To the north and north-east of Cardiff there is a small inlier of Silurian rocks (described in detail by Professor Sollas in 1879) covering an area of rather more than two square miles. There are representatives of both the Ludlow and the Wenlock Series, and the general dip of the beds is towards the north, in which direction Ludlow mudstones pass with apparent conformity beneath the Old Red Sandstone.

Owing to the marked persistence of general external form and internal characters in the Rhynchonellidæ, it is necessary in this family to seize on slighter differences for the foundation of genera than is elsewhere necessary or advisable. The object of this paper is to point out the characters that have been used and others which may advantageously be introduced in the discrimination of the genera of Recent and Tertiary representatives of the group. These are not at present distributed by authors amongst the genera Rhynchonella, Fischer; Acanthothyris, d'Orbigny ; Hemithyris, d'Orbigny ; Cryptopora, Jeffreys (syn. Atretia, Neatretia); Frieleia, Dall; and Basiola, Dall.

The last Study brought out many resemblances between Edrioasteroidea and Asteroidea, much closer than have been recognized even by some who have suggested a derivation of the latter Class from the former. In the present Study it is proposed to inquire whether that hypothesis, or any similar hypothesis, is tenable.

The present paper is the outcome of a number of visits which, during a prolonged professional residence in Italy, I paid to Piémont, Lombardy, and the Italian lakes, and in the course of which I became familiar with the glacial phenomena and the lake basins along the southern base of the Alps.

While no doubts have existed among geologists that the rocks of this district are of Permo-Triassic age, that they are surrounded by older formations of the Carboniferous Series, and capped by a small Lias outlier, unanimity as to the relations of the local Perrao-Triassic rocks to each other has never yet prevailed. Hence when the Geological Survey Memoir, by the present writer, on this district was published in 1899, Sir Archibald Geikie stated in the preface tliatthe delay in its appearance was due to the hope that additional deep borings might have settled certain questions as to the relations to each other of the rocks above the St. Bees Sandstone, etc. On this account, my own views (as those of the worker on the Geological Survey in this district) were allowed to be given by me in a paper read at the Geological Society in 1881, on “The Permian, Triassic, and Liassic Rocks of the Carlisle Basin” (Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxvii, May, 1881).

England has only had one Glacial Period. G. W. Lamplugh pointed this out in 1906 before the British Association at York, and quite lately also in 1913 before the International Geological Congress in Canada. No one has yet attempted to contradict it.

Erratum.—In the August Number, p. 353, footnote (third line), for “deposited by the Rhine Glacier”, read “Rhone Glacier”.

The following lines, indited by a friend after reading Matthew Arnold on Culture, have reached the Editor's box, and may serve to relieve the tedium of the season:—

Culture and Kultur.

While Culture in Britain induces

Swifter progress to Sweetness and Light,

His Kultur the German seduces

Towards Arrogance, Envy, and Spite.