1 Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html. Citations are to the unofficial English translation, available at: http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208en.html.Google Scholar

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3 For a systematic overview of the Treaty, see Paul Craig, The Treaty of Lisbon, 33 European Law Review 137 (2008); Dougan, Michael, The Treaty of Lisbon 2007, 45 Common Market Law Review 617 (2008); The Lisbon Treaty (Stefan Griller and Jacques Ziller eds., 2008); Mayer, Franz, Die Rückkehr der Europäischen Verfassung? Ein Leitfaden zum Vertrag von Lissabon, 67 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 1141 (2007).Google Scholar

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7 Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, para. 211–12, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html.Google Scholar

8 Id. at para. 217 (“It may remain open whether, due to the universal nature of dignity, freedom and equality alone, this commitment even applies to the constituent power, (…)”).Google Scholar

9 Id. at para. 249.Google Scholar

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15 See, supra note 14. See also Christopher McCrudden, Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights, 19 European Journal of International Law 655 (2008).Google Scholar

16 Grundgesetz [GG] [Basic Law or Constitution] art. 20 (1) (“The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. (2) All state authority is derived from the people. It shall be exercised by the people through elections and other votes and through specific legislative, executive, and judicial bodies.”; Article 79 (3): “Amendments to this Basic Law affecting the division of the Federation into Länder, their participation on principle in the legislative process, or the principles laid down in Articles 1 and 20 shall be inadmissible.”).Google Scholar

17 Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, para. 216, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html.Google Scholar

18 Id. at para. 218.Google Scholar

19 Id. at para. 216.Google Scholar

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21 See Jakab, András, Neutralizing the Sovereignty Question, 2 European Constitutional Law Review 375, 384 (2006) and the contributions in Sovereignty in Transition (Neil Walker ed., 2003).Google Scholar

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30 See Council Presidency Conclusions, No. 11225/09 of 19 June 2009, para. 10, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/danmark/documents/alle_emner/institutionelle/090619_konklusioner_en.pdf. See also Charlemange - A Hoper but Not A Pleaser, The Economist (June 25, 2009, available at: http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13899661.Google Scholar

31 Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, para. 285–297, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html.Google Scholar

32 Case C-85/96, Martínez Sala v. Freistaat Bayern, 1998 E.C.R. I-2691 (paras 62–63)‥Google Scholar

33 Case C-184/99, Grzelczyk v. Centre public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottingies-Louvain-la Neuve, 2001 E.C.R. I-6193 (paras. 31–32).Google Scholar

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38 The proper cases - not cited by the Court - are: Case C-176/03, Commission v. Council, 2005 E.C.R. I-7879; Case C-440/05, Commission v. Council, 2007 E.C.R. I-9097.Google Scholar

39 See Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, para. 328, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html. See also Udo Di Fabio, Some remarks on the allocation of the competences between the European Union and its Member States, 39 Common Market Law Review 1289 (2002) (remarking the paradox that the Laeken project failed to clarify the European competences and the consequences of this).Google Scholar

40 See Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, paras. 365, 400, 419, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html.Google Scholar

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42 The Federal Constitutional Court cited an article published by Tilman Hoppe shortly before the oral proceedings in the Lisbon Case. See Tilman Hoppe, Die Europäisierung der Gesetzgebung: Der 80-Prozent-Mythos lebt, 20 Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 168 (2009) (the Court seemed to be reacting to arguments raised by the Bundestag's advocates during the oral proceedings that pointed to studies allegedly proving a smaller dependency of national legislation on the requirements of EU law). But see Ingolf Pernice, Plädoyer für Lissabon, WHI-Paper 5/09, 15, available at: http://whi-berlin.de/documents/whi-paper0509_04.pdf.Google Scholar

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48 The doctrine stems from the French and Anglo-american legal order. See Gerhard Leibholz, Das Verbot der Willkür und des Ermessensmissbrauchs im völkerrechtlichen Verkehr der Staaten, 1 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 77, 94 (1929). From the perspective of international law, see Rudolph Bernhardt, Ultra Vires Activities of International Organizations, in Theory of International Law at the Threshold of the 21 Century - Essays In Honour of Krzysztof Skubiszewski 599 (Jerzy Makarczyk ed., 1996). Another hint to the Court's orientation towards international law is the systematic approach it takes in respect of the “loss-of-statehood” (Entstaatlichung) argument, which takes up Georg Jellinek's three-elements. Lisbon Case, BVerfG, 2 BvE 2/08, from 30 June 2009, paras. 299, 344 and 346, available at: http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208.html.Google Scholar

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52 BVerfGE 37, 271; BVerfGE 73, 339.Google Scholar

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54 Id. at para. 249.Google Scholar

55 Id. at para. 181.Google Scholar

56 BVerfGE 104, 151 (208); BVerfGE 108, 34 (43); BVerfG 121, 135 (153).Google Scholar

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58 Further possible provisions that the new Extending Act might contain can be derived from the accompanying resolution of the Bundestag to the Act, which had been declared unconstitutional by the Court. See Bundestag Resolution 24 April 2008 zum Vertrag von Lissabon (BTDrucks 16/8917, 6; BTPlenprot 16/157, 16482 B; René Brosius-Linke, Innerstaatliches Demokratiedefizit als Stolperstein für den Vertrag von Lissabon?, 61 Die öffentliche Verwaltung 997 (2008).Google Scholar

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