Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-21T09:35:28.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) – Conservation Efforts Undermine The Legality Principle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

CITES is acknowledged as one of the most successful international environmental treaties in the world. CITES is not just a conservation treaty, it is also a trade instrument that attempts to strike a balance between these often competing values.

Type
Thematic Studies
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 by German Law Journal GbR 

References

1 McOmber, Elisabeth M., Problems in Enforcement of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2 Brook. J. Int'l L. 673, 674 (2002).Google Scholar

2 Rosalind Reeve, Policing International Trade in Endangered Species. The CITES Treaty and Compliance 28 (2002).Google Scholar

3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 3 March 1973, Preamble (1), (2), available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.shtml.Google Scholar

4 CITES, Preamble (4).Google Scholar

5 Sand, Peter H., Whither CITES? The Evolution of a Treaty Regime in the Borderland of Trade and Environment, 1 European J. Int'l L. 29, 31 (1997).Google Scholar

6 Id. at 30.Google Scholar

7 David S. Favre, International Trade in Endangered Species: A Guide to CITES 878 (1989); Young, Saskia, Contemporary Issues of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Debate Over Sustainable Use, 1 Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L.&Pol'y 167, 173 (2003).Google Scholar

8 Favre (note 7), at 882.Google Scholar

9 Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future; United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, Agenda 21, UN doc. A/42/427.Google Scholar

10 Birnie, Patricia, The Case of the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species, in Enforcing Environmental Standards: Economic Mechanisms as Viable Means? 233, 241, (Rüdiger Wolfrum ed., 1996).Google Scholar

11 Young (note 7), at 183; Krieps, Catharine L, Sustainable Use of Endangered Species under CITES: Is it a Sustainable Alternative?, 17 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 476, 477 (1996).Google Scholar

12 Young (note 7), at 184.Google Scholar

13 Birnie (note 10), at 241.Google Scholar

14 McOmber (note 1), at 674.Google Scholar

15 Birnie (note 10), at 241.Google Scholar

16 Young (note 7), at 185.Google Scholar

17 Conf. 13.2(a).Google Scholar

18 Conf. 14.2 Annex Goal 3; Objective 3.4; SC54 Doc. 6.1, Annex 2.Google Scholar

19 SC54 doc. 6.1.Google Scholar

20 Art. II.Google Scholar

22 Bindschedler, Rudolf L., International Organisations, General Aspects, in EPIL, Vol. 2, 1289 (Rudolph Bernhardt ed., 1995)Google Scholar

23 Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht als Ordnungsidee 321 (2006).Google Scholar

24 Conf. 11.1 (Rev. CoP14) (a).Google Scholar

25 Conf. 11.1 (Rev. CoP14) (b).Google Scholar

26 Conf. 11.1 (Rev. CoP14).Google Scholar

27 Art. IX(1), (2).Google Scholar

29 Brunnée, Jutta, Reweaving the Fabric of International Law? Patterns of Consent in Environmental Framework Agreements, in 177 Developments of International Law in Treaty Making 101, 106 (Rüdiger Wolfrum & Volker Röben eds., 2005).Google Scholar

30 Wolfrum, Rüdiger, Means of Ensuring Compliance with and Enforcement of International Environmental Law, 272 Recueil des Cours. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law 9, 48 (1998).Google Scholar

31 Art. XII(1); Birnie (note 10), at 238.Google Scholar

32 Reeve (note 2), at 43.Google Scholar

33 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a).Google Scholar

34 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (b).Google Scholar

35 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (c).Google Scholar

36 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (d).Google Scholar

37 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (f).Google Scholar

38 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (i).Google Scholar

39 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(III).Google Scholar

40 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(i)(B).Google Scholar

41 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(i)(C).Google Scholar

42 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(i)(A).Google Scholar

43 Reeve (note 2), at 47; Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(ii).Google Scholar

44 Reeve (note 2), at 48; Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 1, (a)(iii).Google Scholar

45 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14)Annex 1, (b)(i).Google Scholar

46 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (a).Google Scholar

47 Reeve (note 2), at 51; Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (c).Google Scholar

48 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (a).Google Scholar

49 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (d).Google Scholar

50 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (f), (g).Google Scholar

51 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (h).Google Scholar

52 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 2, (i).Google Scholar

53 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 2, (j).Google Scholar

54 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 2, (k).Google Scholar

55 Reeve (note 2), at 46.Google Scholar

56 Art. II.Google Scholar

57 Art. II(1).Google Scholar

58 Birnie (note 10), at 235.Google Scholar

59 Art. II(2).Google Scholar

60 Art. II(3).Google Scholar

61 Birnie (note 10), at 237.Google Scholar

62 Brunnée (note 29), at 102.Google Scholar

63 Id. at 104.Google Scholar

64 Art. XI(3)(e).Google Scholar

65 Reeve (note 2), at 40.Google Scholar

66 Id. at 41.Google Scholar

67 Reeve (note 2), at 40.Google Scholar

68 Sand (note 5), at 35.Google Scholar

69 Brunnée (note 29), at 111, 115.Google Scholar

70 Art. XVII(1).Google Scholar

71 Art. XVII(3).Google Scholar

72 Reeve (note 2), at 41.Google Scholar

73 Id. at 42.Google Scholar

74 Id. at 43.Google Scholar

75 Wijnstekers, Willem, The Evolution of CITES, 51 (Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 2003).Google Scholar

76 McOmber (note 1) at 683; Garrison, Johan L., The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Debate Over Sustainable Use, 12 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 301, 312 (1994).Google Scholar

77 McOmber (note 1), at 683; Sand (note 5), at 45.Google Scholar

78 McOmber (note 1), at 684; Sand (note 5), at 46.Google Scholar

79 Favre (note 7), at 876.Google Scholar

80 McOmber (note 1), at 695.Google Scholar

81 Id. at 685.Google Scholar

82 Id. at 686; Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP13).Google Scholar

83 Art. XV(1)(a).Google Scholar

84 Art. XV(2).Google Scholar

85 Art. XV(1)(a).Google Scholar

86 Art. XV (1)(b).Google Scholar

87 Art. XV(1)(c).Google Scholar

88 Art. XV(3).Google Scholar

89 Reeve (note 2), at 36.Google Scholar

90 Art. XII(2)(f).Google Scholar

91 Brunnée (note 29), at 108.Google Scholar

92 Reeve (note 2), at 32.Google Scholar

94 Art. XI(7).Google Scholar

95 Art. XI(6).Google Scholar

96 Conf. 13.8.Google Scholar

97 Conf. 13.8.Google Scholar

98 Reeve (note 2), at 38.Google Scholar

99 Art. II(4) 8(1)(a).Google Scholar

100 Art. III(2).Google Scholar

101 Art. III(3).Google Scholar

102 Birnie (note 10), at 237.Google Scholar

103 Art. III(4), (5).Google Scholar

104 Art. IV(2).Google Scholar

105 Art. IV(3).Google Scholar

106 Art. IV(4).Google Scholar

107 Art. V(2).Google Scholar

108 Art. V(3).Google Scholar

109 Art. VII(6).Google Scholar

110 Art. VII(7).Google Scholar

111 Art. II(4).Google Scholar

112 Art. VIII(1).Google Scholar

113 Birnie (note 10), at 243.Google Scholar

114 Art. 1(b)(II), (III).Google Scholar

115 Conf. 10.3 (h); Murphy, James B., Alternative Approaches to the CITES “Non-detriment” Finding for Appendix II Species, 2 Envtl L. 531, 540 (2006).Google Scholar

116 Conf. 10.14 (Rev. CoP13); Conf. 10.15 (Rev. CoP12); Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP13); available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/index.shtml.Google Scholar

117 Art. XII(2)(c).Google Scholar

118 Sand (note 5), at 51.Google Scholar

119 Sand (note 5), at 55.Google Scholar

120 Art. 3.Google Scholar

121 Arts. XI(3)(d), (e); XIII(3); Art. XII(2)(h).Google Scholar

122 Sand (note 5), at 49.Google Scholar

123 Art. VIII(6), (7).Google Scholar

124 Art. VIII(7).Google Scholar

125 Art. VIII(8).Google Scholar

126 Sand (note 5), at 50.Google Scholar

127 Birnie (note 10), at 239; Sand (note 5), at 49.Google Scholar

128 Reeve (note 2), at 62.Google Scholar

129 Art. XIII(1).Google Scholar

130 Art. XIII(2).Google Scholar

131 Art. XII(2)(e).Google Scholar

132 Art. XII(2)(g).Google Scholar

133 Wolfrum (note 30), at 49.Google Scholar

134 Sand (note 5), at 49.Google Scholar

135 Murphy (note 115), at 537.Google Scholar

136 Reeve (note 2), at 91.Google Scholar

137 Sand (note 5), at 38.Google Scholar

138 Id. at 39.Google Scholar

140 Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13) (s).Google Scholar

141 Sand (note 5), at 54.Google Scholar

142 McOmber (note 1), at 674.Google Scholar

143 Murphy (note 115), at 541.Google Scholar

144 Id. at 542.Google Scholar

145 Id. at 540.Google Scholar

146 Id. at 534, 541.Google Scholar

147 Krieps (note 11), at 462.Google Scholar

148 Id. at 473.Google Scholar

149 Murphy (note 115), at 533.Google Scholar

150 Reeve (note 2), at 45.Google Scholar

151 Sand (note 5), at 50.Google Scholar

152 Id. at 54.Google Scholar

153 Art. VIII(1)(a).Google Scholar

154 EC Regulation No 338/97 of 9 December 1996, OJ L 61, 3.3.1997.Google Scholar

155 Bundesgesetz über die Überwachung des Handels mit Exemplaren wildlebender Tier- und Pflanzenarten Artenhandelsgesetz – ArtHG) – Trade in Species Act from 30 January 1998, BGBl. I Nr. 33/1998, last changed by BGBl. I Nr. 29/2006.Google Scholar

156 Section 66, Federal Nature Conservation Act from 3 April 2002, BGBl. I Nr. 22/2002; Section 330 (1)(3), Criminal Code from 13 November 1998, BGBl. I p.3322, last changed by BGBl I p.1690.Google Scholar

157 Government Decree No.271/2002 (XII.20) on the Implementation and Enforcements of CITES (2002), amended by Government Decree 283/2004.Google Scholar

158 Flora and Fauna Act from 1 April 2002, Stb. 1998, 402, last changed by Stb. 2002, 236; Act on Economic Offences from 22 June 1950, Stb. 1950, K258, last changed by Stb. 2002, 542.Google Scholar

159 Tobias Garstecki, Implementation of Article 16, Council Regulation (EC) No. 338/97, in the 25 Member States of the European Union. A TRAFFIC Europe Report for the European Commission, 7 (2006), available at http://www.traffic.org/general-topics/.Google Scholar

160 Ministry of Environment and Energy Statutory Order No. 84 of 23 January 2002.Google Scholar

161 Art. 215 and Art. 414, Customs Code of 8 July 1963, Décret Nr. 63–673, Journal Officiel from 12 July 1963.Google Scholar

162 Law 150/92, Gazz. Uff. Nr. 44 from 22 February 1992.Google Scholar

163 Art. 12 Law of 21 April 1989, Journal Officiel Nr.33 from 26 May 1989.Google Scholar

164 Arts. 127–131 Nature Conservation Act of 16 April 2004, Journal of Laws 04.92.88.Google Scholar

165 Art. 40 Decree on the course of conduct and protection measures in the trade in animal and plant species, OG of the RS 52/04.Google Scholar

166 Art. 127 Loi-Programme of 27 December 2004, Service Public Federal Chancellerie du Premier Ministre from 31 December 2004, available at http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/doc/rech_f.htm.Google Scholar

167 Art. 32/1 Decreto-Lei Nr.114/90, from 5 April 1990, Diário da República I Nr.80, p.1669.Google Scholar

168 Rob Parry Jones and Amelie Knapp, Enforcement of Wildlife Trade Controls in EU Member States: Country Profiles, 108 (2006), available at http://www.traffic.org/enforcement.Google Scholar

169 Garstecki (note 159), at 7.Google Scholar

170 Anton, Monika, A Preliminary Overview of Court Cases and Challenges in the Prosecution of Crime related to Wildlife Trade in the EU, in Proceeding of the International Expert Workshop of the Enforcement of Wildlife Trade Controls in the EU, 43 (Monika Anton, Nicholas Dragffy, Stephanie Pendry & Tomme Rozanne Young eds., 2001), available at www.traffic.org/enforcement.Google Scholar

171 Parry-Jones and Knapp (note 168), at 29.Google Scholar

172 Antonio Cassese, International Criminal Law 139 (2003).Google Scholar

173 Id. at 140.Google Scholar

174 Id. at 141.Google Scholar

175 Catenacci, Mauro, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, in The International Criminal Court, Comments on the Draft Statute, 159, 162 (Flavia Lattanzi ed., 1998).Google Scholar

176 Cassese, supra note 172at 142.Google Scholar

177 Id. at 143.Google Scholar

178 Art. 15 UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Art. 7 European Convention on Human Rights; Art. 9 American Convention on Human Rights; Art. 7(2) African Charter on Human and People's Rights; Lamb, Susan, Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena sine Lege in International Criminal Law, in I The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. A Commentary 733 (Antonio Cassesse ed., 2002).Google Scholar

179 Art. 11(2) Universal Declaration Of Human Rights.Google Scholar

180 Cassese (note 172), at 144; Art. 99(1) Third Convention; Art. 67 Fourth Convention; Additional Protocol I, Art. 2(c); Additional Protocol II, Art.6(c).Google Scholar

181 Arts. 22–24 ICC-Statute; Saland, Per, International Criminal Law Principles, in The International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute - Issues, Negotiations, Results 189, 190 (Roy S. Lee ed., 1992).Google Scholar

182 M. Cherif Bassiouni, Introduction to International Criminal Law 219 (2003).Google Scholar

183 Gerhard Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law 32 (2005); Bassiouni (note 182), at 221.Google Scholar

184 Bassiouni (note 182), at 218; Werle (note 183), at 33; Lamb (note 178), at 733; Ward N. Ferdinandusse, Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts 223 (2006).Google Scholar

185 Werle (note 183), at 33.Google Scholar

186 Bassiouni (note 182), at 221.Google Scholar

187 Id. at 224.Google Scholar

188 Id. at 225.Google Scholar

189 Catenacci (note 175), at 160.Google Scholar