Science 315, 92–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canfield, DE, Raiswell, R, Westrich, JT, Reaves, CM and Berner, RA (1986) The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur in sediments and shales. Chemical Geology 54, 149–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X, Ling, H-F, Vance, D, Shields-Zhou, GA, Zhu, M, Poulton, SW, Och, LM, Jiang, S-Y, Li, D, Cremonese, L and Archer, C (2015) Rise to modern levels of ocean oxygenation coincided with the Cambrian radiation of animals. Nature Communications 6, 7142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, M and Xiao, Z (1992) Macrofossil biota from upper Doushantuo Formation in eastern Yangtze Gorges, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 31, 513–29.Google Scholar
Clarkson, MO, Poulton, SW, Guilbaud, R and Wood, RA (2014) Assessing the utility of Fe/Al and Fe-speciation to record water column redox conditions in carbonate-rich sediment. Chemical Geology 382, 111–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condon, D, Zhu, M, Bowring, S, Wang, W, Yang, A and Jin, Y (2005) U-Pb ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China. Science 308, 95–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cranston, RE and Murray, JW (1978) The determination of chromium species in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 99, 275–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cremonese, L, Shields-Zhou, G, Struck, U, Ling, H-F, Och, L, Chen, X and Li, D (2013) Marine biogeochemical cycling during the early Cambrian constrained by a nitrogen and organic carbon isotope study of the Xiaotan section, South China. Precambrian Research 225, 148–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crusius, J, Calvert, S, Pedersen, T and Sage, D (1996) Rhenium and molybdenum enrichments in sediments as indicators of oxic, suboxic and sulfidic conditions of deposition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 145, 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, L, Li, Y, Hu, X, Xiao, Y, Su, C and Huang, J (1996) Sinian Miaohe Biota. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 221 p.Google Scholar
Elderfield, H (1970) Chromium speciation in sea water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 9, 10–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, S, Cranston, RE and Liss, PS (1979) Redox species in a reducing fjord: equilibrium and kinetic considerations. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 26, 859–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, SR and Huested, SS (1991) Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater. Marine Chemistry 34, 177–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, BE and Helz, GR (2000) Molybdenum(VI) speciation in sulfidic waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 1149–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erwin, DH, Laflamme, M, Tweedt, SM, Sperling, EA, Pisani, D and Peterson, KJ (2011) The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334, 1091–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fike, DA, Grotzinger, JP, Pratt, LM and Summons, RE (2006) Oxidation of the Ediacaran ocean. Nature 444, 744–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, T, Archer, C, Vance, D, Thamdrup, B, McAnena, A and Poulton, SW (2012) Controls on Mo isotope fractionations in a Mn-rich anoxic marine sediment, Gullmar Fjord, Sweden. Chemical Geology 296–297, 73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helz, GR, Bura-Nakić, E, Mikac, N and Ciglenečki, I (2011) New model for molybdenum behavior in euxinic waters. Chemical Geology 284, 323–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helz, GR, Miller, CV, Charnock, JM, Mosselmans, JFW, Pattrick, RAD, Garner, CD and Vaughan, DJ (1996) Mechanism of molybdenum removal from the sea and its concentration in black shales: EXAFS evidence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 3631–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huerta-Diaz, MA and Morse, JW (1992) Pyritization of trace metals in anoxic marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 2681–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, G, Kaufman, AJ, Christie-Blick, N, Zhang, S and Wu, H (2007) Carbon isotope variability across the Ediacaran Yangtze Platform in South China: implications for a large surface-to-deep ocean δ13C gradient. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261, 303–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, G, Kennedy, MJ, Christie-Blick, N, Wu, H and Zhang, S (2006) Stratigraphy, sedimentary structures, and textures of the Late Neoproterozoic Doushantuo cap carbonate in South China. Journal of Sedimentary Research 76, 978–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, G, Shi, X, Zhang, S, Wang, Y and Xiao, S (2011) Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635-551Ma) in South China. Gondwana Research 19, 831–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, G, Sohl, LE and Christie-Blick, N (2003) Neoproterozoic stratigraphic comparison of the Lesser Himalaya (India) and Yangtze block (south China): paleogeographic implications. Geology 31, 917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, B, Komiya, T, Lyons, TW, Bates, SM, Gordon, GW, Romaniello, SJ, Jiang, G, Creaser, RA, Xiao, S, McFadden, K, Sawaki, Y, Tahata, M, Shu, D, Han, J, Li, Y, Chu, X and Anbar, AD (2015) Uranium and molybdenum isotope evidence for an episode of widespread ocean oxygenation during the late Ediacaran Period. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 156, 173–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kikumoto, R, Tahata, M, Nishizawa, M, Sawaki, Y, Maruyama, S, Shu, D, Han, J, Komiya, T, Takai, K and Ueno, Y (2014) Nitrogen isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian platform sequence at Three Gorges, South China. Gondwana Research 25, 1057–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinkhammer, G and Palmer, M (1991) Uranium in the oceans: where it goes and why. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 1799–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, D (1978) Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 547–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C, Hardisty, DS, Luo, G, Huang, J, Algeo, TJ, Cheng, M, Shi, W, An, Z, Tong, J, Xie, S, Jiao, N and Lyons, TW (2017) Uncovering the spatial heterogeneity of Ediacaran carbon cycling. Geobiology 15, 211–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C, Love, GD, Lyons, TW, Fike, DA, Sessions, AL and Chu, X (2010) A stratified redox model for the Ediacaran ocean. Science 328, 80–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C, Planavsky, NJ, Shi, W, Zhang, Z, Zhou, C, Cheng, M, Tarhan, LG, Luo, G and Xie, S (2015) Ediacaran marine redox heterogeneity and early animal ecosystems. Scientific Reports 5, 17097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, M, Zhu, M, Zhang, J, Shields-Zhou, G, Li, G, Zhao, F, Zhao, X and Zhao, M (2013) The DOUNCE event at the top of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China: broad stratigraphic occurrence and non-diagenetic origin. Precambrian Research 225, 86–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, TW, Anbar, AD, Severmann, S, Scott, C and Gill, B C (2009) Tracking euxinia in the ancient ocean: a multiproxy perspective and Proterozoic case study. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, 507–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFadden, KA, Huang, J, Chu, X, Jiang, G, Kaufman, AJ, Zhou, C, Yuan, X and Xiao, S (2008) Pulsed oxidation and biological evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 3197–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLennan, SM (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2(4), https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GC000109.Google Scholar
McManus, J, Berelson, WM, Klinkhammer, GP, Hammond, DE and Holm, C (2005) Authigenic uranium: relationship to oxygen penetration depth and organic carbon rain. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 95–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morford, JL and Emerson, S (1999) The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 1735–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morse, JW and Luther, GW (1999) Chemical influences on trace metal-sulfide interactions in anoxic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 3373–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narbonne, GM and Gehling, JG (2003) Life after snowball: the oldest complex Ediacaran fossils. Geology 31, 27–30.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Och, LM, Cremonese, L, Shields-Zhou, GA, Poulton, SW, Struck, U, Ling, H, Li, D, Chen, X, Manning, C, Thirlwall, M, Strauss, H and Zhu, M (2016) Palaeoceanographic controls on spatial redox distribution over the Yangtze Platform during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. Sedimentology 63, 378–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrander, CM, Sahoo, SK, Kendall, B, Jiang, G, Planavsky, NJ, Lyons, TW, Nielsen, SG, Owens, JD, Gordon, GW, Romaniello, SJ and Anbar, AD (2019) Multiple negative molybdenum isotope excursions in the Doushantuo Formation (South China) fingerprint complex redox-related processes in the Ediacaran Nanhua Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 261, 191–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulson Brucker, RL, McManus, J and Poulton, SW (2012) Molybdenum isotope fractionations observed under anoxic experimental conditions. Geochemical Journal 46, 201–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, SW (2021) The Iron Speciation Paleoredox Proxy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Geochemical Tracers in Earth System Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, SW and Canfield, DE (2005) Development of a sequential extraction procedure for iron: implications for iron partitioning in continentally derived particulates. Chemical Geology 214, 209–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, SW and Canfield, DE (2011) Ferruginous conditions: a dominant feature of the ocean through Earth’s history. Elements 7, 107–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, SW, Fralick, PW and Canfield, DE (2004) The transition to a sulphidic ocean ˜ 1.84 billion years ago. Nature 431, 173–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulton, SW and Raiswell, R (2002) The low-temperature geochemical cycle of iron: from continental fluxes to marine sediment deposition. American Journal of Science 302, 774–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, Z, Zhensheng, D and Xinzhi, Z (1995) Geochemical characteristics of Baiguoyuan black shale-type Ag-V deposit in Western Hubei Province. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 2, 27–33.Google Scholar
Quan, TM and Falkowski, PG (2009) Redox control of N:P ratios in aquatic ecosystems. Geobiology 7, 124–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quan, TM, van de Schootbrugge, B, Field, MP, Rosenthal, Y and Falkowski, PG (2008) Nitrogen isotope and trace metal analyses from the Mingolsheim core (Germany): evidence for redox variations across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raiswell, R and Canfield, DE (1996) Rates of reaction between silicate iron and dissolved sulfide in Peru Margin sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 2777–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raiswell, R and Canfield, DE (1998) Sources of iron for pyrite formation in marine sediments. American Journal of Science 298, 219–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raiswell, R, Canfield, DE and Berner, RA (1994) A comparison of iron extraction methods for the determination of degree of pyritisation and the recognition of iron-limited pyrite formation. Chemical Geology 111, 101–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raiswell, R, Hardisty, DS, Lyons, TW, Canfield, DE, Owens, JD, Planavsky, NJ, Poulton, SW and Reinhard, CT (2018) The iron paleoredox proxies: a guide to the pitfalls, problems and proper practice. American Journal of Science 318, 491–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raiswell, R, Newton, R and Wignall, PB (2001) An indicator of water-column anoxia: resolution of biofacies variations in the Kimmeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic, U.K.). Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, 286–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahoo, SK, Planavsky, NJ, Jiang, G, Kendall, B, Owens, JD, Wang, X, Shi, X, Anbar, AD and Lyons, TW (2016) Oceanic oxygenation events in the anoxic Ediacaran ocean. Geobiology 14, 457–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitz, M (2012) Appendix 2 – Radiometric ages used in GTS2012. In The Geological Time Scale 2012 (eds Gradstein, F, Ogg, J, Schmitz, M and Ogg, G), pp. 1045–82. Boston: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, C, Lyons, TW, Bekker, A, Shen, Y, Poulton, SW, Chu, X and Anbar, AD (2008) Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean. Nature 452, 456–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, Y, Canfield, DE and Knoll, AH (2002) Middle Proterozoic ocean chemistry: evidence from the McArthur Basin, northern Australia. American Journal of Science 302, 81–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, Y, Knoll, AH and Walter, MR (2003) Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basin. Nature 423, 632–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, W, Li, C, Luo, G, Huang, J, Algeo, TJ, Jin, C, Zhang, Z and Cheng, M (2018) Sulfur isotope evidence for transient marine-shelf oxidation during the Ediacaran Shuram Excursion. Geology 46, 267–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, GA, Mills, BJW, Zhu, M, Raub, TD, Daines, SJ and Lenton, TM (2019) Unique Neoproterozoic carbon isotope excursions sustained by coupled evaporite dissolution and pyrite burial. Nature Geoscience 12, 823–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields-Zhou, G and Och, L (2011) The case for a Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event: geochemical evidence and biological consequences. GSA Today 21, 4–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigman, DM, Karsh, KL and Casciotti, KL (2009) Nitrogen isotopes in the ocean. In Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (eds Steele, J, Thorpe, S and Turekian, K), pp. 40–54. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperling, EA, Halverson, GP, Knoll, AH, MacDonald, FA and Johnston, DT (2013) A basin redox transect at the dawn of animal life. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 371–372, 143–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, M, Wallis, E, Erdtmann, B-D, Zhao, Y and Yang, R (2001) Submarine-hydrothermal exhalative ore layers in black shales from South China and associated fossils — insights into a Lower Cambrian facies and bio-evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169, 165–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesdal, J-E, Galbraith, ED and Kienast, M (2013) Nitrogen isotopes in bulk marine sediment: linking seafloor observations with subseafloor records. Biogeosciences 10, 101–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tostevin, R, Clarkson, MO, Gangl, S, Shields, GA, Wood, RA, Bowyer, F, Penny, AM and Stirling, CH (2019) Uranium isotope evidence for an expansion of anoxia in terminal Ediacaran oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 506, 104–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribovillard, N, Algeo, TJ, Lyons, T and Riboulleau, A (2006) Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an update. Chemical Geology 232, 12–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tribovillard, N, Riboulleau, A, Lyons, T and Baudin, F (2004) Enhanced trapping of molybdenum by sulfurized marine organic matter of marine origin in Mesozoic limestones and shales. Chemical Geology 213, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernhet, E, Heubeck, C, Zhu, M-Y and Zhang, J-M (2007) Stratigraphic reconstruction of the Ediacaran Yangtze Platform margin (Hunan province, China) using a large olistolith. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254, 123–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernhet, E and Reijmer, JJG (2010) Sedimentary evolution of the Ediacaran Yangtze Platform shelf (Hubei and Hunan provinces, Central China). Sedimentary Geology 225, 99–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorlicek, TP, Kahn, MD, Kasuya, Y and Helz, GR (2004) Capture of molybdenum in pyrite-forming sediments: role of ligand-induced reduction by polysulfides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 547–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, E (2006) The climatic and environmental history of the south Chinese Yangtze Platform during the Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian: hydrothermally active and salinity stratified epicontinental basins, a key for understanding the “Cambrian Explosion”? PhD thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Erdtmann, B-D, Chen, X and Mao, X (1998) Integrated sequence-, bio- and chemostratigraphy of the terminal Proterozoic to lowermost Cambrian ‘black rock series’ from central South China. Episodes 21, 178–89.Google Scholar
Wang, XQ, Shi, XY, Jiang, GQ and Tang, DJ (2014) Organic carbon isotope gradient and ocean stratification across the late Ediacaran–early Cambrian Yangtze Platform. Science China Earth Sciences 57, 919–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanty, RB and Goldhaber, MB (1992) Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 1471–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedepohl, KH (1971) Environmental influences on the chemical composition of shales and clays. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 8, 307–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedepohl, KH (1991) The composition of the upper Earth’s crust and the natural cycles of selected metals. In Metals and their Compound in the Environment: Occurence, Analysis and Biological Relevance (eds Merian, E), pp. 3–17. Weinheim: VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Wehrli, B and Stumm, W (1989) Vanadyl in natural waters: adsorption and hydrolysis promote oxygenation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, S, Bykova, N, Kovalick, A and Gill, BC (2017) Stable carbon isotopes of sedimentary kerogens and carbonaceous macrofossils from the Ediacaran Miaohe Member in South China: implications for stratigraphic correlation and sources of sedimentary organic carbon. Precambrian Research 302, 171–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, S, Yuan, X, Steiner, M and Knoll, AH (2002) Macroscopic carbonaceous compressions in a terminal Proterozoic shale: a systematic reassessment of the Miaohe biota, South China. Journal of Paleontology 76, 347–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X, Sigman, DM, Morel, FMM and Kraepiel, AML (2014) Nitrogen isotope fractionation by alternative nitrogenases and past ocean anoxia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 4782–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, Y, Anderson, RF, van Geen, A and Kuwabara, J (2000) Authigenic molybdenum formation in marine sediments: a link to pore water sulfide in the Santa Barbara Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 4165–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, C and Xiao, S (2007) Ediacaran δ13C chemostratigraphy of South China. Chemical Geology 237, 89–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, C, Xiao, S, Wang, W, Guan, C, Ouyang, Q and Chen, Z (2017) The stratigraphic complexity of the middle Ediacaran carbon isotopic record in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China, and its implications for the age and chemostratigraphic significance of the Shuram Excursion. Precambrian Research 288, 23–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, B, Jiang, S, Pi, D, Ge, L and Yang, J (2018) Trace elements characteristics of black shales from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Hubei Province, South China: implications for redox and open vs. restricted basin conditions. Journal of Earth Science 29, 342–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, M, Lu, M, Zhang, J, Zhao, F, Li, G, Aihua, Y, Zhao, X and Zhao, M (2013) Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and sedimentary facies evolution of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in western Hubei, South China. Precambrian Research 225, 7–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, M, Zhang, J, Steiner, M, Yang, A, Li, G and Erdtmann, B (2003) Sinian-Cambrian stratigraphic framework for shallow- to deep-water environments of the Yangtze Platform: an integrated approach. Progress in Natural Science 13, 951–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, M, Zhang, J and Yang, A (2007) Integrated Ediacaran (Sinian) chronostratigraphy of South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254, 7–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, W and Chen, M (1984) On the discovery of macrofossil algae from the late Sinian in the eastern Yangtze Gorges, South China. Acta Botanica Sinica 26, 558–60.Google Scholar
Zhuang, H, Lu, J, Fu, J, Liu, J, Ren, C and Zou, D (1999) Evidence for transforming mineralization of Baiguoyuan silver-vanadium deposit hosted in black shale in Hubei, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 44, 263–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bridger et al. supplementary material

Bridger et al. supplementary material

Download Bridger et al. supplementary material(File)
File 6.1 MB