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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2011
John Calvin urged Peter Martyr Vermigli to leave Zurich to serve as pastor of the Italian church in Geneva. If Martyr were to join him, Calvin wrote in his February 1557 letter, he would share the task of giving biblical lectures and might even “resign the whole task to you, so far as your convenience will permit.” In a September letter to the Zurich Senate, Calvin again invited Martyr to Geneva where his mission would be “to the incredible profit of both the men of his own nation and ourselves.”
1 Corpus Reformatorum: loannis Calvini Opera (Brunsvigae: Schwetschke et filii, 1863-1900) XLIV, no. 2591, cols. 403–4Google Scholar.
2 CR XLIV, no. 2994, 1 September 1557.
3 Rotondo, Antonio, Calvin and the Italian Anti-Trinitarians (St. Louis: Foundation for Reformation Research, 1968)Google Scholar. See Friedman, Jerome, “Servetus and Anti-Trinitarianism: A Propos Antonio Rotondo,” Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 35 (1973) 543–45Google Scholar and Tylenda, Joseph N., “The Warning that Went Unheeded: John Calvin on Giorgio Biandrata,” Calvin TheologicalJournal 12 (1977) 24–62Google Scholar. On Gentile and Calvin see Williams, George H., The Radical Reformation (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1962) 635–38Google Scholar.
4 , Martyr, Common Places (1583), Part Five, 165Google Scholar.
5 Contra Southgate, W. M., John Jewel and the Problem of Doctrinal Authority (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962) 76 n. 28Google Scholar.
6 Zurich Letters II: 53–54, 5 November 1559.
7 Stevenson, Joseph, ed., Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1559 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1863) no. 297, 1 February 1559Google Scholar.
8 P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] S[tate] P[apers] 12, 3, fols. 28r-29r. Also ibid., 160–61. I am grateful to Hirofumi Horie, doctoral student at Cambridge University, who transcribed this document for me. See Kouri, E. I., “For True Faith or National Interest? Queen Elizabeth I and the Protestant Powers,” in Kouri, E. I. and Scott, Tom, eds., Politics and Society in Reformation Europe (New York: St. Martin's, 1987) 421–27Google Scholar.
9 Letters of Calvin [Bonnet], IV, 214. See Lorenz Hein, “Pietro Paolo Vergerio als Verteidiger des Luthertums in Preussen und Polen-Litaven,” in idem, Italienische Protestanten und ihr Einfluss auf die Reformation in Polen wdhrend der beiden Jahrzehnte vor dem Sandomirer Konsens (1570) (Leiden: Brill, 1974) 214–52Google Scholar.
10 Kouri, E. I., ed., “Elizabethan England and Europe: Forty Unprinted Letters from Elizabeth I to Protestant Powers,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 12 (1982) 23Google Scholar.
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12 Anderson, Marvin, Peter Martyr: Reformer in Exile (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1975) 406–7Google Scholar. See Staedke, Joachim, “Conrad Gesner als Theologe,” Gesnerus 23 (1966) 238–65Google Scholar. In the preface to Martyr's lectures on Aristotle's Ethics, Gesner is praised as a philosopher as well as a naturalist, i.e., “Cum vero in ea schola philosophiam doceat Conradus Gesnerus uir (ut omnes norunt) in omnia philosophia & arte medica exercitatissimus” (In Libri Ethicorum Aristotles ad Nicomachum Commentarius [Tiguri: Christophorus Froschouerus Iunior, Mense Augusto, Anno M.D.LXIII] sig. a2r).Google Scholar
13 Finlayson, Charles P., Clement Litell and His Library (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1980) 5Google Scholar. Clement Litell, son of an Edinburgh merchant who studied at St. Andrews University in 1543, acquired eight of Martyr's books, which he presented with his library in 1580 as the foundation of Edinburgh University Library.
14 Smith, Malcolm C., “A Source of Montaigne's Uncertainty,” Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 50 (1988) 95–99Google Scholar.
15 See Butters, H. C., Governors and Government in Early Sixteenth-Century Florence, 1502–1519 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985) 175–77Google Scholar for Guicciardini's distrust of popular government and pp. 274–75 for a critique of the Medici. Machiavelli's view of felix culpa can be found in Guillemain, Bernard, Machiavel: L'anthropologie politique (Geneva: Droz, 1977) 326–37Google Scholar.
16 Kraye, Jill, “Moral Philosophy,” in Schmitt, Charles B., Skinner, Quentin, Kessler, Eckhard and Kraye, Jill, eds., The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 346Google Scholar. Anderson, Marvin, “Peter Martyr Vermigli: Protestant Humanist,” in McLelland, J. C., ed., Peter Martyr Vermigli and Italian Reform (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1981) 65–84Google Scholar.
17 Pfister, Rudolf, “Die Reformationsgemeinde Locarno, 1540–1555,” Zwingliana 10 (1954-1958) 161–73Google Scholar. See also Berengo, Marino, Nobili e mercanti nella Lucca del Cinquencento (Turin: Einaudi, 1965) 413–14, 419–22Google Scholar.
18 Anderson, Marvin, “Peter Martyr, Reformed Theologian (1542-1562): His Letters to Heinrich Bullinger and John Calvin,” Sixteenth Century Journal 4 (1973) 43–54Google Scholar.
19 , Martyr, Common Places (1583)Google Scholar, Part Five, 51 col. 2. Note letters of 10 December 1554 in which Martyr urges Bullinger to find him a more suitable position than Strasbourg (Zurich Staatsarchiv EII (340) fol. 215). Request repeated on 30 December 1553 (Robinson, Hastings, ed., Original Letters Relative to the English Reformation [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1847] 2. 509)Google Scholar.
20 , Martyr, Common Places (1583), Part Five, 52 col. 1Google Scholar.
21 Ibid., 54 cols. 1–2.
22 See Williams, George H., “Erasmianism in Poland,” Polish Review 22 (1977) 1–50Google Scholar, and on Hungary, Kardos, Tibor, “L'Esprit d'Erasme en Hongrie,” Colloquia Erasmiana Turonensia (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972) 1. 187–214Google Scholar.
23 , Anderson, “Protestant Humanist,” 74–77Google Scholar.
24 Anderson, Marvin, “Royal Idolatry: Peter Martyr and the Reformed Tradition,” ARG 69 (1978) 191–93Google Scholar. See Kingdon, Robert M., The Political Thought of Peter Martyr Vermigli (Geneva: Droz, 1980) 61–85Google Scholar.
25 Letter to King Edward VI, December 1547. Queens College, Oxford MS 284 no. 30, fol. 181.
26 , Martyr, Common Places (1583), Part Four, 42Google Scholar from Samuelis (1575): De legibus ecclesiasticis, 83a.
27 Ibid., 56 from 1 Cor 10:9.
28 Ibid., 76 from 1 Kings 10. See Kingdon, Robert M., “Peter Martyr Vermigli and the Marks of the True Church,” in Church, F. Forrester and George, Timothy, eds., Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History: Essays Presented to George Huntston Williams (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1979) 206–7Google Scholar.
29 , Martyr, Common Places (1583), Part Five, 59Google Scholar.
30 Lambeth Palace MS 2010, trans, in , Anderson, Reformer in Exile, 503–4Google Scholar.
31 , Martyr, Common Places (1583)Google Scholar, Part One, 209 in Samuelis (1575) 75a.
32 Ibid., 209–10 in Samuelis (1575) 75b.
33 , Anderson, “Royal Idolatry,” 192–93Google Scholar.
34 Smith, Richard, A confutation of a certen Booke, Called a defence of the true, and Catholike doctrine of the sacrament, etc. sette fourth of late in the name of Thomas Archebysshoppe of Canterburye (Paris: R. Chaudidre, 1550?)Google Scholar sig. Gii-Giiir. For a more complete description of what follows see Anderson, Marvin, “Rhetoric and Reality: Peter Martyr and the English Reformation,” Sixteenth Century Journal 19 (1988) 451–69Google Scholar and now Selwyn, D. G., “The ‘Book of Doctrine,’ the Lord's Debate and the First Prayer Book of Edward VI: An Abortive Attempt at Doctrinal Consensus?” JTS n.s. 40 (1989) 446–80Google Scholar. Selwyn argues that Cranmer and Ridley held to a real presence early in 1548. The “defection” to Martyr's view occurred between June 1548 and this debate.
35 Cranmer, Thomas, An Answer…unto a Crafty and sophistical cavilation devised by Stephen Gardiner (London: Reynolde Wolfe [1551])Google Scholar sig. Zqiiiiv and An Answer…revised and corrected (1580) sig. Nniii”. Printed separately in 1551 as An answere against the false calumniacions of D. Richarde Smyth who hath taken vpon hym to confute the defense of the true and catholike doctrine (London: R. Wolfe [1551])Google Scholar STC2 5990.5. See Macek, Ellen, “Richard Smith: Tudor Cleric in Defense of Traditional Belief and Practice,” CHR 72 (1986) 383–402Google Scholar.
36 , Anderson, Reformer in Exile, 315Google Scholar. , Martyr, Romans (1568)Google Scholar, sig. Avr.
37 , Martyr, Corinthians (1551), sig. si'Google Scholar.
38 Strype, John, Memorials of the Most Reverend Father in God Thomas Cranmer (London: Richard Chiswell, 1614) 306Google Scholar. , Anderson, Reformer in Exile, 150Google Scholar. See also letter of Julius Terentianus to Ab Ulmis in OL 1:371. Declaration is printed with variations in Cox, Edmund, ed., Writings and Disputations of Thomas Cranmer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1844) 478Google Scholar.
39 “A Preface To The Eucharist,” , Martyr, Common Places (1583), Part Four, 142Google Scholar. , Strype, Memorials of Cranmer, 258Google Scholar. See also Haugaard, William P., “Renaissance Patristic Scholarship and Theology in Sixteenth Century England,” Sixteenth Century Journal 10 (1979) 37–60Google Scholar.
40 Saint Chrysostom: Homilies On The Epistles of Paul To The Corinthians in Schaff, Philip, ed., A Select Library of the Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers XII (reprinted Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969) 139–40Google Scholar.
41 , Martyr, Corinthios (1551) 257VGoogle Scholar.
42 , Martyr, Tractatio (1549)Google Scholar sig. aiir-v.
43 Ibid.
44 , Anderson, Reformer in Exile, 90–91Google Scholar.
45 , Anderson, Reformer in Exile, 349–50Google Scholar. See especially Richard Smith, THE SECONDE I parte of the booke called la Bucklar of the Catholyke Ifayeth, conteyninge seuen cha= Ipiters: Made by Rychard /Smyth doctoure of Idiuinities of Ox= Iforde, & reader /of the same I there…I (…) EXCUSVM LONDINI IN /aedibus Roberti Caly, Typographi /Mense Ianuarii Anno 1555…, Hiiiv-Hivr “howe abominablye M. Luther the frere, Marten Bucer the Frere, Peter Martyr the chanon of saint Austens rule…erred, & brought manye moo into their errours and heresies, God permittynge them so euidentlye and shamefullye to fall for the punishement of their sinnes, as he suffered the Gentyles to runne headlynge, as it were, into vices moost destestable, and into a reproued minde….”
46 On Gardiner's wider role now see Rex Pogson, “God's law and man's: Stephen Gardiner and the problem of loyalty” in Claire Cross, Loades, David, and Scarisbrick, J. J., eds., Law and Government under the Tudors (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1988) 67–90Google Scholar.
47 John Olde, The acquital or purl gation of the moost catholyke Chri=lsten Prince, EDwarde the VI Kyngl…and of the Churche of Englande/ refourmed.… (Vvaterford the .1.1 daye of Novembre, 1555 [i.e. Emden, E uan der Erue,], sig. A3”.
48 Ibid., sigs. A3r and A4V.
49 Haskyns, Thoma s, THE/ PARLIAMENT/ OF CHRYSTE…impugned…byM. Iuell…. (Antwerp: William Siluius, 1566) sig. Cecilv and marginGoogle Scholar.
50 , Anderson, Reformer in Exile, 95–96Google Scholar. British Museum Royal MS 17, C. V., fol. 45v-46r.
51 Ratcliff, E. C., “The English Usage of Eucharistic Consecration 1548–1662,” Theology 60 (1957) 229–36Google Scholar. See also on the prayer of “Humble Access,” Buchanan, Colin, What Did Cranmer Think He Was Doing? (Bramcote Notes: Grove, 1976) 26–27Google Scholar.
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53 “Praefatio ad Lectorem,” Defensio De Sacrosancto Eucharistiae Sacramento, Locorum Communium (Basel: Perna, 1581) sig. F6VGoogle Scholar.
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55 See , Anderson, “Royal Idolatry,” 160–73Google Scholar [England]; 173–87 [Strasbourg]; 187–200 [Zurich].
56 Collinson, Patrick, “England and International Calvinism 1558–1640,” in Prestwich, Menna, ed., International Calvinism 1541–1715 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985) 214Google Scholar.
57 Beesley, Alan, “An unpublished source of the Book of Common Prayer: Peter Martyr Vermigli's Adhortatio ad Coenam Domini Mysticam,” JEH 19 (1968) 83–88Google Scholar.
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61 , Martyr, Common Places (1583), Part Five, 85–86Google Scholar.
62 Radziwill's reponse to the papal legate who would execute Protestant leaders in Poland is in Gerdes, Daniel, Scrinium Antiquarium (Groningae & Bremae: Com. Barlinkhof & G. W. Rump, 1754)Google Scholar Tomi III, Pars I, 300–349. His testament (in Polish) is given in Jasnowski, Jòzef, Mikotaj Czarny Radziwiti (1515-1565) (Warsaw, 1939) 415–18Google Scholar.
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66 Ibid., 45–46.
67 Ibid., 44–45.
68 Calvini Opera IX, cols. 385–88.
69 See Castiglione, T. R., “La ‘Impietas Valentini Gentilis’ e il coruccio di calvino,” in Cantimori, Delio, ed., Ginevra e VItalia: Raccolta di Studi (Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 1959) 149–76Google Scholar.
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71 Ibid., 636 n. 39.
72 Ibid., 640.
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78 Williams, George H., “Protestants in the Ukraine during the period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 2 (1978) 67Google Scholar.
79 Ibid., 68. See Kot, Stanislas, “La Réforme dans le Grand Duché de Lithuanie: facteur d'occidentalisation culturelle,” Annuaire de Vlnstitut de philologie et d'Histoire orientates et slaves 12 (1952) 201–61Google Scholar.
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108 CR XLVI, no. 3288, cols. 260–61.
109 Ibid., col. 261.
110 Ibid., col. 261; “non semel recepit et approbavit, et recipit et approbat.”
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