Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T18:46:26.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

In situ rare earth element analysis of a lower Cambrian phosphate nodule by LA-ICP-MS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 September 2020

Yun-Tao Ye Open the ORCID record for Yun-Tao Ye [Opens in a new window] ,
Hua-Jian Wang Open the ORCID record for Hua-Jian Wang [Opens in a new window] ,
Xiao-Mei Wang ,
Li-Na Zhai ,
Chao-Dong Wu  and
Shui-Chang Zhang
Yun-Tao Ye
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing100083, China
Hua-Jian Wang*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing100083, China
Xiao-Mei Wang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing100083, China
Li-Na Zhai
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao266071, China
Chao-Dong Wu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China Institute of Oil and Gas, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Shui-Chang Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing100083, China
*
Author for correspondence: Hua-Jian Wang, Email: wanghuajian@petrochina.com.cn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Rare earth elements (REE) in marine minerals have been widely used as proxies for the redox status of depositional and/or diagenetic environments. Phosphate nodules, which are thought to grow within decimetres below the sediment–water interface and to be able to scavenge REE from the ambient pore water, are potential archives of subtle changes in REE compositions. Whether their REE signals represent specific redox conditions or they can be used to track the overlying water chemistry is worth exploring. Through in situ laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we investigate the REE compositions of a drill-core-preserved phosphate nodule from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Daotuo area, northeastern Guizhou Province, South China. REE distributions of the nodule show concentric layers with systematic decreases in Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*) from the core to the rim. The lowest Ce/Ce* appears in the outer rim where REE concentrations are relatively high. These results are interpreted to reflect REE exchange with pore water at a very early stage or bathymetric variation during apatite precipitation. The origin of the shale-normalized middle REE (MREE) enrichment in our sample is less constrained. Possible driving factors include preferential MREE substitution for Ca in the apatite lattice, degradation of organic matter and deposition beneath a ferruginous zone. Although speculative, the last possibility is consistent with the chemically stratified model for early Cambrian oceans, in which dynamic fluctuations of the chemocline provided an ideal depositional context for phosphogenesis.

Keywords

Carbonate fluorapatitecerium anomalyMREE enrichmentstratified oceanNiutitang Formation
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 4 , April 2021 , pp. 749 - 758
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahm, A-SC, Bjerrum, CJ and Hammarlund, EU (2017) Disentangling the record of diagenesis, local redox conditions, and global seawater chemistry during the latest Ordovician glaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 459, 145–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alibo, DS and Nozaki, Y (1999) Rare earth elements in seawater: particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 363–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, G, Reuter, M, Hauzenberger, CA and Piller, WE (2017) The impact of transport processes on rare earth element patterns in marine authigenic and biogenic phosphates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 203, 140–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, JV, Corsetti, FA, Greene, SE, Crosby, CH, Liu, P and Orphan, VJ (2013) Filamentous sulfur bacteria preserved in modern and ancient phosphatic sediments: implications for the role of oxygen and bacteria in phosphogenesis. Geobiology 11, 397–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bau, M and Koschinsky, A (2009) Oxidative scavenging of cerium on hydrous Fe oxide: evidence from the distribution of rare earth elements and yttrium between Fe oxides and Mn oxides in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts. Geochemical Journal 43, 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosscher, H and Schlager, W (1992) Computer simulation of reef growth. Sedimentology 39, 503–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, CA, Cruse, AM, Lyons, TW, MacLeod, KG, Glascock, MD and Ethington, RL (2009) Seawater rare-earth element patterns preserved in apatite of Pennsylvanian conodonts? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1609–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, J and Schulz-Vogt, HN (2011) Sulfide induces phosphate release from polyphosphate in cultures of a marine Beggiatoa strain. The ISME Journal 5, 497–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnett, WC (1977) Geochemistry and origin of phosphorite deposits from off Peru and Chile. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88, 813–23.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canfield, DE and Thamdrup, B (2009) Towards a consistent classification scheme for geochemical environments, or, why we wish the term ‘suboxic’ would go away. Geobiology 7, 385–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakhmouradian, AR, Reguir, EP, Zaitsev, AN, Couëslan, C, Xu, C, Kynický, J, Mumin, AH and Yang, P (2017) Apatite in carbonatitic rocks: compositional variation, zoning, element partitioning and petrogenetic significance. Lithos 274–275, 188–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, D, Wang, J, Qing, H, Yan, D and Li, R (2009) Hydrothermal venting activities in the Early Cambrian, South China: petrological, geochronological and stable isotopic constraints. Chemical Geology 258, 168–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, D, Zhou, X, Fu, Y, Wang, J and Yan, D (2015a) New U–Pb zircon ages of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary strata in South China. Terra Nova 27, 62–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J, Algeo, TJ, Zhao, L, Chen, Z-Q, Cao, L, Zhang, L and Li, Y (2015b) Diagenetic uptake of rare earth elements by bioapatite, with an example from Lower Triassic conodonts of South China. Earth-Science Reviews 149, 181–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deditius, AP, Utsunomiya, S, Renock, D, Ewing, RC, Ramana, CV, Becker, U and Kesler, SE (2008) A proposed new type of arsenian pyrite: composition, nanostructure and geological significance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 2919–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Y, Ren, J, Guo, Q, Cao, J, Wang, H and Liu, C (2017) Rare earth element geochemistry characteristics of seawater and porewater from deep sea in western Pacific. Scientific Reports 7, 16539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, A, Neumann, T, Kramar, U and Schild, D (2012) Structure of selenium incorporated in pyrite and mackinawite as determined by XAFS analyses. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 133, 30–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elderfield, H and Sholkovitz, ER (1987) Rare earth elements in the pore waters of reducing nearshore sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 82, 280–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elderfield, H, Upstill-Goddard, R and Sholkovitz, ER (1990) The rare earth elements in rivers, estuaries, and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 971–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emsbo, P, McLaughlin, PI, Breit, GN, du Bray, EA and Koenig, AE (2015) Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: solution to the global REE crisis? Gondwana Research 27, 776–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleet, ME, Liu, X and Pan, Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6Cl2]: uptake, site preference and degradation of monoclinic structure. American Mineralogist 85, 1437–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freslon, N, Bayon, G, Toucanne, S, Bermell, S, Bollinger, C, Chéron, S, Etoubleau, J, Germain, Y, Khripounoff, A, Ponzevera, E and Rouget, M-L (2014) Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in sedimentary organic matter. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 140, 177–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, CR and Arthur, MA (1988) Petrology and major element geochemistry of Peru margin phosphorites and associated diagenetic minerals: authigenesis in modern organic-rich sediments. Marine Geology 80, 231–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldhammer, T, Brüchert, V, Ferdelman, TG and Zabel, M (2010) Microbial sequestration of phosphorus in anoxic upwelling sediments. Nature Geoscience 3, 557–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grandjean-Lécuyer, P, Feist, R and Albarède, F (1993) Rare earth elements in old biogenic apatites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 2507–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, DD, Large, RR, Halpin, JA, Lounejeva Baturina, E, Lyons, TW, Wu, S, Danyushevsky, L, Sack, PJ, Chappaz, A, Maslennikov, VV and Bull, SW (2015) Trace element content of sedimentary pyrite in black shales. Economic Geology 110, 1389–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haley, BA, Klinkhammer, GP and McManus, J (2004) Rare earth elements in pore waters of marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 1265–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammarlund, EU, Gaines, RR, Prokopenko, MG, Qi, C, Hou, X-G and Canfield, DE (2017) Early Cambrian oxygen minimum zone-like conditions at Chengjiang. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 475, 160–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, AVS and Wallace, MW (2015) Extreme ocean anoxia during the Late Cryogenian recorded in reefal carbonates of Southern Australia. Precambrian Research 261, 96–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horan, MF, Morgan, JW, Grauch, RI, Coveney, RM, Murowchick, JB and Hulbert, LJ (1994) Rhenium and osmium isotopes in black shales and Ni-Mo-PGE-rich sulfide layers, Yukon Territory, Canada, and Hunan and Guizhou provinces, China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 257–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilyin, AV (1998) Rare-earth geochemistry of ‘old’ phosphorites and probability of syngenetic precipitation and accumulation of phosphate. Chemical Geology 144, 243–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, I, Burnett, W, Nathan, Y, Almbaydin, F, Attia, A, Castro, L, Flicoteaux, R, Hilmy, ME, Husain, V and Qutawnah, A (1994) Phosphorite geochemistry: state-of-the-art and environmental concerns. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 87, 643–700.Google Scholar
Jiang, S-Y, Pi, D-H, Heubeck, C, Frimmel, H, Liu, Y-P, Deng, H-L, Ling, H-F and Yang, J-H (2009) Early Cambrian ocean anoxia in South China. Nature 459, E5–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, S-Y, Zhao, H-X, Chen, Y-Q, Yang, T, Yang, J-H and Ling, H-F (2007) Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of phosphate nodules from the lower Cambrian black shale sequence in the Mufu Mountain of Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. Chemical Geology 244, 584–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, C, Li, C, Algeo, TJ, Planavsky, NJ, Cui, H, Yang, X, Zhao, Y, Zhang, X and Xie, S (2016) A highly redox-heterogeneous ocean in South China during the early Cambrian (∼529–514 Ma): implications for biota-environment co-evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 441, 38–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannesson, KH and Zhou, X (1999) Origin of middle rare earth element enrichments in acid waters of a Canadian High Arctic lake. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 153–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J-H, Torres, ME, Haley, BA, Kastner, M, Pohlman, JW, Riedel, M and Lee, Y-J (2012) The effect of diagenesis and fluid migration on rare earth element distribution in pore fluids of the northern Cascadia accretionary margin. Chemical Geology 291, 152–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemme, S and Dalpé, C (2003) Trace-element partitioning between apatite and carbonatite melt. American Mineralogist 88, 639–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koeppenkastrop, D and De Carlo, EH (1992) Sorption of rare-earth elements from seawater onto synthetic mineral particles: an experimental approach. Chemical Geology 95, 251–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Large, RR, Halpin, JA, Danyushevsky, LV, Maslennikov, VV, Bull, SW, Long, JA, Gregory, DD, Lounejeva, E, Lyons, TW, Sack, PJ, McGoldrick, PJ and Calver, CR (2014) Trace element content of sedimentary pyrite as a new proxy for deep-time ocean–atmosphere evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 389, 209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, MG, Greig, A, Collerson, KD and Kamber, BS (2006) Rare earth element and yttrium variability in South East Queensland waterways. Aquatic Geochemistry 12, 39–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lécuyer, C, Reynard, B and Grandjean, P (2004) Rare earth element evolution of Phanerozoic seawater recorded in biogenic apatites. Chemical Geology 204, 63–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmann, B, Frei, R, Xu, L and Mao, J (2016) Early Cambrian black shale-hosted Mo-Ni and V mineralization on the rifted margin of the Yangtze platform, China: reconnaissance chromium isotope data and a refined metallogenic model. Economic Geology 111, 89–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C, Cheng, M, Algeo, TJ and Xie, SC (2015) A theoretical prediction of chemical zonation in early oceans (>520 Ma). Science China Earth Sciences 58, 1901–09.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C, Love, GD, Lyons, TW, Fike, DA, Sessions, AL and Chu, X (2010) A stratified redox model for the Ediacaran ocean. Science 328, 80–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, A-Q, Tang, D-J, Shi, X-Y, Zhou, L-M, Zhou, X-Q, Shang, M-H, Li, Y and Song, H-Y (2019) Growth mechanisms and environmental implications of carbonate concretions from the ~1.4 Ga Xiamaling Formation, North China. Journal of Palaeogeography 8, 285–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manheim, F, Rowe, G and Jipa, D (1975) Marine phosphorite formation off Peru. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 45, 243–51.Google Scholar
Mao, JW, Lehmann, B, Du, AD, Zhang, GD, Ma, DS, Wang, YT, Zeng, MG and Kerrich, R (2002) Re-Os dating of polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au mineralization in lower Cambrian black shales of south China and its geologic significance. Economic Geology 97, 1051–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKerrow, WS, Scotese, CR and Brasier, MD (1992) Early Cambrian continental reconstructions. Journal of the Geological Society of London 149, 599–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffett, JW (1990) Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in sea water. Nature 345, 421–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, T, Scholz, F, Kramar, U, Ostermaier, M, Rausch, N, Berner, Z and Immenhauser, A (2013) Arsenic in framboidal pyrite from recent sediments of a shallow water lagoon of the Baltic Sea. Sedimentology 60, 1389–404.Google Scholar
Pi, D-H, Liu, C-Q, Shields-Zhou, GA and Jiang, S-Y (2013) Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of black shale and kerogen in the early Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou province, South China: constraints for redox environments and origin of metal enrichments. Precambrian Research 225, 218–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Planavsky, N, Bekker, A, Rouxel, OJ, Kamber, B, Hofmann, A, Knudsen, A and Lyons, TW (2010) Rare Earth Element and yttrium compositions of Archean and Paleoproterozoic Fe formations revisited: new perspectives on the significance and mechanisms of deposition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74, 6387–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulton, SW, Fralick, PW and Canfield, DE (2010) Spatial variability in oceanic redox structure 1.8 billion years ago. Nature Geoscience 3, 486–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pufahl, PK and Hiatt, EE (2012) Oxygenation of the Earth’s atmosphere–ocean system: a review of physical and chemical sedimentologic responses. Marine and Petroleum Geology 32, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reich, M and Becker, U (2006) First-principles calculations of the thermodynamic mixing properties of arsenic incorporation into pyrite and marcasite. Chemical Geology 225, 278–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynard, B, Lecuyer, C and Grandjean, P (1999) Crystal-chemical controls on rare-earth element concentrations in fossil biogenic apatites and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Chemical Geology 155, 233–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, HN and Schulz, HD (2005) Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite. Science 307, 416–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, G and Stille, P (2001) Diagenetic constraints on the use of cerium anomalies as palaeoseawater redox proxies: an isotopic and REE study of Cambrian phosphorites. Chemical Geology 175, 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, GA and Webb, GE (2004) Has the REE composition of seawater changed over geological time? Chemical Geology 204, 103–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sholkovitz, ER (1992) Chemical evolution of rare earth elements: fractionation between colloidal and solution phases of filtered river water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114, 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sholkovitz, ER, Landing, WM and Lewis, BL (1994) Ocean particle chemistry: the fractionation of rare earth elements between suspended particles and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 1567–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, M, Li, G, Qian, Y, Zhu, M and Erdtmann, B-D (2007) Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian small shelly fossil assemblages and a revised biostratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254, 67–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolpe, B, Guo, L and Shiller, AM (2013) Binding and transport of rare earth elements by organic and iron-rich nanocolloids in Alaskan rivers, as revealed by field-flow fractionation and ICP-MS. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 106, 446–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, SR and McLennan, SM (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 pp.Google Scholar
Tostevin, R, Shields, GA, Tarbuck, GM, He, T, Clarkson, MO and Wood, RA (2016a) Effective use of cerium anomalies as a redox proxy in carbonate-dominated marine settings. Chemical Geology 438, 146–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tostevin, R, Wood, RA, Shields, GA, Poulton, SW, Guilbaud, R, Bowyer, F, Penny, AM, He, T, Curtis, A, Hoffmann, KH and Clarkson, MO (2016b) Low-oxygen waters limited habitable space for early animals. Nature Communications 7, 12818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toyoda, K and Tokonami, M (1990) The diffusion of rare-earth elements in fish teeth from deep-sea sediments. Nature 345, 607–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, MW, Hood, AVS, Shuster, A, Greig, A, Planavsky, NJ and Reed, CP (2017) Oxygenation history of the Neoproterozoic to early Phanerozoic and the rise of land plants. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 466, 12–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H-J, Zhang, S-C, Ye, Y-T, Wang, X-M, Zhou, W-X and Su, J (2016) In situ imaging of multi-elements on pyrite using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 44, 1665–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J and Li, Z-X (2003) History of Neoproterozoic rift basins in South China: implications for Rodinia break-up. Precambrian Research 122, 141–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X, Shi, X, Jiang, G and Zhang, W (2012) New U–Pb age from the basal Niutitang Formation in South China: implications for diachronous development and condensation of stratigraphic units across the Yangtze platform at the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 48, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, H-P, Jiang, S-Y, Palmer, MR, Wei, H-Z and Yang, J-H (2019) Positive cerium anomaly in the Doushantuo cap carbonates from the Yangtze platform, South China: implications for intermediate water column manganous conditions in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation. Precambrian Research 320, 93–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xin, H, Jiang, S-Y, Yang, J-H, Wu, H-P and Pi, D-H (2015) Rare earth element and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of phosphatic rocks in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Zhangcunping section from western Hubei Province, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 440, 712–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, L, Lehmann, B, Mao, J, Qu, W and Du, A (2011) Re–Os age of polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE–Au mineralization in Early Cambrian black shales of South China—a reassessment. Economic Geology 106, 511–22.Google Scholar
Ye, Y, Wang, H, Wang, X, Zhai, L, Wu, C and Zhang, S (2020) Elemental geochemistry of lower Cambrian phosphate nodules in Guizhou Province, South China: an integrated study by LA-ICP-MS mapping and solution ICP-MS. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 538, 109459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeasmin, R, Chen, D, Fu, Y, Wang, J, Guo, Z and Guo, C (2017) Climatic-oceanic forcing on the organic accumulation across the shelf during the Early Cambrian (Age 2 through 3) in the mid-upper Yangtze Block, NE Guizhou, South China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 134, 365–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhai, L, Wu, C, Ye, Y, Zhang, S and An, Z (2016) Marine redox variations during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition on the Yangtze Platform, South China. Geological Journal 53, 58–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, S, Wang, X, Wang, H, Bjerrum, CJ, Hammarlund, EU, Costa, MM, Connelly, JN, Zhang, B, Su, J and Canfield, DE (2016) Sufficient oxygen for animal respiration 1,400 million years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 1731–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, W, Wang, H, Fu, Y, Ye, Y, Wang, X, Su, J, Wang, F, Ge, Z, Liang, H and Wei, S (2017) Study on the formation mechanism of phosphate nodules in the early Cambrian period using LA-ICP-MS multi-element imaging technology. Rock and Mineral Analysis 36, 97–106 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Zhu, B and Jiang, S-Y (2017) A LA-ICP-MS analysis of rare earth elements on phosphatic grains of the Ediacaran Doushantuo phosphorite at Weng’an, South China: implication for depositional conditions and diagenetic processes. Geological Magazine 154, 1381–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, B, Jiang, S-Y, Yang, J-H, Pi, D, Ling, H-F and Chen, Y-Q (2014) Rare earth element and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of phosphate nodules from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, NW Hunan Province, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 398, 132–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, C, Wang, H, Ye, Y, Wang, X, Huang, J, Zhu, Y and Yang, R (2019) The formation mechanism and geological significance of graptolite from the Longmaxi Formation: constraints from in situ multi-element imaging analysis. Rock and Mineral Analysis 38, 245–59 (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ye et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Ye et al. supplementary material(File)
File 2.3 MB