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1. The Audience Question: Foreign Representatives and the Emperor of China, 1858–1873

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Wang Tseng-Tsai
Wang Tseng-Tsai
Affiliation:
University of Taiwan
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Type
Communications
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , September 1971 , pp. 617 - 626
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1971

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References

1 Cf. Tsiang, T. F., Chin-tai Chung-kuo wai-chiao-shih tzu-liao chi-yao (Selected Materials on Modern Chinese Diplomatic History) (2 vols., Shanghai, 1932–1934), 11, 64–5.Google Scholar

2 Foreign Office Confidential Print (hereafter referred to as F.O. Print), vol. 764, no. 16, Lord Clarendon to Lord Elgin, 20 Apr. 1857.Google Scholar

3 Ibid. no. 317, Lord Elgin to Lord Malmesbury, 14 June 1858, and its enclosures.

4 Print, F.O., vol. 764, no. 338, Elgin to Malmesbury, 12 July 1858, enclosure; Treaties and Conventions, etc., between China and Foreign States (2nd ed., 2 vols., Shanghai, 1917), 1, 405.Google Scholar

5 Ch'ou-pan i-wu shih-mo (The Complete Account of the Management of Barbarian Affairs) (Peking, 1930), Hsien-feng period (hereinafter cited as IWSM:HF) 62, 13–17; F.O. Print, vol. 933, nos. 115 and 120, Elgin to Lord J. Russell, 23 Sept. and 8 Oct. 1860, and their enclosures.

6 IWSM:HF, 63, 7.

7 Ibid. 68, 3, 17; F.O. 17, vol. 350, copy private (Wade to Bruce) in no. 14, Bruce to Lord Russell, J., 11 Jan. 1861.Google Scholar

8 IWSM:HF, 69, 3–4.

9 For details, see IWSM:HF, 70, 23–7, 30–3; F.O. 17, vol. 339, no. 199, Bruce to Russell, 13 Dec. 1860.

10 Ch'ing shih–lu (Veritable Records of Successive Reigns of the Ch'ing Dynasty) (Chungchun, 1937), Hsien-feng period, 356, 19.Google Scholar

11 Print, F.O., vol. 933, no. 163, Russell to Bruce, 9 Jan. 1861.Google Scholar

12 North China Herald, 16 Feb. 1861, quoted in Wright, Mary C., The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism (Stanford, 1957), p. 261.Google Scholar

13 Lay, H. N., Our Interests in China (London, 1864), p. 57.Google Scholar

14 IWSM, T'ung-chih period (hereafter cited as IWSM:TC), 40, 20.

15 This memorandum was originally prepared by Wade for Sir Rutherford Alcock, the British Minister. Alcock prepared a translation for Prince Kung as a reference. The original English version of it is not extant, but H. E. Wodhouse has made a free translation of it from the Chinese. See his ‘Mr Wade on China’, in The China Review, 1, 1 (July-Aug. 1872), 38–44 and 1, 2 (Sept.-Oct. 1872), 118–24.Google Scholar

16 IWSM:TC, 40, 24.

17 IWSM:TC, 40, 11–13.

18 Ibid. 40, 28.

19 Ibid. 41, 44.

20 Ibid. 50, 24–8.

21 Ibid. 50, 25.

22 Ibid. 50, 30–1.

23 The circular letter and the replies of leading provincial officials are summarized in Knight Biggerstaff, ‘The Secret Correspondence of 1867–68: Views of Leading Chinese Statesmen Regarding the Further Opening of China to Western Influence’, The Journal of Modern History, XXII, 2 (06 1950), 122–36. For a Chinese version of them, see IWSM:TC, Chüan 51–6.Google Scholar

24 IWSM:TC, 51, 19–21.

25 Ibid. 54, 3.

26 Ibid. 54, 17.

27 Ibid. 55, 11.

28 Ibid. 68, 16. For details of the negotiations, see F.O. Print, vols. 1655 and 1791.

29 Ibid. 63, 64; 68, 26.

30 Ibid. 68, 16, 23, 26–7.

31 Ch'ing shih-lu, T'ung-chih period, 340, 18; Morse, H. B., The Internationa! Relations of the Chinese Empire (London, 1910), 11, 266.Google Scholar

32 F.O. 881/2137.

33 Ch'ing shih-lu, T'ung chih period, 348, 36; F.O. 17, vol. 632, no. 41, Wade to Earl Granville, 28 Feb. 1873, and its enclosures.

42 IWSM:TC, 89, 26–8; Morse, , Relations, 11, 267.Google Scholar

35 Ibid. 89, 27–38.

36 Ibid. 89, 25–30.

37 Ibid. 89, 26.

38 Ibid. 89, 41–3, 47–8.

39 Ibid. 89, 49.

40 Ibid. 90, 1–5.

41 Ibid. 90, 5.

42 For details, see Ibid. 90 19–22, 23–31. The original Chinese minute can be found in F.O. 682/92, no. 3.

43 IWSM:TC, 90, 23; Morse, , Relations, 11, 267–8.Google Scholar

44 For details, see F.O. 881/2385; Wen–hsiang, , Wen-wen chung-kung tzu-ting nien-p'u (Chronological autobiography of Wen-hsiang) in his collectaneaGoogle Scholar, Wen-wen-chung-shih-lueh (A brief account of the deeds of Wen-hsiang; 1882), chapter 3, pp. 70–1.Google Scholar

45 The Chinese text of the imperial decree in question can be seen in IWSM:TC, 90, 23. For its English translation, see F.O. 888/2385, no. 1, Wade to Earl Granville, 7 July 1873, enclosure 1. Honour is shown to a name or term in Chinese official documents by interrupting the text and beginning a new line.

46 For details, see F.O. 881/2385, nos. 1 and 2, Wade to Earl Granville, 7 and 10 July 1873, and their enclosures. The Tsungli Yamen's original note can be found in F.O. 682/85, no. 3.

47 IWSM:TC, 90, 27; F.O. 881/2385, nos. 1 and 5, Wade to Earl Granville, 7 and 21 July 1873; Morse, , Relations, 11, 267.Google Scholar

48 For the French text of the address, see F.O. 881/2385, no. 1, Wade to Earl Granville, 7 July 1873, enclosure 3.

49 F.O. 881/2385, no. 1, Wade to Earl Granville, 7 July 1873; Rockhill, W. W., Diplomatic Audiences at the Court of China (London, 1905), pp. 41–4:Google ScholarMorse, , Relations, 11, 268.Google Scholar

51 F.O. 881/2385, no. 7, Earl Granville to Wade, 10 Nov. 1873.

52 For details, see F.O. 881/6268 and 6292; Rockhill, W. W., op. cit. pp. 46–9Google Scholar; Morse, , Relations, 11, 415Google Scholar; III, 202, 358; Hertslet's, China Treaties, 1, 147.Google Scholar