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²⁴ Panebianco defines a horizontal relationship by a central party's relationship with external support networks. He asserts that the existence of a strong external support network does not positively affect a strong organization's development. Still, in Korea, it is no exaggeration to say that there is virtually no external support network considering the low level of subscription to a party and vulnerable organizational structure. Thus, this study lays down a horizontal relationship as a party's relationship with non-party individual supporters rather than as an institutionalized support organization. See Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 63–5.

²⁵ Ibid., pp. 63–5.

²⁶ Ibid., p. 160.

²⁷ Ibid., pp. 55–7.

²⁸ Figure 1 has been modified and redrawn from Panebianco, Political Parties, p. 57. Party Z₁ (h1, v0) assumes a combination of parties comprised of one person. Party Z₁ has only a horizontal relationship and internal cohesion becomes hard to achieve. On the other hand, Party Z₂ (h0, v1) managed and organized by early party members only, with no record of joining or defecting can be found in a one-party country where the whole nation is affiliated or is maintained in a very vulnerable and closed structure. In reality, individual parties will locate themselves somewhere between Z₁ and Z₂ just like P₁, P₂, and P₃.

²⁹ ‘New Party turns to Tripartite Interim Management System’, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 26 January 1990 (in Korean).

³⁰ Hyunwoo Kim, History of Movement for Korean Political Parties, Seoul, Eul-Yoo Publishing Co, 2000, p. 676 (in Korean).

³¹ The DJP, established in 1980, took over the Democratic Republican Party as intact (established in 1960) and concentrated on organizational management through the party with the purpose of the regime's stable maintenance. The DJP, as the ruling party and with long experience of organizational management, had a lower level organization stronger than those of other parties. For the DJP's organizational management strategies, see ‘Permanent Rule Scenario of Duhwan Jeon Coming to Nothing’, Shindonga, December 1988, pp. 302–13 (in Korean).

³² ‘The DLP Issues Warning Letters’, Kyunghyang Shinmun, 9 August 1990 (in Korean).

³³ The idea of open recruitment advertisement in the daily newspapers began from a strong request of former movement forces and the DAP faction who sought to break away from the DP image under the strong influence of Daejung Kim. However, there was no expectation that such selection process would lead to effective organization at the lower level. It was only because they had no vested rights to maintain and they expected to work as checks against Kim's strong influence. Kyungmee Park, ‘Continuities and Changes of Party Organizations in Korea’, doctoral thesis, Seoul, Ewha Womans University, pp. 192–4 (in Korean).

³⁴ ‘Discussion of Personnel Selection’, Segye Times, 16 November 1991 (in Korean).

³⁵ ‘Polemic against Secret Designates for Organizers of the DP’, Dong-A Ilbo, 6 December 1991 (in Korean).