If we review the progress of any one of the natural sciences we shall find it is but the outcome of the genius and labours of many individual workers, who have devoted themselves for years to some particular branch of discovery or research. Taking palæobotany as an illustration, we may cite the name of William Carruthers as a striking example of an individual worker in that field, who, during more than a quarter of a century, specially devoted himself to the investigation and description of fossil plants, and has thus added largely to a knowledge of this section of the science of palæontology.

In 1866 Salter established this species on the basis of two somewhat distorted pygidia, but the head-shield and thorax have remained undescribed and apparently unknown. The discovery therefore by Mr. V. M. Turnbull of some complete though somewhat imperfectly preserved individuals in the Arenig Beds near Haverfordwest is of not a little interest; and with the aid of several detached head-shields, in addition to those belonging to individuals with typical pygidia, we are able to give a fairly complete description of the species, which, owing to its relations to other genera, is particularly worthy of note.

Although the Republic of Venezuela adjoins two British colonies, only some three or four papers have been published in English journals dealing with the geology of the country. These, moreover, are concerned with local observations, and no attempt at correlation has been made. A considerable mass of material is available in Continental publications, and the author, during a series of journeys through Northern Venezuela in 1910, was able to collect sufficient data to form a fairly clear idea of the successien of deposits, and to roughly correlate the views of different writers. While more compilatory than original, the following paper is offered as a basis for further study of the geology of an area so closely connected with the colonies of British Guiana and Trinidad, and the short bibliography includes all those papers bearing directly on the subject which are known to the author.

Sedimentary Formations in the Goldfields.—Sedimentary rocks are rare in all the goldfields south of the Gascoyne River, if superficial deposits of Tertiary or Recent age be omitted. It is true that a sedimentary origin has at times been ascribed to the jaspers, and still more commonly to the bands of graphitic schists within the greenstones. Hand-specimens of the latter rocks and of slaty rocks associated with the jaspers are indistinguishable from similar rocks of sedimentary origin, and it is only by the study of the geological occurrence of the bands that their derivation from igneous rocks can be proved. It is probable, therefore, that many of the rocks mapped as ‘older sediments’ by W. D. Campbell in Kalgoorlie and Norseman are not sediments. There are, however, undoubted sedimentary rocks between Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie, viz. the Kurrawang conglomerates. The enclosed pebbles are largely jaspers and porphyries, so that the formation of the conglomerates must be posterior to the intrusion of the granites, and yet the matrix is sub-schistose and the axes of folding are parallel to the general direction of foliation of the district. The junction with the auriferous series cannot be seen. From the photo reproduced by Campbell, it appears that there are similar conglomerates at Norseman.

In the following notes I propose to chronicle a few works of early man other than chipped flints in this country, which during a long life have come under my own observation. They shall be arranged in order of antiquity, and, as might be expected, the earliest will be the most doubtful. Nevertheless, in anticipation of its being possibly confirmed by future discoveries it shall not be passed over.

A Specimen of Echinocorys showing the plates of the peristome was exhibited at the Conversazione of the Geologists' Association in 1910 by Mr. W. H. Bennett, and has, through the courtesy of that gentleman, been forwarded to me for detailed examination. In view of the perfect preservation of the peristomial structures, and the extreme rarity of their discovery, I have thought it advisable to publish the following short description. A comparison is made between the structure shown in this specimen and that described by Lovén in the young stages of Echinocardium.