Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T16:50:50.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conodont thermal alteration patterns in Palaeozoic rocks from Belgium, northern France and western Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

S. Helsen  and
P. Kønigshof
S. Helsen
Affiliation:
Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
P. Kønigshof
Affiliation:
Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt a.M. 1, Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this paper thermal patterns based on conodont Colour Alteration Indices (CAI) have been studied in the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks from Belgium, northern France and western Germany. Four maps (with the exception of the southeastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) have been compiled for the investigated area: one for the Eifelian and Givetian, a second for the Frasnian, another for the Famennian and one for the Tournaisian and Viséan. Conodonts have not been found in Cambrian rocks from Belgium and northern France and as they are scarce in the Ordovician to Lower Devonian formations of this area, it was impossible to integrate these CAI data into an isograd map. In Germany (in the eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) only a few CAI values for the Lower Devonian strata are available. In contrast to the Ardennes where in general conodonts show CAI values of 3.0–5.0, indices in areas adjacent to the Anglo-Brabant Massif, e.g. in the western Namur Synclinorium and in the Eifel Hills, range between 1.5 and 2.0. Slightly higher values occur in the Campine Basin north of the Anglo-Brabant Massif. By comparison with CAI data from Belgium, conodont colour alteration indices from the same stratigraphic horizons in some areas of the northern and eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge are up to one index higher. In most areas of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge the level of metamorphism corresponds to the anchizone. Regional variations in CAI data appear to be related to buried intrusions and associated hydrothermal activity. In the southeastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge CAI data are not completely consistent but it is possible to discern an increase in coalification from the north to the south. High index values in the southern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge are believed to result from regional metamorphism and heating related to numerous intrusive bodies.

Type
Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 131 , Issue 3 , May 1994 , pp. 369 - 386
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldridge, R. J. 1984. Thermal metamorphism of the Silurian strata of the Oslo region, assessed by conodont colour. Geological Magazine 121, 347–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldridge, R. J. 1986. Conodont palaeobiogeography and thermal maturation in the Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 143, 177–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, R. L. & Burnett, R. D. in press. Preliminary Carboniferous conodont CAI data, South Wales, the Mendips and adjacent areas, United Kingdom. Bulletin Société belge de Géologie.Google Scholar
Belka, Z. 1990. Thermal maturation and burial history from conodont colour alteration data, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 118, 241–51.Google Scholar
Bender, P. 1967. Unterdevonische Conodonten aus den Kalken von Naux (Unteres Gedinnium, Massiv von Rocroi). Geologica et Palaeontologica 1, 183–4.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M. 1980. Conodonts as paleotemperature tools in Ordovician rocks of the Caledonides and adjacent areas in Scandinavia and the British Isles. Geologiska Föringens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 102, 377–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bless, M. J. M., Bosum, W., Bouckaert, J., Durbaum, H.-J., Kockel, F., Paproth, E., Querfurth, H. & Van Rooijen, P. 1980 a. Geophysikalische Untersuchungen am Ost-Rand des Brabanter Massivs in Belgien, den Niederlanden und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 32, 313–43.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M., Bouckaert, J., Bouzet, P., Conil, R., Cornet, P., Fairon-Demaret, M., Groessens, E., Longerstaey, P. J., Meesen, J. P. M. T., Paproth, E., Pirlet, H., Streel, M., Van Ameron, H. W. J. & Wolf, M., 1976. Dinantian rocks in the subsurface north of the Brabant and Ardenno-Rhenish massifs in Belgium the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 27, 81–195.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M., Bouckaert, J. & Paproth, E. 1981. Visé-Puth: Stimulant for further exploration? Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 104, 291–6.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M., Bouckaert, J. & Paproth, E. 1989. The Dinant Nappes: A model of tensional listric faulting inverted into compressional folding and thrusting. Bulletin Société belge de Géologie 98, 221–30.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M., Conil, R., Dufourny, P., Groessens, E., Hance, L. & Hennebert, M. 1980 b. Stratigraphy and thickness variations of some Strunio-Dinantian deposits around the Brabant Massif. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 32, 56–65.Google Scholar
Bonte, A. 1936. Sur quelques sondages anciens du Pas-de-Calais. Annales Société Géologique Nord 61, 102–19.Google Scholar
Bonte, A., Colbeaux, J. P., Hoyez, B. & Lethiers, F. 1974. Les ‘schistes d'Hydrequent’ (Dévonien supérieur du Bas-Boulonnais): nouvelles observations. Annales Société Géologique Nord 94, 117–21.Google Scholar
Bonte, A. & De Heinzelin, J. 1966. Compte rendu de la session extraordinaire. Bulletin Société belge de Géologie 75, 245–305.Google Scholar
Borremans, G. & Bultynck, P. 1986. Conodontes du Calcaire de Naux, Gedinnien Inférieur au Sud immédiat du Massif de Rocroi (Ardenne française). Aardkundige Mededelingen 3, 45–58.Google Scholar
Bouroz, A. 1962. Contribution à l'étude de la structure du bassin houiller du Boulonnais. Annales Société Géologique Nord 82, 27–37.Google Scholar
Brice, D., Bultynck, P., Colbeaux, J.-P., Lethiers, F., Mistiaen, B., Rohart, J. C. & Bigey, F. 1976. Une nouvelle coupe dans le Devonien de Ferques (Boulonnais, France). Annales Société Géologique Nord 96, 135–55.Google Scholar
Bultynck, P. 1977. Conodontes de la série de Liévin (Siluro-Dévonien) de l'Artois (Nord de la France). Annales Société Géologique Nord 107, 11–20.Google Scholar
Bultynck, P. 1982. Pridolian–Lower Devonian conodont faunas from Naux (Neufchâteau Synclinorium) and from Liévin (Dinant Synclinorium). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 55, 135–8.Google Scholar
Burnett, R. D. 1987. Regional maturation patterns for Late Viséan (Carboniferous, Dinantian) rocks of northern England based on mapping conodont colour. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 165–86.Google Scholar
Burnett, R. D. 1988. Physical and chemical changes in conodonts from contact-metamorphosed limestones. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 9, 79–119.Google Scholar
Burnett, R., Austin, R. L., Higgins, A. C. & Sevastopulo, G. D. 1988. Thermal maturation of the Carboniferous of Great Britain and Ireland based on conodont C.A.I. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 102, 233 (abstract).Google Scholar
Burnett, R. D., Stewart, I. J., Paterson, N. & Austin, R. L. in press. Preliminary Upper Palaeozoic conodont CAI data, South-West England. Bulletin Société belge de Géologie.Google Scholar
Carte Géologique de la France 1968. (1:1000000), Feuille Nord. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières.Google Scholar
Chamley, H. 1988. Minéralogie des argiles dans le Givetien de Ferques (Boulonnais, France). Nature et signification. In Le Dévonien de Ferques, Bas-Boulonnais (N-France), Collection biostratigraphie du Paléozoique, vol. 7 (ed. Brice, D.), pp. 37–42. Brest.Google Scholar
Dandois, P. 1981. Diagnénèse et métamorphisme des domaines calédoniens et hercyniens de la Vallée de la Meuse entre Charleville-Mézi`res et Namur (Ardennes franco-belges). Bulletin Société belge de Géologie 90, 299–316.Google Scholar
Dean, M. T. 1992. Conodont colour maturation indices for the Carboniferous of west-central Scotland. In Basins on the Atlantic Seaboard: Petroleum Geology, Sedimentology and Basin Evolution (ed. Parnell, J.), pp. 21–3. Special Publication, Geological Society of London, no. 62.Google Scholar
De Bethune, P. 1961 Geologische kaart van België (1:500000), Atlas van België. National Comité voor Geografie, Koninklijke Belgische Akademie.Google Scholar
Epstein, A. G., Epstein, J. B. & Harris, L. D. 1977. Conodont colour alteration, an index to organic metamorphism. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 995, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Flajs, G. 1980. Conodont metamorphism: Grain size–temperature relationship. In Second European Conodont Symposium, ECOS II (ed. Schönlaub, H.-P.), p. 213. Abhandlungen Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien 35.Google Scholar
Fuchs, A. 1990. Die Conodontenfarbe als Hilfsmittel bei der Emittlung von Versenkungstemperaturen im Ordovizium und Devon/Unterkarbon Thüringens und des Harzes. Veröffentlichungen Naturhistorisches Museum Schlensingen 5, 13–17.Google Scholar
Gawlick, H. J. & Königshof, P. 1993. Diagenese, niedrigund mittelgradige Metamorphose in den südlichen Salzburger Kalkalpen. Paläotemperaturabschätzungen auf der Grundlage von Conodont-Color-Alteration-Index (CAI) Daten. Jahrbuch Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien 136, 39–48.Google Scholar
Geologische Karte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1973. (1:1000000). Geologische Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe.Google Scholar
Gretener, P. E. 1981. Geothermics: Using Temperature in Hydrocarbon Exploration. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Course Note Series no. 17, 170 pp.Google Scholar
Hance, L., Steemans, P., Goemaere, E., Somers, Y., Vandenven, G., Vanguestaine, M. & Verniers, J. 1991. Nouvelles données sur la Bande de Sambre-et-Meuse à Ombret (Huy, Belgique). Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 114, 253–64.Google Scholar
Harris, A. G., Rexroad, C. B., Lierman, R. T. & Askin, R. A. 1990. Evaluation of a CAI anomaly, Putnam County, Central Indiana, U.S.A.: possibility of a Mississippi Valley-type hydrothermal system. In Papers on Conodonts and Ordovician to Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy (ed. Ziegler, W.), pp. 253–66. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 118.Google Scholar
Helsen, S. 1992. Conodont colour alteration maps for Paleozoic strata in Belgium, northern France and westernmost Germany – preliminary results. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 115, 135–43.Google Scholar
Hollerbach, A. & Kasig, W. 1980. Organic matter in Paleozoic sediments of the Aachen region, east of the Brabant Massif. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 32, 106–10.Google Scholar
Hoyer, P., Clausen, C. D., Leuteritz, K., Teichmüller, R. & Thome, K. N. 1974. Ein Inkohlungsprofil zwischen dem Gelsenkirchener Sattel des Ruhrkohlenbeckens und dem Ostsauerländer Hauptsattel des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 24, 161–72.Google Scholar
Jones, G. 1992. Irish Carboniferous conodonts record, maturation levels and the influence of tectonism, igneous activity and mineralisation. Terra Research 4, 238–44.Google Scholar
Königshof, P. 1991. Conodont colour alteration adjacent to a granitic intrusion, Harz mountains. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 2, 84–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Königshof, P. 1992. Der Farbänderungsindex von Conodonten (CAI) in paläozoischen Gesteinen (Mitteldevon bis Unterkarbon) des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges – Eine Ergänzung zur Vitrinitreflexion. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 146, 1–118.Google Scholar
Königshof, P. & Werner, R. in press. Zur Bestimmung der Versenkungstemperaturen im Devon der Eifel Nord-Süd Zone mit Hilfe der Conodontenfarbe. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 168.Google Scholar
Kovacs, S. & Arkai, P. 1987. Conodont alteration in metamorphosed limestones from northern Hungary and its relationship to carbonate texture, illite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectance. In Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Applications (ed. Austin, R. L.), pp. 209–30. British Micropalaeontological Society Series.Google Scholar
Kramm, U., Spaeth, G. & Wolf, M. 1985. Variscan metamorphism in the NE Stavelot-Venn Massif, Ardennes: a new approach to the question of regional dynamothermal or contact metamorphism. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 171, 311–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraume, E. 1954. Ergebnisse der reflexionsseismischen Untersuchungen am Rammelsberg und in seiner Umgebung. Zeitschrift Erzbergbau und Metallhüttenwesen 7, 277–80.Google Scholar
Krebs, W. & Wachendorf, H. 1974. Faltungskerne im mitteleuropäischen Grundgebirge – Abbilder eines orogenen Diapirismus. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 147, 30–60.Google Scholar
Lecompte, M. 1956. Quelques précisions sur le phénomène récifal dans le Dévonien de l' Ardenne et sur le rythme sédimentaire dans lequel il s'intègre. Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique Bulletin 32, 39 pp.Google Scholar
Lecompte, M. 1967. Le Devonien de la Belgique et le Nord de la France. In International Symposium on the Devonian System, vol. 1 (ed. Oswald, D. H.), pp. 15–52. Calgary.Google Scholar
Lecompte, M. 1970. Die Riffe im Devon der Ardennen und ihre Bildungsbedingungen. Geologica et Palaeontologica 4, 25–71.Google Scholar
Lippert, H.-J., Hentschel, H. & Rabien, A. 1970. Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Karte von Hessen 1:25000, Blatt Nr. 5215. Dillenburg, 550 pp., Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Michot, P. 1979. La faille mosane et la phase hyporogenique bollandienne d'âge emsien dans le rameau Condrusobrabançon. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 101, 321–35.Google Scholar
Muchez, P., Viaene, W., Keppens, E., Marshall, J. D. & Vandenberghe, N. 1991. Vein cements and the geochemical evolution of subsurface fluids in the Viséan of the Campine Basin (Poederlee Borehole, Belgium). Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 1005–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muchez, P., Viaene, W., Wolf, M. & Bouckaert, J. 1987. Sedimentology, coalification pattern and paleogeography of the Campine-Brabant Basin during the Visean. Geologie en Mijnbouw 66, 313–26.Google Scholar
Nicoll, R. 1981. Conodont colour alteration adjacent to a volcanic plug, Canning Basin, Western Australia. Journal Bureau Mineral Resources of Australia, Geology and Geophysics 6, 265–7.Google Scholar
Nöth, S., Bruckschen, P. & Richter, D. K. 1991. Conodont color alteration and microdolomite composition – implications to the Muschelkalk limestones (Upper Triassic) overlying the Upper Cretaceous intrusive body of the Vlotho Massif (Weserbergland, Northwest Germany). Geologie en Mijnbouw 70, 265–73.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S. & Barnes, C. R. 1986. Application of conodont colour alteration indices to regional and economic geology. In Conodonts: Investigative Techniques and Applications (ed. Austin, R. L.), pp. 188–202. British Micropalaeontological Society Series.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S. & Barnes, C. R. 1987. Thermal maturation of Paleozoic strata in eastern Canada from conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data with implications for burial history, tectonic evolution, hot spot tracks and mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 367, 1–47.Google Scholar
Oncken, 0. 1984. Zusammemhänge in der Strukturgenese des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges. Geologische Rundschau 73, 619–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oncken, O. 1991. Aspects of the structural and paleogeothermal evolution of the Rhenish Massif. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 113, 139–59.Google Scholar
Orchard, M. H. & Forster, P. J. L. 1991. Conodont colour and thermal maturity of the Late Triassic Kunga Group, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia. In Evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the Queen Charlotte Basin, British Columbia, pp. 453–64. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90–10.Google Scholar
Paproth, E. & Wolf, M. 1973. Zur paläogeographischen Deutung der Inkohlung im Devon und Karbon des nördlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirges. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1973, 469–93.Google Scholar
Plaumann, S. 1987. Karte der Bouguer-Anomalien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1:500000. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe E 40, 3–7.Google Scholar
Pique, A., Huon, S. & Clauer, N. 1984. La schistosité hercynienne et le métamorphisme associé dans la Vallée de la Meuse entre Charleville-Mézières et Namur (Ardennes franco-belges). Bulletin Sociétè belge de Géologie 93, 55–70.Google Scholar
Raven, J. G. M. & Van der Pluijm, B. A. 1986. Metamorphic fluids and transtension in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain: an application of the conodont colour alteration index. Geological Magazine 123, 673–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rejebian, V. A., Harris, A. G. & Huebner, J. S. 1987. Conodont color and textural alteration: an index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration. Geological Society of America Bulletin 99, 471–9.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D. 1971. The inhibiting effect of organic carbon on contact metamorphic recrystallisation of limestone. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 32, 245–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schröder, E. 1951. Die Trierer Bucht als Teilstück der Eifeler Nord-Süd-Zone. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 103, 209–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teichmüller, M. & Teichmüller, R. 1952. Zur Fazies und Metamorphose der ‘Kohlen’ im Devon des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 103, 219–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teichmüller, M. & Teichmüller, R. 1979. Ein Inkohlungsprofil entlang der linksrheinischen Geotraverse von Schleiden nach Aachen und die Inkohlung in der Nord-Süd-Zone der Eifel. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 27, 323–55.Google Scholar
Teichmüller, M., Teichmüller, R. & Weber, K. 1979. Inkohlung und Illit-Kristallinität. Vergleichende Untersuchungen im Mesozoikum und Palaozoikum von Westfalen. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen 27, 201–76.Google Scholar
Tus, E. 1980. De geologische struktuur van het steenkoolterrein ten noorden van het ontginningsgebied der Kempense mijnen. Belgian Geological Survey Professional Paper no. 179, 43 pp.Google Scholar
Tsien, H.-H. 1974. Paleoecology of the Middle Devonian and Frasnian in Belgium. In International Symposium on Belgian Micropaleontological Limits, vol. 12 (eds Bouckaert, J. and Streel, M.), pp. 12–16. Brussels.Google Scholar
Tsien, H.-H. 1976. L'Activité récifale au cours du Devonien moyen et du Frasnien en Europe occidentale et ses particularites en Belgique. Annales Société Géologique Nord 97, 57–68.Google Scholar
Tsien, H.-H. 1980. Les régimes récifaux dévoniens en Ardenne. Bulletin Société belge de Géologie 89, 71–113.Google Scholar
Van den Haute, P. & Vercoutere, C. 1990. Apatite fission-track evidence for a Mesozoic uplift of the Brabant Massif: preliminary results. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 112, 443–52.Google Scholar
Werner, W. 1988. Synsedimentary faulting and sediment-hosted submarine hydrothermal mineralisation – a case study in the Rhenish Massif. Göttinger Arbeiten Geologie Pal äontologie 36, 206 pp.Google Scholar
Werner, W. 1989. Contribution to the genesis of the SEDEX-type mineralisation of the Rhenish Massif (Germany) – implications for future Pb–Zn exploration. Geologische Rundschau 78, 571–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winkler, H. G. F. 1979. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer. 348 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witten, W. 1979. Stratigraphie, Sedimentologie und Pal äogeographie der Kieselkalke im Unterdevon II g/d bis III a des nördlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirges. Geologische Abhandlungen Hessen 80, 132 pp.Google Scholar
Wolf, M. 1972. Beziehung zwischen Inkohlung und Geotektonik im n ördlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirge. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Pal äontologie, Abhandlungen 141, 222–57.Google Scholar
Wolf, M. 1978. Inkohlungsuntersuchungen im Hunsrück (Rheinische Schiefergebirge). Zeitschrift Deutsche Gellogische Gesellschaft 129, 217–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, M. 1982. Coalification pattern in the Visé-Puth area around Maastricht (the Netherlands). Publicaties Naturhistorisch Genootschap Limburg 32, 48–9.Google Scholar
Wolf, M. 1989. Die Inkohlungsverhältnisse im Dinantium der Wittgensteiner Mulde und ihrer Umgebun (Nordöstliches Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Bulletin Société belge de Géologie 98, 209–16.Google Scholar
Wolf, M. & Bless, M. J. M. 1987. Coal-petrographic investigations on samples from the boreholes Thermae 2000 and Thermae 2002 (Valkenburg A/D Geul, the Netherlands). Annales de la Société Géologique a Belgique 110, 77–84.Google Scholar