Annular mounds of clinkery lava encircling shallow depressions floored with similar lava were recently discovered by the late A. D. Combe in S.W. Uganda. From their morphological, petrographic, and chemical peculiarities, here described, it is inferred that they represent transfusion products of superficial tuff occupying the sites of unusually hot fumaroles. The dominant added materials are found to be iron oxides, TiO2, K2O, and P2O5. It is suggested that the P2O5, which is abnormally abundant, may have been derived from bone beds in the underlying Kaiso Series.

The neontological concept of a species as a group of “unit populations” divided into geographical races or subspecies is applied to the palaeontological record, and the intrinsic similarities of geographical and chronological subspecies are discussed. It is concluded that the variety and the subspecies are different entities both of which have value in palaeontology. Quantitative measures of the level of specific and subspecific distinction are proposed.

Diopside-skarns, epidote-skarns, and garnet-skarns together with very coarse amphibole-rocks are produced at the contact of limestone and epidiorite by diffusion of trondhjemitic material along the contact. The amphibole-rocks are unusual types, for the formation which material may have been drawn from the epidiorite side the contact.

The morvan theory with slight modification fits the structure of the coasts of south-western Britain better than the fault theory of Atlantic coasts advanced by Suess.

The English Channel and St. George's Channel have been long in existence, and are more probably of tectonic than erosional origin.

Erosional deepening of the valleys which were drowned by the Flandrian transgression to become estuaries must have taken place almost entirely in glacial ages when the level of the ocean has been low. The tempo of coastal erosion, both subaerial and marine, has been rather slow, however, owing to the great width of the continental shelf. Thus shoreline details survive from an interglacial age.

In regions with a narrower continental shelf, deepening and also extensive enlargement of valleys across coastal lands have taken place in each glacial age of low ocean level, and interglacial aggradations have determined terrace levels at consistent heights in the inland valleys of large rivers, as exemplified in Portugal.

The cliffs of Cornwall and Wales show traces of two cycles or marine retrogradation separated by a withdrawal of the sea. Thus the “bevel”, or “coastal slope” above modem cliffs can be accounted for as an ancient sea-cliff graded subaerially during the period of low ocean level.

The Punjab Saline Series has been assigned to the Cambrian and also to the Eocene. Gee has described field evidence which points to a Cambrian age, but Sahni has found microscopic plant and insect remains which have been interpreted as demonstrating an Eocene age. The application of Schultze's technique (also adopted by Sahni) to samples from the undoubted Cambrian rocks of the Salt Range has shown that these too occasionally contain a microflora which includes elements that are not so far known to be indigenous to Cambrian rocks. Its occurrence awaits explanation.

Tunnels constructed in connection with hydro-electric development near the head of Glen Tromie cut Moinian granulites and semi-pelitic schists penetrated by pegmatites and by quartz-porphyry and felsite sills. Deep and very extensive deposits of glacial drift are also present. A remarkable feature of the latter is the presence of hollow chambers well below the surface which are interpreted as partially collapsed moulds of buried blocks of ice.

A description is given of a monchiquite vent which cuts Moine rocks in Inverness-shire. Similar vents considered to be of Permian age are common in the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Orkney Islands but no example has yet been described in detail from the Highlands.

Orbicules consisting of cores of pargasite and epidote with rims of plagioclase, in a matrix composed mainly of pargasite, plagioclase, and epidote, are described and attributed to the metasomatic action of alkaline fluids permeating crushed amphibolite.