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2. How Cruel was the Victorian Poor Law?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

David Roberts
David Roberts
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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Type
Communications
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , March 1963 , pp. 97 - 107
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1963

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References

1 The Times, 31 January 1837.

2 The Times, 20 February 1837.

3 The Times, 23 February 1837, 29 August 1840, 19 January 1838.

4 The Times, 15 March, 16 June 1838.

5 The Times, 25 August 1840.

6 The Times, 27 February 1837.

7 The Times, 10 August, 16, 23 December 1837.

8 The Times, 3 December 1842.

9 The Times, 7, 8 April 1837, 16 February, 23 May 1838, 22 September 1840.

10 The Times, 23 February, 9 March, 20, 23 November 1838.

11 The Times, 23 December 1837.

12 The Times, 12, 14, 16 December 1839, 2 November 1838.

13 The Times, 28 February, 17 March 1837.

14 The Times, 29 May 1837, 29 November 1838.

15 Parliamentary] P[apers of Great Britain] (1844), XL, 15.

16 T. C. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates of Great Britain, 3rd ser. (1838), XLI, 1014; (1839), XLVIII, 177 (henceforth cited Hansard).

17 Engels, F., The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (London, 1926), 286Google Scholar; Carlyle, T., Chartism (London, 1856), 12Google Scholar.

18 Halévy, E., History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1951), iii, 284–5, 291Google Scholar; Webb, B. and S., English Poor Law History (London, 1929), part II, vol.i, 138Google Scholar.

19 Trevelyan, G. M., History of England (London, 1926), 641Google Scholar; Stratford, E. Wingfield, Those Earnest Victorians (New York, 1930), 110Google Scholar; Polanyi, K., The Great Transformation (New York, 1944), 101Google Scholar.

20 Young, G. M., Victorian England, ‘Portrait of an Age’ (London, 1937), 49Google Scholar; Maurois, A., The Miracle of England (London, 1937), 419Google Scholar.

21 Rosenblatt, F., The Chartist Movement (London, 1916), 39Google Scholar.

22 Cole, G. D. H., Chartist Portraits (London, 1941), 16Google Scholar.

23 Slosson, W. P., The Decline of the Chartist Movement (London, 1916), 56Google Scholar.

24 Chesterton, G. K., William Cobbett (London, 1926), 265Google Scholar.

25 P.P. (1838), xxviii, 276.

26 P.P. (1840), xvii, 185.

27 P.P. (1835), xxxv, 110–45; P.P. (1836), xxix, part 1, 3–37, 145–407; P.P- (1837), xxxi, 128–273; PP- (1838), xxviii, 162–206; P.P. (1839), 1–21; P.P. (1840), xvii, 167–228; P.P. (1841), xi, 292–316.

28 P.P. (1840), xvii, 212–28.

29 P.P.(1840), xvii, 183–239.

30 Molesworth, W., History of England (London, 1886), 316Google Scholar; H. D. Trail, Social England (London, 1901), vi, 219.

31 Fowle, T. W., The Poor Law (London, 1881), 138Google Scholar; McKay, T., A History of the English Poor Law (London, 1899), III, 56–92, 229, 238–45Google Scholar.

32 P.P. (1838), xix, part I, vi-ix, 3–11, 203–225, 89–90, 174–5.

33 P.P. (1839), XLIV, III ff.; Correspondence books of the Poor Law Commissioners at the Public Record Office (henceforth cited M.H. 12/-), M.H. 12/2195, 12 November 1840; P.P. (1841), XXI, 313–20; M.H. 12/15063, 16 September 1837.

34 Mott, Charles, Report on the Workhouse at Eye (London, 1838)Google Scholar; The Times, 17 March 1837; The Times, 12 December 1838. The Times accepted many letters pointing out the falsehoods of earlier stories and published the reports of select committees and assistant commissioners about other false stories.

35 The Times, 7, 8 January 1841; P.P. (1841), xxi, 338–40 and 362–4; The Times, 12 September 1840.

36 P.P. (1841), xxi, 115; The Times, 30 January 1840.

37 The Times, editorials for 9, 20, 21, 23, 24 April 1840.

38 The commissioners’ minute books are full of orders for inquiries into abuses and for dismissing officers who allowed them. M.H. 1/11 -12; The Times, 21 November 1838.

39 P.P. (1837), xvii, 59; M.H. 32/70, 2 June 1838.

40 P.P. (1840), XVII, 212–27; (1841), XVIII, 101–14.

41 M.H. 12/968, 27 February 1841; M.H. 12/5593, 30 March 1841 and 12 March 1843.

42 M.H. 12/12460, 27 April 1842; M.H. 12/15066, January 1843.

43 M.H. 10/4, 23 May 1840; M.H. 32/11, 31 March1844;M.H. 12/5595, 30 June, 1 October 1842; M.H. 12/5594, 7 April 1842; M.H. 12/12456, April 1837, April and May 1838; M.H. 12/968, 27 February 1841; M.H. 12/15225, 25 May 1845.

44 M.H. 32/26, December 1834, 10 January 1835, 16 June 1835, 26 June 1836; M.H. 32/44, 25 September 1837; M.H. 32/12, 11, 16 June 1836, 4, 5 December 1837.

45 M.H. 32/17, 26 December 1849.

46 M.H. 32/15, 19 January 1838; M.H 32/26, 9 June 1835; M.H. 32/70, 12 January 1838; M.H. 32/23, 10 May 1837; H.O. 73/53 -5.

47 P.P. (1838), xviii, part 1, 11–12, 23–25; P.P- (1842), xxv, 171–81, 193–325; PP- (1842), xix, 4–5, 103.

48 Rostow, W. W., The British Economy in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1948), 19Google Scholar.

49 P.P. (1841), xxi, 50; P.P. (1843), XLV, 1.

50 Bentham MSS., University College, London University, Box 154, 607 T.