Head-shield broadly semicircular, gently convex; posterior margin nearly straight; middle shield projecting slightly in front of cheeks, and rather bent down. Glabella subquadrate, length slightly greater than width, front truncate, nearly parallel-sided, widening a little anteriorly to maximum across first lateral lobes, moderately convex from side to side, rising gradually in height from back to front, where it is somewhat swollen and slightly overhangs anterior margin of headshield; sides marked with three pairs of regular, subparallel, subequal, and nearly equidistant, strong lateral furrows; anterior pair nearly straight, directed a little obliquely backwards, and extending inwards for about one-third the width of the glabella, situated far forward at about one-fourth the length of the glabella, and a little in front of the point of junction of the axial and marginal furrows; frontal lobe short, broad; second pair of lateral furrows nearly straight, arising a little in front of middle of glabella, running in wards parallel to first pair, but a little longer; first lateral lobes with parallel sides; third or basal pair of furrows with inner portion curved back, but not reaching occipital furrow; second lateral lobes of same length along axial furrow as first pair; basal lobes subrhomboidal, rather less than one-third the width of the glabella. Occipital furrow strong, arched forward slightly in middle and at sides. Occipital ring rounded, rather narrow, a little wider in middle. Surface of glabella and occipital ring ornamented with rather coarse tubercles, with smaller ones interspersed. Axial furrows strong, straight, meeting marginal furrows at right angles a little behind first lateral furrows of glabella.

Some years ago Dr. H. P. Blackmore called my attention to some fragmentary remains of shell on Echinoids which he had found in the Salisbury district. These he regarded as belonging to Hipponyx. The true relationship of these fragments could not, however, be considered certain until Mr. Dibley found the almost perfect example seen in Fig. 1. Dr. Blackmore's finds are recorded in the list of fossils in the “Cretaceous Rocks of England” (Mem. Geol. Survey), iii, p. 473, as “Salisbury,” but I have not discovered what form is there referred to under the localities of “East Kent” and “Margate.”

During the last few years there have passed through my hands for determination many specimens of a twig-like fossil-plant from the highest Silurian flaggy-sandstones of Victoria. These were usually too fragmentary to afford any very decided evidence as to their affinity, although their surfaces showed a close-textured and well-defined structure, referable to that of prosenchymatous wood-cells, and the stem had a definite central vascular axis, such as was first noticed by Hugh Miller in similar fossil remains from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland.

The Upper Freshwater division of the Norfolk Forest-Bed Series at West Runton contains two distinct horizons, viz., a lower, consisting of a rather thick deposit of clay and peat, and an upper, containing a thin seam of gravelly sand, crowded with land and fresh-water shells, on which reposes the pebble-bed found at the base of the ‘Leda-myalis’ series. My friend Mr. G. White and I have lately collected extensively from the West Runton deposits, and have been rewarded with the discovery of several hitherto unknown voles, etc., which I hope to describe ere long. On comparing the voles from the lower series with those from the upper part of the Upper Freshwater bed one finds considerable differences between them, and I believe that similar differences are shown by the mollusca from the two horizons. These faunistic differences are of course not so great as those which have been shown by Dr. Forsyth Major to exist between the East Runton deposit and the West Runton series taken as a whole, but still they are similar in kind.

In 1906 I described a horn-core of a small antelope which had been obtained long ago from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton, and which is now in the collection of Mr. A. S. Kennard. This specimen formerly formed part of the Bayfield collection, and Mr. William Davies had determined it as a horn-core of Capra or Antelope. A comparison showed that it was referable to the genus Gazella, but that it differed from Gazella anglica, a species from the Norwich Crag described by Mr. E. T. Newton, as well as from all the other living and fossil Gazelles respecting which I could obtain information. I therefore ventured to found a new species, G. Daviesii, for the reception of Mr. Kennard's specimen.

A Critic of my paper on “The Winding of Rivers” writes to me that I and others “do not take into account the nature of the soil traversed by a stream,” which “must materially affect its course.” Let me call attention to the two figures (117 and 118) on p. 499, vol. i, of Sir A. Geikie's Text Book of Geology, ed. 1903. The one is entitled “ Meandering course of a Brook,” and resembles that which is often seen in meadows. The other represents the “Winding of the Gorge of the Mozelle above Cochem.” There is no essential difference between them. Without knowledge of the scale I could not say that either had been formed in alluvium and not in hard rock. Both are based on the same principle; each is an adaptation, evolved from a more extended network of streams, formed to meet the requirements of the area to be drained. Lateral streams, even though they do not now exist—the growth of turf or of timber may have rendered them unnecessary—have united with that line in the network best adapted both for the longitudinal and the lateral drainage. In detail this may differ; in principle it is always the same.

Botanists who study the tissues of Living plants, or those palæobotanists who deal with actual petrifactions, have scarcely any idea of the difficulties that meet the worker on carbonised plantremains, especially when the material is so limited that the research cannot be repeated in the event of damage to a single preparation. Moreover, the research can be conducted only on those portions of the tissue that are cutinised, since all the rest have been carbonised or destroyed in the course of fossilisation, and no longer appear after the preparations have been bleached. The student of Mesozoic plants is in the further unhappy position that, with a few notable exceptions, he rarely finds portions of the plant that show any structure; he in particular must direct his attention to the cutinised membranes, and above all to the cuticle of the leaves and stems and, in the case of Pteridophyta, to the spores.